Environment and collapse: Eastern Anatolian obsidians at Urkesh (Tell Mozan, Syria) and the third-millennium Mesopotamian urban crisis

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1866-1878

  Frahm, Ellery ^a   Feinberg, Joshua M ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^c University of Minnesota   (United States)

Author keywords

Bronze Age; Climate change; Deurbanisation; Exchange; Northern Mesopotamia; Obsidian; Social networks; Third millennium urban crisis

Indexed keywords

ARTIFACT; BRONZE AGE; CERAMICS; CLIMATE VARIATION; DEMOGRAPHY; OBSIDIAN; PALEOCLIMATE; SOCIAL NETWORK; SUBSISTENCE; URBAN AREA; URBAN ECONOMY;

ANATOLIA; MESOPOTAMIA; SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC; TURKEY;

EID: 84872045555     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: 10959238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.11.026     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Adams R.McC. The Evolution of Urban Society 1966, Aldine Transaction, Chicago.
2. Akkermans P.M.M.G., Schwartz G.M. The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000-300 BC) 2003, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Barfield T. The shadow empires: imperial state formation along the Chinese-Nomad Frontier. Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History 2001, 10-41. Cambridge University Press. S.E. Alcock, T.N. D'Altroy, K.D. Morrison, C.M. Sinopoli (Eds.).
4. Beşikçi I. Gocebe Alikan Aşiret 1969, Dogan Yayinevi, Ankara.
5. Bigazzi G., Yeĝingil Z., Ercan T., Oddone M., özdogan M. Age determination of obsidian bearing volcanics in Eastern Anatolia using the fission track dating method. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 1997, 40(2):57-73.
6. Blackman M. Provenance studies of middle eastern obsidian from sites in highland Iran. Archaeological Chemistry III 1984, 19-50. J.B. Lambert (Ed.).
7. Bressy C., Poupeau G., Yener K. Cultural interactions during the Ubaid and Halaf periods: Tell Kurdu (Amuq Valley, Turkey) obsidian sourcing. Journal of Archaeological Science 2005, 32:1560-1565.
8. Burley D., Sheppard P., Simonin M. Tongan and Samoan volcanic glass: pXRF analysis and implications for constructs of ancestral Polynesian society. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:2625-2632.
9. Butzer K. Sociopolitical discontinuity in the near east c. 2200 BCE: scenarios from Palestine and Egypt. Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse 1997, 245-296. Springer, Berlin. H. Dalfes, G. Kukla, H. Weiss (Eds.).
10. Butzer K. Collapse, environment, and society. PNAS 2012, 109:3632-3639.
11. Cann J.R., Renfrew C. The characterization of obsidian and its application to the Mediterranean Region. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 1964, 30:111-133.
12. Carter T., Le Bourdonnec F.-X., Poupeau G., Schmidt K. Towards an archaeology of pilgrimage: sourcing obsidian from the PPN temple complex of Göbekli Tepe. 7th International Conference on the Chipped and Ground Stone Industries of the Pre-pottery Neolithic. 14-17 February 2012 2012, Centre d'Estudis i Recursos Culturals, Barcelona, Spain.
13. Carter T., Grant S., Kartal M., Coşkun A., özkaya V. Networks and Neolithisation: sourcing obsidian from Körtik Tepe (SE Anatolia). Journal of Archaeological Science 2013, 40:556-569.
14. Cauvin M.C. L'obsidienne dans le Proche-Orient prehistorique: etat des recherches en 1996. Anatolica 1996, 22:1-31.
15. Cauvin M.C., Chataigner C. Distribution de l'obsidienne dans les sites archéologiques du Proche et du Moyen Orient (par phase chronologique). L'obsidienne au Proche et Moyen-Orient: Du Volcan à l'Outil 1998, 325-350. BAR, Oxford. M.C. Cauvin, A. Gourgaud, B. Gratuze, N. Arnaud, G. Poupeau, J.L. Poidevin, C. Chataigner (Eds.).
16. Chabot J., Poidevin J.L., Chataigner C., Fortin M. Caracterisation et provenance des artefacts en obsidienne de Tell 'Atij et de Tell Gudeda (III millenaire, Syrie). Cahiers d'Acheologie du CELAT 2001, 10:241-256.
