Application of modern geomorphic concepts for understanding the spatio-temporal complexity of the large Ganga river dispersal system

Current Science

Volumn 103, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1300-1319

  Jain, Vikrant ^a   Tandon, S K ^a,b   Sinha, Rajiv ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELHI   (India)

^b SHIV NADAR UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR   (India)

Author keywords

Equilibrium; Geomorphic concepts; Large rivers; Nonlinearity; Threshold

Indexed keywords

EID: 84872158770     PISSN: 00113891     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Summerfield, M. A., The changing landscape of geomorphology. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 2005, 30, 779-781
2. National Research Council (NRC), Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science, National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA, 2001
3. Davis, W. M., The geographical cycle. Geogr. J., 1899, 14, 481-504.
4. Penck, W., Morphological Analysis of Landforms, St Martin's Press, New York, 1953, p. 429.
5. King, L. C., Canons of landscape evolution. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 1953, 64, 721-752.
6. Schumm, S. A. and Lichty, R. W., Time, space and causality in geomorphology. Am. J. Sci., 1965, 273, 110-119.
7. Horton, R. E., Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 1945, 56, 275-370.
8. Strahler, A. N., Quantitative slope analysis. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 1956, 67, 571-596.
9. Choreley, R. J., Geomorphology and general systems theory. USGS Prof. Pap., 1962, 500, 10.
10. Baker, V. R., Geological fluvial geomorphology. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 1988, 100, 1157-1167.
11. Lane, S. N. and Richards, K. S., Linking river channel form and process: time, space and causality revisited. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 1997, 22, 249-260.
12. Howard, A. D. and Kerby, G., Channel changes in badlands. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 1983, 94, 739-752.
13. Howard, A. D., A detachment-limited model of drainage basin evolution. Water Resour. Res., 1994, 30, 2261-2285.
14. Stock, J. D. and Montgomery, D. R., Geologic constraints on bedrock river incision using the stream power law. J. Geophys. Res., 1999, 104, 4983-4993.
15. Whipple, K. X. and Tucker, G. E., Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs. J. Geophys. Res., 1999, 104, 17661-17674.
16. Stark, C. P. and Stark, G. J., A channelization model of landscape evolution. Am. J. Sci., 2001, 301, 486-512.
17. Tucker, G. E. and Whipple, K. X., Topographic outcomes predicted by stream erosion models: sensitivity analysis and intermodel comparison. J. Geophys. Res. B, 2002, 107, 1.1-1.15.
18. Whipple, K. X. and Tucker, G. E., Implications of sediment-fluxdependent river incision models for landscape evolution. J. Geophys. Res., 2002, 107, 3.1-3.20.
19. Whipple, K. X., Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 2004, 32, 151-185.
20. Lague, D., Hovius, N. and Davy, P., Discharge, discharge variability, and the bedrock channel profile. J. Geophys. Res., 2005, 110, F04006.
21. Willgoose, G. R., Bras, R. L. and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., A new model of river basin evolution. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 1990, 71, 1806-1807.
22. Rinaldo, A., Marani, A. and Rigon, R., Geomorphological dispersion. Water Resour. Res., 1991, 27, 513-525.
23. Rinaldo, A., Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., Rigon, R., Bras, R. L., Ijjasz-Vasquez, E. and Marani, A., Minimum energy and fractal structure of drainage networks. Water Resour. Res., 1992, 28, 2183-2195.
24. Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., Rinaldo, I. A., Rigon, R., Bras, R. L. and Marani, A., Energy dissipation, runoff production, and the threedimensional structure of river basins. Water Resour. Res., 1992, 28, 1095-1103.
25. Pelletier, J. D., Drainage basin evolution in the rainfall erosion facility: dependence on initial conditions. Geomorphology, 2003, 53, 183-196.
26. Wolman, M. G. and Miller, J. P., Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes. J. Geol., 1960, 68, 54-74.
27. Baker, V. R., Paleohydraulics and hydrodynamics of Scabland floods. In The Channeled Scabland (eds Baker, V. R. and Nummedal, D.), NASA, Washington, DC, 1978, pp. 59-79.
28. Slaymaker, O., Neocatastrophism. In Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (ed. Goudie, A. S.), 2004, vol. 2, pp. 709-711.
