Physical appearance as a measure of social ranking: The role of a new scale to understand the relationship between weight and dieting

Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 55-66

  Ferreira, Cláudia ^a   Pinto Gouveia, José ^a   Duarte, Cristiana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Disordered Eating; Physical Appearance; Social Comparison; Weight and Body Image Dissatisfaction

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BODY IMAGE; BODY WEIGHT; DEPRESSION; EATING DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMAN; LOW CALORY DIET; MENTAL STRESS; METHODOLOGY; PORTUGAL; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMETRY; QUESTIONNAIRE; REPRODUCIBILITY; SHAME; SOCIAL CLASS; STATISTICS;

ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; BODY IMAGE; BODY WEIGHT; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DIET, REDUCING; EATING DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; PORTUGAL; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; PSYCHOMETRICS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SHAME; SOCIAL CLASS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84872158546     PISSN: 10633995     EISSN: 10990879     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.769     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Abed, R.T. (1998). The sexual competition hypothesis for eating disorders. The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 525-547.
2. Allan, S., and Gilbert, P. (1995). A social comparison scale: Psychometric properties and relationship to psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(3), 293-299. DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(95)00086-L
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Text revision (4th ed.). New York: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
4. Barkow, J.H. (1980). Prestige and self-esteem: A biosocial interpretation. In D.R. Omark, D.R. Strayer, and J. Freedman (Eds.), Dominance relations: An ethological view of social conflict and social interaction (319-332). New York: Garland STPM Press.
5. Baron, M., and Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
6. Broucek, F.J., 1991. Shame and the self. New York: Guilford.
7. Burkle, M.A., Ryckman, R.M., Gold, J.A., Thornton, B., and Audesse, R.J. (1999). Forms of competitive attitude and achievement orientation in relation to disordered eating. Sex Roles, 40, 853-870. DOI: 10.1023/A:1018873005147
8. Butow, P.N., Beumont, P.J.V., and Touyz, S.W. (1993). Cognitive processes in dieting disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14(3), 319-329. DOI: 10.1002/1098-108X(199311)
9. Buunk, A.P., and Gibbons, F.X. (2007). Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 3-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.09.007
10. Cachelin, F.M., and Regan, P.C. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of chronic dieting in a multi-ethnic community U.S. sample. Eating and Weight Disorders, 11, 91-99.
11. Conley, A., and Boardman, J.D. (2007). Weight overestimation as an indicator of disordered eating behaviors among young women in the United States. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 441-445. DOI: 10.1002/eat
12. Corning, A.F., Krumm, A.J., and Smitham, L.A. (2006). Differential social comparison processes in women with and without eating disorder symptoms. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 53, 338-349. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.338
13. Dittmar, H., and Howard, S. (2004). Professional hazards? The impact of models' body size on advertising effectiveness and women's body focused anxiety in professions that do and do not emphasize the cultural ideal of thinness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 477-497. DOI: 10.1348/0144666042565407
14. Engeln-Maddox, R. (2005). Cognitive responses to idealized media images of women: The relationship of social comparison and critical processing to body image disturbance in college women. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 1036-1060. DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2005.24.8.1114
15. Fairburn, C.G. (2008). Eating disorders: The transdiagnostic view and the cognitive behavioral theory. In C.G. Fairburn (Ed.), Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders (pp. 7-22). New York: The Guilford Press.
16. Fairburn, C.G., Cooper Z., and O'Connor, M.E. (2008). Eating disorder examination (Edition 16.0D). In C.G. Fairburn (Ed.), Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders (pp. 265-308). New York: The Guilford Press.
17. Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., and Duarte, C. (2010). Dados psicométricos da versão portuguesa da EDE 16.0D. Manuscript in preparation.
18. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7, 117-140. DOI: 10.1177/001872675400700202
19. Fisher, E., Dunn, M., and Thompson, J.K. (2002). Social comparison and body image: An investigation of body comparison processes using multidimensional scaling. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 566-579. DOI: 10.1521/jscp.21.5.566.22618
20. Garner, D., Olmsted, M., and Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 15-34. DOI: 10.1002/1098-108X(198321)
21. Gato, J. (2003). Evolução e ansiedade social. (Unpublished master's thesis). Faculdade de PsicolOgia e de Ciências da Educação - Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra.
22. Gatward, N. (2007). Anorexia nervosa: An evolutionary puzzle. European Eating Disorders Review, 15, 1-12. DOI: 10.1002/erv.718
23. Gibbons, F.X., and McCoy, S.B. (1991). Self-esteem, similarity, and reactions to active versus passive downward comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 414-424.
24. Gilbert, P. (1992). Depression: The evolution of powerlessness. Hove: Guilford/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
25. Gilbert, P. (2002). Body shame: A biopsychosocial conceptualisation and overview with treatment implications. In P. Gilbert and J. Miles (Eds.), Body shame: Conceptualisation, research and treatment. New York: Brunner Routledge.
26. Gilbert, P., Price, J., and Allan, S. (1995). Social comparison, social attractiveness and evolution: How might they be related?. New Ideas in Psychology, 13, 149-165. DOI: 10.1016/0732-118X(95)00002-X
27. Goss, K., Gilbert, P., and Allan, S. (1994). An exploration of shame measure-I: The Other as Shamer Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 713-717. DOI: 10.1016/0732-118X(95)00002-X