17. Chataigner C. Sources des artefacts du Proche Orient d'aprés leur caractérisation géochimique. L'obsidienne au Proche et Moyen-Orient: Du Volcan à l'Outil 1998, 273-324. BAR, Oxford. M.C. Cauvin, A. Gourgaud, B. Gratuze, N. Arnaud, G. Poupeau, J.L. Poidevin, C. Chataigner (Eds.).
18. Chataigner C., Poidevin J.L., Arnaud N.O. Turkish occurrences of obsidian and use by prehistoric peoples in the near east from 14,000 to 6000 BP. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1998, 85:517-537.
19. Colantoni C., Ur J. The architecture and pottery of a late third-millennium residential quarter at Tell Hamoukar, north-eastern Syria. Iraq 2011, 73:21-69.
20. Coombes P., Barber K. Environmental determinism in Holocene research: causality or coincidence?. Area 2005, 37.3:303-311.
21. Cooper L. The demise and regeneration of Bronze Age urban centers in the Euphrates Valley of Syria. After Collapse: the Regeneration of Complex Societies 2006, 18-37. University of Arizona Press. G.M. Schwartz, J.J. Nichols (Eds.).
22. Cooper L. Early Urbanism on the Syrian Euphrates 2006, Routledge, London.
23. Courty M.-A., Weiss H. The scenario of environmental degradation in the Tell Leilan region during the late third millennium abrupt climate change. Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse 1997, 107-147. Berlin, Heidelberg. H. Dalfes, G. Kukla, H. Weiss (Eds.).
24. Craig N., Speakman R., Popelka-Filcoff R., Aldenderfer M., Blanco L., Vega M., Glascock M., Stanish C. Macusani obsidian from southern Peru: a characterization of its elemental composition with a demonstration of its ancient use. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:569-576.
25. Crawford H. The mechanics of the obsidian trade: a suggestion. Antiquity 1978, 52:129-132.
26. Cribb R. Nomads in Archaeology 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
27. Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse 1997, Springer, Berlin. H. Dalfes, G. Kukla, H. Weiss (Eds.).
28. Deckers K. Anthracological research at the early to middle Bronze Age settlement of Tell Mozan. The Development of the Environment, Subsistence, and Settlement of the City of UrkeŠ and Its Region 2010, 159-190. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. K. Deckers, M. Doll, P. Pfälzner, S. Riehl (Eds.).
29. Deckers K. Archaeological sites of the Upper Khabur Basin in their fluvial geomorphological context. The Development of the Environment, Subsistence, and Settlement of the City of UrkeŠ and its Region 2010, 361-377. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. K. Deckers, M. Doll, P. Pfälzner, S. Riehl (Eds.).
30. Deckers K., Pessin H. Vegetation development in the Middle Euphrates and Upper Jazirah (Syria/Turkey) during the Bronze Age. Quaternary Research 2010, 74:216-226.
31. Deckers K., Riehl S. Fluvial environmental contexts for archaeological sites in the Upper Khabur basin (northeastern Syria). Quaternary Research 2007, 67:337-348.
32. deMenocal P.B. Cultural responses to climate change during the late Holocene. Science 2001, 292:667-673.
33. Diamond J. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed 2011, Penguin Books. revised ed.
34. Edens C. Transcaucasia at the end of the early Bronze Age. BASOR 1995, 299/300:53-64.
35. Ercan T., şaroĝlu F., Kuşçu I. Features of obsidian beds formed by the activity of the volcanoes in Anatolia since 25 million years B.P. The Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 1994 May 9-14, Ankara, Turkey 1995, 505-513.
36. 14C-AMS dated plant remains from Ebla. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 266:51-58.
37. Forster N., Grave P. Non-destructive PXRF analysis of museum-curated obsidian from the Near East. Journal of Archaeological Science 2012, 39:728-736.
38. Frahm E. An evaluation of portable X-ray fluorescence for artifact sourcing in the field: can a handheld device differentiate Anatolian obsidian sources?. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 39, No. 6 2007, 29.
39. Frahm, E., 2010. The Bronze-Age Obsidian Industry at Tell Mozan (Ancient Urkesh), Syria. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota. Available online at University of Minnesota's Digital Conservancy. http://purl.umn.edu/99753.
40. Frahm E. Non-destructive sourcing of Bronze-Age near Eastern obsidian artefacts: redeveloping and reassessing electron microprobe analysis for obsidian sourcing. Archaeometry 2012, 54:623-642.