29. Baker, V. R., Geomorphological understanding of floods. Geomorphology, 1994, 10, 139-156.
30. Gilbert, G. K., Report on the geology of the Henry Mountains (Utah). United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountains Region, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1877.
31. Schumm, S. A., The Fluvial System, Wiley, New York, 1977, p. 338.
32. Renwick, W. H., Equilibrium, disequilibrium and nonequilibrium landforms in the landscape. Geomorphology, 1992, 5, 265-276.
33. Schumm, S. A., Geomorphic thresholds: the concept and its applications. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1979, 4, 485-515.
34. Schumm, S. A., To Interpret the Earth - Ten Ways to be Wrong, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
35. Brunsden, D. and Thornes, J. B., Landscape sensitivity and change. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1979, 4, 463-484.
36. Summerfield, M. A., Global Geomorphology, Prentice Hall, 1990, p. 537.
37. Thomas, M. F., Landscape sensitivity in time and space - an introduction. Catena, 2001, 42, 83-98.
38. Phillips, J. D., The end of equilibrium? Geomorphology, 1992, 5, 195-201.
39. Brown, A. G. et al., From sedimentary records to sediment budgets: multiple approaches to catchment sediment flux. Geomorphology, 1992, 108, 35-47.
40. Slaymaker, O., Souch, C., Menounos, B. and Filippelli, G., Advances in Holocene mountain geomorphology inspired by sediment budget methodology. Geomorphology, 2003, 55, 305-316.
41. Barnes, J. B. and Heins, W. A., Plio-Quaternary sediment budget between thrust belt erosion and foreland deposition in the central Andes, southern Bolivia. Basin Res., 2009, 21, 91-109.
42. Culling, W. E. H., Equifinality: modern approaches to dynamical systems and their potential for geographical thought. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 1987, 12, 57-72.
43. Huggett, R. J., Dissipative systems: implications for geomorphology. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 1988, 13, 45-49.
44. Phillips, J. D., Nonlinear dynamical systems in geomorphology: revolution or evolution? Geomorphology, 1992, 5, 219-229.
45. Phillips, J. D., Sources of non-linearity and complexity in geomorphic systems. Prog. Phys. Geogr., 2003, 27, 1-23.
46. Hooke, J., Coarse sediment connectivity in river channel systems: a conceptual framework and methodology. Geomorphology, 2003, 56, 79-94.
47. Brierley, G., Fryirs, K. and Jain, V., Landscape connectivity: the geographic basis of geomorphic applications. Area, 2006, 38, 165-174.
48. Jain, V. and Tandon, S. K., Conceptual assessment of (dis)connectivity and its application to the Ganga river dispersal system. Geomorphology, 2010, 118, 349-358.
49. Wilcock, P. R. and Iverson, R. M., Prediction in Geomorphology, Geophysical Monograph 135, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 2003, p. 256.
50. Malanson, G. P., Butler, D. R. and Georgakakos, K. P., Nonequilibrium geomorphic processes and deterministic chaos. Geomorphology, 1992, 5, 311-322.
51. Schumm, S. A., River Variability and Complexity, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 220.
52. Rhoads, B. L. and Thorn, C. E., The role and character of theory in geomorphology. In The SAGE Handbook of Geomorphology (eds Gregory, K. J. and Goudie, A. S.), SAGE Publications, 2011, pp. 59-77.
53. Fryirs, K. A., Brierley, G. J., Preston, N. J. and Kasai, M., Buffers, barriers and blankets: the (dis)connectivity of catchmentscale sediment cascades. Catena, 2007, 70, 49-67.
54. Wainwright, J., Turnbull, L., Ibrahim, T. G., Lexartza-Artza, I., Thornton, S. F. and Brazier, R. E., Linking environmental régimes, space and time: interpretations of structural and functional connectivity. Geomorphology, 2011, 126, 387-404.
55. Fryirs, K., Brierley, G. J., Preston, N. J. and Spencer, J., Catchment-scale (dis)connectivity in sediment flux in the upper Hunter catchment, New South Wales, Australia. Geomorphology, 2007, 84, 297-316.