28. Halliwell, E., and Harvey, M., (2006). Examination of a sociocultural model of disordered eating among male and female adolescents. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 235-248. DOI: 10.1348/135910705X39214
29. Heinberg, L.H., and Thompson, J.K. (1995). Body image and televised images of thinness and attractiveness: A controlled laboratory investigation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 325-338. DOI: 10.1521/jscp.1995.14.4.325
30. Irving, L. (1990). Mirror images: Effects of the standard of beauty on the self-and body-esteem of women exhibiting varying levels of bulimic symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 230-242.
31. Jones, D.C. (2001). Social comparison and body image: Attractiveness comparisons to models and peers among adolescent girls and boys. Sex Roles, 45(9/10), 645-664. DOI: 10.1023/A:1014815725852
32. Kaufman, G. (1989). The psychology of shame. New York: Springer.
33. Kemper, T.D. (1990). Social structure and testosterone: Explorations of the socio-bio-social chain. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
34. Kline, R. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. New York: The Guilford Press.
35. Krones, P.G., Stice, E., Batres, C., and Orjada, K. (2005). In vivo social comparison to a thin-ideal peer promotes body dissatisfaction: A randomized experiment. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 38, 134-142. DOI: 10.1002/eat.20171
36. Lovibond, S.H. and Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation.
37. Machado, P., Gonçalves, S., Martins, C. and Soares, I. (2001). The Portuguese version of the eating disorders inventory: Evaluation of its psychometric properties. European Eating Disorders Review, 9(1), 43-52. DOI: 10.1002/erv.359
38. Maroco, J. (2007). Análise estatística. Com utilização do SPSS. Lisboa: Edições Sílabo.
39. Matos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., and Duarte, C. (2011). Other as Shamer. Versão portuguesa e propriedades psicométricas de uma medida de vergonha externa. Manuscript submitted for publication.
40. Myers, T.A., and Crowther, J.H. (2009). Social comparison as a predictor of body dissatisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 683-698. DOI:10.1037/a0016763
41. Nunnally, J.C., and Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.
42. O'Brien, K., Caputi, P., Minto, R., Peoples, G., Hooper, C., Kell, S., and Sawley, E. (2009). Upward and downward physical appearance comparisons: Development of scales and examination of predictive qualities. Body Image, 6(3), 201-206. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.003
43. Osgood, C.E., Suci, G.J., and Tannenbaum, P.H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
44. Pais-Ribeiro, J., Honrado, A., and Leal, I. (2004). Contribuição para o estudo da adaptação portuguesa das escalas de Depressão Ansiedade Stress de Lovibond e Lovibond. Psychologica, 36, 235-246.
45. Polivy J., and Herman, C.P. (2002). Causes of eating disorders. Annual Review of Psychology 53, 187-213. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103
46. Stice, E., and Shaw, H. (1994). Adverse effects of the media portrayed thin ideal on women, and linkages to bulimic symptomatology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 288-308.
47. Stormer, S.M., and Thompson, J.K. (1996). Explanations of body image disturbance: A test of maturational status, negative verbal commentary, social comparison, and sociocultural hypotheses. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 193-202.
48. Strahan, E.J., Wilson, A.E., Cressman, K.E., and Buote, V.M. (2006). Comparing to perfection: How cultural norms for appearance affect social comparisons and self image. Body Image, 3, 211-227. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.07.004
49. Sypeck, M.F., Gray, J.J., Etu, S.F., Ahrens, A.H., Mosimann, J.E., and Wiseman, C.V. (2006). Cultural representations of thinness in women, redux: Playboy magazine's depictions of beauty from 1979 to 1999. Body Image: An International Journal of Research, 3, 229-235. DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.07.001
50. Tabachnick, B., and Fidell, L. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
51. Thompson, J.K., Heinberg, L.J., and Tantleff, S. (1991). The Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS). The Behavior Therapist, 14, 174.
52. Thompson, J.K., Coovert, M.D., and Stormer, S.M. (1999). Body image, social comparison and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modelling investigation. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 26, 43-51. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199907)
53. Tiggemann, M., and Mcgill, B. (2004). The role of social comparison in the effect of magazine advertisements on women's mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 23-44. DOI: 10.1521/jscp.23.1.23.26991
54. Tiggemann, M., Polivy, J., and Hargreaves, D. (2009). The processing of thin ideals in fashion magazines: A source of social comparison or fantasy?. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 73-93. DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2009.28.1.73
55. Troop, N.A., Allan, S., Treasure, J.L., and Katzman, M. (2003). Social comparison and submissive behaviour in eating disorders. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76, 237-249. DOI: 10.1348/147608303322362479
56. Williams, G.J., Power, K.G., Millar, H.R., Freeman, C.P., Yellowlees, A., Dowds, T., Jackson, M.A. (1993). Comparison of eating disorders and other dietary/weight groups on measures of perceived control, assertiveness, self-esteem and self-directed hostility. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14, 27-32. DOI: 10.1002/1098-108X(199307)
57. Williamson, D.A., Netemeyer, R.G., Jackman, L.P., Anderson, D.A., Funsch C.L., Rabalais, J.Y. (1995). Structural equation modeling of risk factors for the development of eating disorder symptoms in female athletes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17(4), 387-393. DOI: 10.1002/1098-108X(199505)
58. Wills, T.A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.90.2.245
59. Wiseman, C.V., Gray, J.J., Mosimann, J.E., and Ahrens, A.H. (1992). Cultural expectations of thinness in women: An update. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 85-89. DOI: 10.1002/1098-108X(199201)
60. Wood, J.V. (1989). Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 231-248. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.231