41. Frahm E. Distinguishing Nemrut Daĝ and Bingöl A obsidians: geochemical and landscape differences and the archaeological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 2012, 39:1435-1444.
42. Frahm E. Validity of " off-the-shelf" handheld portable XRF for sourcing near eastern obsidian chip debris. Journal of Archaeological Science 2013, 40:1080-1092.
43. Frahm E., Feinberg J.M. Empires and Resources: Central Anatolian Obsidian at Urkesh (Tell Mozan, Syria) during the Akkadian Period. Journal of Archaeological Science 2013, 40:1122-1135.
44. Frahm, E., Feinberg, J., in preparation. From Flow to Quarry: Magnetic Properties of Obsidian and the Changing Scales of Archaeological Sourcing, in preparation.
45. Francaviglia V., Palmieri A. Analisi di ossidiane dell'area del Habur (Giazira Settentrionale). Tell Barri/Kahat 2: Relazione Sulle Campagne 1980-1993 a Tell Barri/Kahat, nel Bacino del Habur (Siria) 1998, 335-344. Università degli studi di Firenze. P.E. Pecorella (Ed.).
46. Goodale N., Bailey D., Jones G., Prescott C., Scholz E., Stagliano N., Lewis C. pXRF: a study of inter-instrument performance. Journal of Archaeological Science 2012, 39:875-883.
47. Gratuze B., Barrandon J., Al Isa K., Cauvin M.C. Non-destructive analysis of obsidian artefacts using nuclear techniques: investigation of provenance of Near Eastern artefacts. Archaeometry 1993, 35:11-21.
48. Hall M.E., Shackley M.S. An energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence study of some Near Eastern Obsidians. Al-Rafidan 1994, 15:25-32.
49. Hoffner H. Hurrians Myths. Writings from the Ancient World 2 1990, Scholars Press, Atlanta.
50. Hole F. Evidence of social organization from western Iran. New Perspectives in Archaeology 1968, 245-265. Aldine, Chicago. S. Binford, L. Binford (Eds.).
51. Jia P., Doelman T., Chen C., Zhao H., Lin S., Torrence R., Glascock M. Moving sources: a preliminary study of volcanic glass artifact distributions in northeast China using PXRF. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:1670-1677.
52. Khalidi L., Gratuze B., Boucetta S. Provenance of obsidian excavated from Late Chalcolithic levels at the sites of Tell Hamoukar and Tell Brak, Syria. Archaeometry 2009, 51:879-893.
53. Kuzucuoĝlu C. Climate and environmental trends during the third millennium B.C. in Upper Mesopotamia. Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin due troisième millénaire: Une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en Haute Mésopotamie? Actes du Colloque de Lyon, 5-8 décembre 2005 2007, 459-480. De Boccard, Paris. C. Marro, C. Kuzucuoĝlu (Eds.).
54. Le Bourdonnec F.-X., Lugliè C., Dubernet S., Bohn M., Poupeau G. Monte Arci (Sardinia) obsidians: new geochemical data from electron microprobe and ion beam analysis. Proceedings of the Third Meeting on the Monte Arci Obsidian in the Mediterranean, Pau, Italy, 25-26 September 2004 2005, 129-140.
55. Le Bourdonnec F.-X., Poupeau G., Lugliè C. The Monte Arci (Sardinia, western Mediterranean) obsidians: characterization by multivariate analysis from SEM-EDS, EMP-WDS and PIXE elemental compositions. L'ossidiana del Monte Arci nel Mediterraneo, Pau, Italy, 27-29 June 2008 2010, 13-28.
56. 18O and trace element measurements as proxy for the reconstruction of climate changes at Lake Van (Turkey): preliminary results. Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse 1997, 653-678. Springer, Berlin. H. Dalfes, G. Kukla, H. Weiss (Eds.).
57. Mainwaring A.B., Giegengack R., Vita-Finzi C. Climate Crises in Human History 2010, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
58. Mallowan M.E.L. Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar. Iraq 1947, 9:1-259.
59. Marcus J. The peaks and valleys of ancient states. Archaic States 1998, 59-94. SARP, Santa Fe. G.M. Feinman, J. Marcus (Eds.).
60. Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire 2009, Cambridge University Press. P. McAnany, N. Yoffee (Eds.).
61. McCoy M., Mills P., Lundblad S., Rieth T., Kahn J., Gard R. A cost surface model of volcanic glass quarrying and exchange in Hawai'i. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:2547-2560.