56. McHugh, M., Wood, G., Walling, D., Morgan, R., Zhang, Y., Anthony, S. and Hutchins, M., Prediction of sediment delivery to watercourses from land. Phase II R&D Technical Report No. P2-209, Environment Agency, Bristol, 2002.
57. Lane, S. N., Reaney, S. M. and Heathwaite, A. L., Representation of landscape hydrological connectivity using a topographically driven surface flow index. Water Resour. Res., 2009, 45, W08423, doi:10.1029/2008WR007336.
58. Reaney, S. M., Bracken, L. J. and Kirkby, M. J., Use of the connectivity of runoff model (CRUM) to investigate the influence of storm characteristics on runoff generation and connectivity in semi-arid areas. Hydrol. Process., 21, 894-906, doi:10.1002/ hyp.6281.
59. Walling, D. E., The sediment delivery problem. J. Hydrol., 1983, 65, 209-237.
60. Walling, D. E., Linking and land use, erosion and sediment yields in river basins. Hydrobiologia, 1990, 410, 223-240.
61. Trimble, S. W., Decreased rates of alluvial sediment storage in the Coon Creek Basin, Wisconsin, Science, 1975, 285, 1244-1246.
62. Church, M., What is a geomorphic prediction? In Prediction in Geomorphology (eds Wilcock, P. R. and Iverson, R. M.), Geophysical monograph 135, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 2003, pp. 183-194.
63. Ramsey, C. B., Radiocarbon dating: revolutions in understanding. Archaeometry, 2008, 50, 249-275.
64. Singhvi, A. K., Sharma, Y. P. and Agrawal, D. P., Thermoluminescence dating of sand dunes in Rajasthan, India. Nature, 1982, 295, 313-315.
65. Wallinga, J., Optically stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial deposits: a review. Boreas, 2002, 31, 303-322.
66. Stokes, S., Luminescence dating applications in geomorphological research. Geomorphology, 1999, 29, 153-171.
67. von Blanckenburg, F., The control mechanisms of erosion and weathering at basin scale from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2005, 237, 462-479.
68. Galy, A. and France-Lanord, C., Higher erosion rates in the Himalaya: geochemical constraints on riverine fluxes. Geology, 2001, 29, 23-26.
69. Campbell, I. H., Reiners, P. W., Allen, C. M., Nicolescu, S. and Upadhyay, R., He-Pb double dating of detrital zircons from the Ganges and Indus rivers: implication for quantifying sediment recycling and provenance studies. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2005, 237, 402-432.
70. Singh, S., Rai, S. K. and Krishnaswami, S., Sr and Nd isotopes in river sediments from the Ganga Basin: sediment provenance and spatial variability in physical erosion. J. Geophys. Res., 2008, 113, F03006, doi:10.1029/2007JF000909.
71. Wasson, R. J. et al., The mountain-lowland debate: deforestation and sediment transport in the Upper Ganga catchment. J. Environ. Manage., 2008, 88, 53-61.
72. Tandon, S. K., Sinha, R., Gibling, M. R., Dasgupta, A. S. and Ghazanfari, P., Late Quaternary evolution of the Ganga Plains: myths and misconceptions, recent developments and future directions. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, 2008, 66, 259-299.
73. Gibling, M. R., Tandon, S. K., Sinha, R. and Jain, M., Discontinuity-bounded alluvial sequences of the southern Gangetic Plains, India: aggradation and degradation in response to monsoonal strength. J. Sediment. Res., 2005, 75, 369-385.
74. Tandon, S. K. et al., Alluvial valleys of the Gangetic Plains, India: causes and timing of incision. In Incised Valleys in Time and Space, SEPM Special Publication No. 85, 2006, pp. 15-35.
75. Sinha, R., Jain, V., Prasad Babu, G. and Ghosh, S., Geomorphic characterization and diversity of the rivers of the Gangetic plains. Geomorphology, 2005, 70, 207-225.
76. Geddes, A., The alluvial morphology of the Indo-Gangetic Plain: its mapping and geographical significance. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. Publ., 1960, 28, 253-277.
77. Sinha, R. and Friend, P. F., River systems and their sediment flux, Indo-Gangetic plains, northern Bihar, India. Sedimentology, 1994, 41, 825-845.
78. Jain, V. and Sinha, R., River systems in the Gangetic plains and their comparison with the Siwaliks: A review. Curr. Sci., 2003, 84, 1025-1033.
79. Gole, C. V. and Chitale, S. V., Inland delta building activity of Kosi river. J. Hydraul. Div., 1966, 92, 111-126.
80. Sinha, R., Channel avulsion and floodplain structure in the Gandak-Kosi interfan, north Bihar plains, India. Z. Geomorphol., 1996, 103, 249-268.
81. Jain, V. and Sinha, R., Hyperavulsive-anabranching Baghmati river system, north Bihar plains, eastern India. Z. Geomorphol., 2003, 47, 101-116.
82. Jain, V. and Sinha, R., Fluvial dynamics of an anabranching river system in Himalayan foreland basin, north Bihar Plains, India. Geomorphology, 2004, 60, 147-170.
83. Sinha, R., The Great avulsion of Kosi on 18 August 2008. Curr. Sci., 2009, 97, 429-433.
84. Sinha, R. and Jain, V., Flood hazards of north Bihar rivers, Indo-Gangetic Plains. In Flood Studies in India (ed. Kale, V. S.), Geological Society of India Memoir, 1998, vol. 41, pp. 27-52.
85. Goodbred Jr, S. L., Response of the Ganges dispersal system to climate change: a source-to-sink view since the last interstade. Sediment. Geol., 2003, 162, 83-104.
86. Goswami, D. C., Brahmaputra River, Assam, India: physiography, basin denudation, and channel aggradation. Water Resour. Res., 1985, 21, 959-978.
87. Andermann, C., Climate, topography and erosion in the Nepal Himalayas. Ph D thesis, Universite de Rennes, France, 2011.
88. Kale, V. S., The sinuous bedrock channel of the Tapi River, Central India: its form and processes. Geomorphology, 2005, 70, 296-310.
89. Kale, V. S. and Hire, P. S., Temporal variations in the specific stream power and total energy expenditure of a monsoonal river: the Tapi River, India. Geomorphology, 2007, 92, 134-146.
90. Seeber, L. and Gornitz, V., River profiles along the Himalayan arc as indicators of active tectonics. Tectonophysics, 1983, 92, 335-367.
91. Brookfield, M. E., The evolution of the great river systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic India-Asia collision: rivers draining southwards. Geomorphology, 1998, 22, 285-312.
92. Tyagi, A. K., Chaudhary, S., Rana, N., Sati, S. P. and Juyal, N., Identifying area of differential uplift using steepness index in the Alaknanda basin, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. Curr. Sci., 2009, 97, 1473-1477.
93. Ray, Y. and Srivastava, P., Widespread aggradation in the mountainous catchment of the Alaknanda-Ganga River System: timescales and implications to Hinterland-foreland relationships. Quaternary Sci. Rev., 2010, 29, 2238-2260.
94. Juyal, N., Sundriyal, Y., Rana, N., Chaudhary, S. and Singhvi, A. K., Late Quaternary fluvial aggradation and incision in the monsoon-dominated Alaknanda valley, Central Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. J. Quaternary Sci., 2010, 25, 1293-1304.
95. Sinha, R., Kumar, R., Sinha, S., Tandon, S. K. and Gibling, M. R., Late Cenozoic fluvial successions in India: an overview and synthesis. Quaternary Sci. Rev., 2007, 26, 2801-2822.
96. Roy, N., Sinha, R. and Gibling, M. R., Aggradation, incision and interfluve flooding in the Ganga Valley over the past 100,000 years: testing the influence of monsoonal precipitation. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 2011, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo. 2011.08.012.
97. Hurtrez, J. E., Lucazeau, F., Lave, J. and Avouac, J. P., Investigation of the relationships between basin morphology, tectonic uplift, and denudation from the study of an active fold belt in the Siwalik Hills, central Nepal. J. Geophys. Res., 1999, 104, 12779-12796.
98. Singh, V. and Tandon, S. K., The Pinjaur dun (intermontane longitudinal valley) and associated active mountain fronts, NW Himalaya: tectonic geomorphology and morphotectonic evolution. Geomorphology, 2008, 102, 376-394.