62. McDougall, J., 1978. An Analytical Study of Obsidian from Europe and the Near East by Examination of Magnetic Parameters. M.A. dissertation, Bradford University.
63. McIntosh R.J., Tainter J.A., McIntosh S.K. The Way the Wind Blows: Climate Change, History, and Human Action 2000, Columbia University Press.
64. McMahon A., Quenet P. A late third millennium BC pottery assemblage from Chagar Bazar (Area D, phase II). Chagar Bazar (Syrie) II: Les vestiges 'post-akkadiens' du chantier D et etudes diverses 2007, 69-242. Peeters, Leuven. T. Tunca, A. McMahon, A.-M. Baghdo (Eds.).
65. Merrick H., Brown F. Rapid chemical characterization of obsidian artifacts by electron microprobe analysis. Archaeometry 1984, 26(2):230-236.
66. Michalowski P. Memory and deed: historiography of the political expansion of the Akkad state. Akkad: the First World Empire. Sargon, Padua 1993, 69-90. M. Liverani (Ed.).
67. Millhauser J., Rodríguez-Alegría E., Glascock M. Testing the accuracy of portable X-ray fluorescence to study Aztec and Colonial obsidian supply at Xaltocan, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:3141-3152.
68. Molyneaux B.L. Exploring the landscapes of long-distance exchange: evidence from obsidian Cliffs and Devils Tower, Wyoming. Geochemical Evidence for Long-distance Exchange 2002, 133-152. Bergin and Garvey, Westport, Connecticut. M.D. Glascock (Ed.).
69. Nazaroff A., Prufer K., Drake B. Assessing the applicability of portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for obsidian provenance research in the Maya lowlands. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:885-895.
70. Nicolle C. Tell Mohammed Diyab 3. Travaux de 1992-2000 sur les buttes A et B. Paris. éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations 2006.
71. Nissen H.J. The Early History of the Ancient Near East: 9000-2000 B.C 1988, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
72. Orsi V. Between continuity and transformation: the late 3rd millennium BC ceramic sequence from Tell Barri (Syria). Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 2008, vol. 2:699-714. UAM Ediciones, Madrid.
73. Orsi V. The passage from the early Bronze to the middle Bronze Age in Jezirah: a parallel between Tell Mozan and Tell Barri ceramic sequences. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 2010, vol. 1:863-881. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
74. Peltenburg E. From nucleation to dispersal. Late third millennium BC settlement pattern transformation in the near east and Aegean. La Djéziré et l'Euphrate syriens de la prehistoire à la fin du second millénaire av. J.-C. Tendances dans l'interpretation histori- que des donnes nouvelles, Subartu VII, Turnhout, Brepols 2000, 183-206. O. Rouault, M. Wäfler (Eds.).
75. Pernicka E. Herkunftsbestimmung späturukzeitlicher obsidianfunde vom Hassek Höyük. Istanbuler Forschungen 1992, 38:124-131.
76. Pernicka E., Keller J., Cauvin M.C. Obsidian from Anatolian sources in the Neolithic of the Middle Euphrates region (Syria). Paléorient 1997, 23:113-122.
77. Pfälzner P. Introduction and synthesis: urban development and ecology at Tell Mozan. The Development of the Environment, Subsistence, and Settlement of the City of UrkeŠ and Its Region 2010, 1-12. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. K. Deckers, M. Doll, P. Pfälzner, S. Riehl (Eds.).
78. Poidevin J.-L. Les gisements d'obsidienne de Turquie et de Transcaucasie: géologie, géochimie et chronométrie. L'obsi- dienne au Proche et Moyen-Orient: Du Volcan à l'Outil 1998, 105-167. BAR International Series. M.-C. Cauvin, A. Gourgaud, B. Gratuze, N. Arnaud, G. Poupeau, J.L. Poidevin, C. Chataigner (Eds.).
79. Porter A. You say potato, I say...typology, chronology and the origin of the Amorites. Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin du troisième millénaire: une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en Haute-Mésopotamie? 2007, 69-115. De Boccard, Paris. C. Marro, C. Kuzucuoglu (Eds.).
80. Riehl S. Climate and agriculture in the ancient near east: a synthesis of the archaeobotanical and stable carbon isotope evidence. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2008, 17:43-51.
81. Riehl S. Archaeobotanical evidence for the interrelationship of agricultural decision-making and climate change in the ancient near east. Quaternary International 2009, 197:93-114.