99. Pratt-Sitaula, B., Burbank, D. W., Heimsath, A. and Ojha, T., Landscape disequilibrium on 1000-10,000 year scales, Marsyandi River, Nepal, central Himalaya. Geomorphology, 2004, 58, 223-241.
100. Hilley, G. E. and Strecker, M. R., Steady state erosion of critical Coulomb wedges with applications to Taiwan and the Himalaya. J. Geophys. Res. B, 2004, 109, doi: 10.1029/2002JB02284.
101. Barnes, J. B., Densmore, A. L., Mukul, M., Sinha, R., Jain, V. and Tandon, S. K., Interplay between faulting and base level in the development of Himalayan frontal fold topography. J. Geophys. Res., 2011, 116, F03012, doi:10.1029/2010JF001841.
102. Wulf, H., Bookhagen, B. and Scherler, D., Seasonal precipitation gradients and their impact on fluvial sediment flux in the northwest Himalaya. Geomorphology, 2010, 118, 13-21.
103. Islam, M. R., Begum, S. F., Yamaguchi, Y. and Ogawa, K., The Ganges and Brahamaputra rivers in Bangladesh: basin denudation and sedimentation. Hydrol. Process., 1999, 13, 2907-2923.
104. Wasson, R. J., A sediment budget for the Ganga-Brahmaputra catchment. Curr. Sci., 2003, 84, 1041-1047.
105. Najman, Y., Bickle, M. and Chapman, H., Early Himalayan exhumation: isotopic constraints from the Indian foreland basin. Terra Nova, 2000, 12, 28-34.
106. Ahmad, T., Harris, N., Bickle, M., Chapman, H., Bunbury, J. and Prince, C., Isotopic constraints on the structural relationships between the Lesser Himalayan Series and the High Himalayan Crystalline Series, Garhwal Himalaya. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 2000, 112, 467-477.
107. Kukal, S. S. and Sur, H. S., Soil erosion hazards in the foothills of Lower Siwaliks. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 1992, 40, 162-167.
108. Jain, V., Wasson, R. J., Singhvi, A., McCulloch, M. and Sinha, R., Source area contribution and temporal variation in sediment supply: role of inherent geological and topographic controls. Mountain Building and Climate-tectonic Interaction, Abstract Volume, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, 2008.
109. Tripathi, J. K., Bock, B., Rajamani, V. and Eisenhauer, A., Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical constraints. Curr. Sci., 2004, 87, 1141-1145.
110. Rahaman, W., Singh, S. K., Sinha, R. and Tandon, S. K., Climate control on erosion distribution over the Himalaya during the past 100 ka. Geology, 2009, 37, 559-562.
111. Metivier, F. and Gaudemer, Y., Stability of output fluxes of large rivers in South and East Asia during the last 2 million years: implications on floodplain processes. Basin Res., 1999, 11, 293-303.
112. Goodbred Jr, S. L. and Kuehl, S. A., Holocene and modern sediment budgets for the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system: evidence for highstand dispersal to flood-plain, shelf, and deep-sea depocenters. Geology, 1999, 27, 559-562.
113. Goodbred Jr, S. L. and Kuehl, S. A., Enormous Ganges- Brahmaputra sediment discharge during strengthened early Holocene monsoon. Geology, 2000, 28, 1083-1086.
114. Chabaux, F., Granet, M., Pelt, E., France-Lanord, C. and Galy, V., 238U-234U-230Th disequilibria and timescale of sedimentary transfers in rivers: clues from the Gangetic plain rivers. J. Geochem. Explor., 2006, 88, 373-375.
115. Granet, M., Chabaux, F., Stille, P., France-Lanord, C. and Pelt, E., Time-scales of sedimentary transfer and weathering processes from U-series nuclides: clues from the Himalayan rivers. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2007, 261, 389-406.
116. Tripathi, J. K., Ghazanfari, P., Rajamani, V. and Tandon, S. K., Geochemistry of sediments of the Ganges alluvial plains: evidence of large-scale sediment recycling. Quat. Int., 2007, 159, 119-130.
117. Densmore, A., Sinha, R., Barnes, J., Jain, V. and Tandon, S. K., Proximal storage and controls on sediment flux in large Himalayan river systems. Geophys. Res. Abstr., 2010, 12, EGU General Assembly. Vienna, Austria.
118. Pratt, B., Burbank, D. W., Heimsath, A. and Ojha, T., Impulsive alluviation during early Holocene strengthened monsoons, central Nepal Himalaya. Geology, 2002, 30, 911-914.
119. Dutta, S., Suresh, N. and Kumar, R., Climatically controlled Late Quaternary terrace staircase development in the fold-and-thrust belt of the Sub Himalaya, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 2011; doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.006.
120. Barnard, P. L., Owen, L. A., Sharma, M. C. and Finkel, R. C., Late Quaternary (Holocene) landscape evolution of a monsooninfluenced high Himalayan valley, Gori Ganga, Nanda Devi, NE Garhwal. Geomorphology, 2004, 61, 91-110.
121. Jain, M. and Tandon, S. K., Fluvial response to Late Quaternary climate changes, western India. Quaternary Sci. Rev., 2003, 22, 2223-2235.
122. Sinha, R., Bhattacharjee, P., Sangode, S. J., Gibling, M. R., Tandon, S. K., Jain, M. and Godfrey, D., Valley and interfluve sediments in the southern Ganga plains, India: exploring facies and magnetic signatures. Sediment. Geol., 2007, 201, 386-411.
123. Gibling, M. R., Sinha, R., Roy, N. G., Tandon, S. K. and Jain, M., Quaternary fluvial and eolian deposits on the Belan River, India: paleoclimatic setting of Paleolithic to Neolithic archeological sites over the past 85,000 years. Quaternary Sci. Rev., 2008, 27, 392-411.
124. Sinha, R., Gibling, M. R., Kettanah, Y., Tandon, S. K., Bhattacharjee, P. S., Dasgupta, A. S. and Ghazanfari, P., Craton-derived alluvium as a major sediment source in the Himalayan Foreland Basin of India. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 2009, 121, 1596-1610.
125. Burbank, D. W. and Anderson, R. S., Tectonic Geomorphology, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, p. 454.
126. Church, M., The trajectory of geomorphology. Prog. Phys. Geogr., 2010, 34, 265-286.
127. Gupta, S., Himalayan drainage patterns and the origin of fluvial megafans in the Ganges foreland basin. Geology, 1997, 25, 11-14.
128. Friend, P. F., Jones, N. F. and Vincent, S. J., Drainage evolution in active mountain belts: extrapolation backwards from presentday Himalayan river patterns. Spec. Publ. Int. Assoc. Sedimentol., 1999, 28, 305-311.
129. Delcaillau, B., Carozza, J.-M. and Laville, E., Recent fold growth and drainage development: the Janauri and Chandigarh anticlines in the Siwalik foothills, northwest India. Geomorphology, 2006, 76, 241-256.
130. Singh, V. and Tandon, S. K., Integrated analysis of structures and landforms of an intermontane longitudinal valley (Pinjaur Dun) and its associated mountain fronts in the NW Himalaya. Geomorphology, 2010, 114, 573-589.
131. Malik, J. N. et al., Active fault, fault growth and segment linkage along the Janauri anticline (frontal foreland fold), NW Himalaya, India. Tectonophysics, 2010, 483, 327-343.
132. Agarwal, R. P. and Bhoj, R., Evolution of Kosi fan, India: structural implications and geomorphic significance. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 1992, 13, 1891-1901.
133. Jain, V. and Sinha, R., Response of active tectonics on the alluvial Baghmati River, Himalayan foreland basin, eastern India, Geomorphology, 2005, 70, 339-356.
134. Brierley, G. J. and Fryirs, K., River Futures: An Integrative Scientific Approach to River Repair, Island Press, 2008, p. 305.
135. National Academy of Sciences, River Science at the United States Geological Survey, National Academic Press, Washington DC, 2007, p. 206.
136. Dai, A., Qian, T. and Trenberth, K. E., Changes in continental freshwater discharge from 1948 to 2004. J. Climate, 2009, 22, 2773-2792, doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2592.1.
137. Raje, D. and Mujumdar, P. P., Constraining uncertainty in regional hydrologic impacts of climate change: nonstationarity in downscaling. Water Resour. Res., 2010, 46, W07543, doi: 10.1029/2009WR008425.