82. Riehl S. Plant production in a changing environment - the archaeobotanical remains from Tell Mozan. The Development of the Environment, Subsistence, and Settlement of the City of UrkeŠ and its Region 2010, 13-158. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. K. Deckers, M. Doll, P. Pfälzner, S. Riehl (Eds.).
83. Riehl S. Variability in ancient Near Eastern environmental and agricultural development. Journal of Arid Environments 2012, 86:113-121.
84. Riehl S., Bryson R.A. Variability in human adaptation to changing environmental conditions in Upper Mesopotamia during the Early to Middle Bronze Age transition. Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin du troisième millénaire: une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en Haute-Mésopotamie? 2007, 523-548. De Boccard, Paris. C. Marro, C. Kuzucuoglu (Eds.).
85. Riehl S., Pustovoytov K.E., Hotchkiss S., Bryson R.A. Local Holocene environmental indicators in Upper Mesopotamia: pedogenic carbonate record vs. archaeobotanical data and archaeoclimatological models. Quaternary International 2008, 209:154-163.
86. Ristvet L., Weiss H. The Hābūr region in the late third and early second millennium BC. The History and Archaeology of Syria 2005, Verlag, Saarbrucken. W. Orthmann (Ed.).
87. Rosen S., Tykot R., Gottesman M. Long distance trinket trade: early Bronze Age obsidian from the Negev. Journal of Archaeological Science 2005, 32:775-784.
88. şahoĝlu V. The Anatolian trade network and the Izmir region during the early Bronze age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 2005, 24:339-361.
89. Sanna I., Le Bourdonnec F.-X., Poupeau G., Luglie C. Ossidiane non sarde in Sardegna. Analisi di un rinvenimento subacqueo nel Porto di Cagliari. L'ossidiana del Monte Arci nel Mediterraneo, Pau, Italy, 27-29 June 2008 2010, 99-119.
90. Saunders N. A dark light: reflections on obsidian in Mesoamerica. World Archaeology 2001, 33:220-236.
91. Schwartz G.M. Taking the long view of collapse: a Syrian perspective. Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin due troisième millénaire: Une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en Haute Mésopotamie? Actes du Colloque de Lyon, 5-8 décembre 2005 2007, 45-67. De Boccard, Paris. C. Marro, C. Kuzucuoĝlu (Eds.).
92. Schwartz G.M., Miller N.F. The " Crisis" of the late third millennium B.C.: ecofactual and artifactual evidence from Umm el-Marra and the Jabbul plain. Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin due troisième millénaire: Une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en Haute Mésopotamie? Actes du Colloque de Lyon, 5-8 décembre 2005 2007, 179-204. De Boccard, Paris. C. Marro, C. Kuzucuoĝlu (Eds.).
93. Schwartz G.M., Nichols J.J. After Collapse: the Regeneration of Complex Societies 2006, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
94. Shand S. The Eruptive Rocks 1943, John Wiley, New York. second ed.
95. Surviving Sudden Environmental Change: Answers from Archaeology 2012, University of Colorado Press. P. Sheets, J. Cooper (Eds.).
96. Sheppard P., Irwin G., Lin S., McCaffrey C. Characterization of New Zealand obsidian using PXRF. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:45-56.
97. Sinopoli C. The shadow empires: imperial state formation along the Chinese-Nomad Frontier. Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History 2001, 195-200. Cambridge University Press. S.E. Alcock, T.N. D'Altroy, K.D. Morrison, C.M. Sinopoli (Eds.).
98. Staubwasser M., Weiss H. Holocene climate and cultural evolution in late prehistoric-early historic West Asia. Quaternary Research 2006, 66(3):372-387.
99. Taçon P.S.C. From Rainbow Snakes to 'X-Ray' Fish: the Nature of the Recent Rock Painting Tradition of Western Arnhem Land 1989, Australian National University, Australia.
100. Taçon P.S.C. The power of stone: symbolic aspects of stone use and tool development in western Arnhem Land, Australia. Antiquity 1991, 65:192-207.
101. Tykot, R., 1995. Prehistoric Trade in the Western Mediterranean: the Sources and Distribution of Sardinian Obsidian. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University.
102. Tykot R. Sourcing of Sardinian obsidian collections in the Museo Preistorico-Etnografico " Luigi Pigorini" using non-destructive portable XRF. L'ossidiana del Monte Arci nel Mediterraneo, Pau, Italy, 27-29 June 2008 2010, 85-97.