138. Raje, D. and Mujumdar, P. P., A comparison of three methods for downscaling daily precipitation in the Punjab region. Hydrol. Process., 2011, doi: 10.1002/hyp.8083.
139. Gosain, A. K., Rao, S. and Basuray, D., Climate change impact assessment on hydrology of Indian river basin. Curr. Sci., 2011, 90, 346-353.
140. Brin, M. B. and Garrett, S. G., Introduction to Dynamical Systems, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0521808413.
141. Wu, Z., Huang, N. E., Long, S. R. and Peng, C., On the trend, detrending and variability of nonlinear and nonstationary time series. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2007, 104; doi: 10.1073/pnas. 0701020104.
142. Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. and Valdes, J., The geomorphological structure of hydrologic response. Water Resour. Res., 1979, 15, 1409-1420.
143. Jain, V. and Sinha, R., Derivation of unit hydrograph and 50-yr flood from GIUH analysis for the Himalayan river. Water Resour. Manage., 2003, 7, 355-375.
144. Jain, V. and Sinha, R., Evaluation of geomorphic control on flood hazard through GIUH. Curr. Sci., 2003, 85, 1596-1600.
145. Jain, S. K., Singh, R. D. and Seth, S. M., Design flood estimation using GIS supported GIUH approach. Water Resour. Manage., 2000, 14, 369-376.
146. Sarangi, A., Madramootoo, C. A., Enright, P. and Prasher, S. O., Evaluation of three unit hydrograph models to predict the surface runoff from a Canadian watershed. Water Resour. Manage., 2007, 21, 1127-1143, doi: 10.1007/s11269-006-9072-9.
147. Tockner, K., Ward, J. V., Edwards, P. J., Kollmann, J. and Riverine landscapes: an introduction. Freshwater Biol., 2002, 47, 497-500.
148. Dollar, E. S. J., James, C. S., Rogers, K. H. and Thoms, M. C., A framework for interdisciplinary understanding of rivers as ecosystems. Geomorphology, 2007, 89, 147-162.
149. Thorp, J. H., Thoms, M. C. and Delong, M. D., The Riverine Ecosystem Synthesis: Towards Conceptual Cohesiveness in River Science, Academic Press, Elsevier, 2008.
150. Wheaton, J. M., Gibbins, C., Wainwright, J., Larsen, L. and McElroy, B., Preface: multiscale feedbacks in ecogeomorphology. Geomorphology, 2011, 136, 265-268.
151. Corenblit, D. et al., Feedbacks between geomorphology and biota controlling Earth surface processes and landforms: a review of foundation concepts and current understandings. Earth Sci. Rev., 2011, 106, 307-331.
152. Murray, A. B. et al., Geomorphology, complexity, and the emerging science of the earth's surface. Geomorphology, 2010, 103, 496-505.
153. Church, M., Continental drift. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 2005, 30, 129-130.
154. NRC, Landscapes on the Edge: New Horizons for Research on Earth's Surface, 2010; www.nap.edu/catalog/12700.html
155. Crozier, M. J., Magnitude-frequency concept. In Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (ed. Goudie, A. S.), Routledge Press, 2004, pp. 635-638.
156. Brunsden, D., A critical assessment of the sensitivity concept in geomorphology. Catena, 2001, 42, 99-123.
157. Pickett, S. T. A., Burch, W. R. and Grove, J. M., Interdisciplinary research: maintaining the constructive impulse in a culture of criticism. Ecosystems, 1999, 2, 302-307.
158. Goodbred Jr, S. L. and Kuehl, S. A., Floodplain processes in the Bengal basin and the storage of Ganges-Brahmaputra river sediment: an accretion study using 137Cs and 210Pb geochronology. Sediment. Geol., 121, 239-258.
159. Allision, M. A., Kuehl, S. A., Martin, T. C. and Hassan, A., Importance of floodplain sedimentation for river sediment budgets and terrigenous input to the ocean: insights from the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River. Geology, 1998, 26, 175-178.
160. Sinha, R., Jain, V., Tandon, S. K. and Chakraborty, T., Large river systems of India. Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad., 2012, 78, 277-294.