103. Tykot R., Chia S. Long-distance obsidian trade in Indonesia. Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology V 1997, 175-180. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh. P. Vandiver, J. Druzik, J. Merkel, J. Stewart (Eds.).
104. Tykot R., Lai L., Tozzi C. Intra-site obsidian subsource patterns at Contraguda, Sardinia (Italy). Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry 2011, 321-328. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. I. Turbanti-Memmi (Ed.).
105. Ur J. Surface collection and offsite studies at Tell Hamoukar, 1999. Iraq 2002, 64:15-43.
106. Ur J. Cycles of civilization in Northern Mesopotamia, 4400-2000 BC. Journal of Archaeological Research 2010, 18:387-431.
107. Van De Mieroop M. A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC 2004, Willey-Blackwell, New York.
108. Veenhof K. " Modern" features in old Assyrian trade. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1997, 40:336-366.
109. Wada K. Petrologic model of Shirataki obsidian, northern Hokkaido, Japan: its structure, composition and the origin. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 2009, vol. 41:553. Geological Society of America, Portland, Oregon.
110. Wada, K., Mukai, M., Takeda, O., 2003. Chemical Compositions of Obsidian Glasses Determined by EPMA: the Origin of Obsidians from the Remains at the Mouth of Tokoro River, Eastern Hokkaido. Reports of Taisetsuzan Institute of Science, Hokkaido University of Education 37, pp. 59-70.
111. Weisler M.I., Clague D.A. Characterisation of archaeological volcanic glass from Oceania: the utility of three techniques. Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and Theory 1998, 103-128. Society for Archaeological Sciences. M.S. Shackley (Ed.).
112. Weiss H. Causality and chance: late third millennium collapse in Southwest Asia. La Djéziré et l'Euphrate syriens de la protohistoire a la fin du IIe millenaire av. J.C. Tendances dans l'interprétation historique des données nouvelles 2000, 207-217. Brepols, Belgium. O. Rouault, M. Wäfler (Eds.).
113. Weiss H. Altered trajectories: the intermediate Bronze Age in Syria and Lebanon 2200-1900 BCE. Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant 2011, Oxford University Press. A.E. Killebrew, M. Steiner (Eds.).
114. Weiss H., Courty M.-A. The genesis and collapse of the Akkadian empire: the accidental refraction of historical law. Akkad: the First World Empire 1993, 131-155. Sargon, Padua. M. Liverani (Ed.).
115. Weiss H., Courty M.-A., Wetterstrom W., Guichard F., Senior L., Meadow R., Curnow A. The genesis and collapse of third millennium north Mesopotamian civilization. Science 1993, 261(5124):995-1004.
116. Wick L., Lemcke G., Sturm M. Evidence of Lateglacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia: high-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van, Turkey. The Holocene 2003, 13:665-675.
117. Wilkinson T.J. The structure and dynamics of dry-farming states in Upper Mesopotamia. Current Anthropology 1994, 35(5):483-520.
118. Wilkinson T.J. Environmental fluctuations, agricultural production and collapse: a view from Bronze Age Upper Mesopotamia. Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse 1997, 67-106. Springer, Berlin. H. Dalfes, G. Kukla, H. Weiss (Eds.).
119. Wilkinson T.J. Regional approaches to Mesopotamian archaeology: the contribution of archaeological surveys. Journal of Archaeological Research 2000, 8:219-267.
120. Wilkinson T.J., Christiansen J., Ur J., Widell M., Altaweel M. Urbanization within a dynamic environment: modeling Bronze Age communities in Upper Mesopotamia. American Anthropologist 2007, 109:52-68.
121. Williams-Thorpe O. Obsidian in the Mediterranean and the near east: a provenancing success story. Archaeometry 1995, 37:217-248.
122. Wossink A. Challenging Climate Change: Competition and Cooperation Among Pastoralists 2009, Sidestone Press.
123. Wright G. Obsidian Analyses and Prehistoric Near Eastern Trade: 7500 to 3500 B.C 1969, Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
124. Yoffee N. Collapse in ancient Mesopotamia: what happened and what didn't. Questioning Collapse. Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire 2010, 176-206. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. P.A. McAnany, N. Yoffee (Eds.).
125. Yilmaz Y., Güner Y., şaroĝlu F. Geology of the Quaternary volcanic centres of the east Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1998, 85(1-4):173-210.