Late mesozoic tectonic evolution and growth of the tibetan plateau prior to the Indo-Asian collision

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 114, Issue 3-4, 2012, Pages 236-249

  Zhang, Kai Jun ^a   Zhang, Yu Xiu ^b   Tang, Xian Chun ^b   Xia, Bin ^c  

^a NANJING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (China)

^c SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Bangong suture; Continental collision; Late mesozoic; Oceanic subduction; Tethys; Tibetan plateau

Indexed keywords

CONTINENTAL COLLISION; DENUDATION; MESOZOIC; OROGENY; SUBDUCTION; SUTURE ZONE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; TETHYS;

CHINA; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU;

RADIOLARIA (PROTOZOANS);

EID: 84872009431     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.06.002     Document Type: Review

References (174)

1. Allègre, C.J., et al., 1984. Structure and evolution of the Himalaya-Tibet orogenic belt. Nature 307, 17-22.
2. An, Z.S., Kutzbach, J.E., Prell, W.L., Porter, S.C., 2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature 411, 62-66.
3. Bai, Z.D., Xu, D.B., Zhang, X.J., Zhu, G.X., Sun, L.X., 2005. Geological Report and Map of the Ando Region (1: 250,000). Geological Survey of China, 403 P.
4. Bai, Y.S., Duan, Q.F., Niu, Z.J., Wang, J.X., Tu, B., Li, L., 2006. Characteristics and the tectonic significance of Ashetuoque monzonite granite-porphyry in the area between Suojia and Zhiduo, east Qiangtang. Geology and Mineral Resources (China) (3), 19-54.
5. Bao, P.S., Xiao, X.C., Su, L., Wang, J., 2007. Petrological, geochemical and chronological constraints for the tectonic setting of the Dongco ophiolite in Tibet. Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences 50, 660-671.
6. Baxter, A.T., Aitchison, J.C., Zyabrev, S.V., 2009. Radiolarian age constraints on Mesotethyan ocean evolution, and their implications for development of the Bangong-Nujiang suture, Tibet. Journal of the Geological Society 166, 689-694.
7. Burg, J.P., Proust, F., Tapponnier, P., Chen, G.M., 1983. Deformation phases and tectonic evolution of the Lhasa block, China. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 76, 643-665.
8. Chang, C.F., et al., 1986. Preliminary conclusions of the Royal Society/Academia Sinica 1985 Geotraverse of Tibet. Nature 323, 501-507.
9. Chang, Q.S., Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Dong, G.C., Mo, X.X., Liu, Y.S., Hu, Z.C., 2011. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes of the Early Cretaceous Rena Co rhyolites from southern margin of Qiangtang, Tibet, and their implications. Acta Petrologica Sinica 27, 2034-2044.
10. Chen, Y.L., Zhang, K.Z., Yang, Z.M., Luo, T., 2006a. Discovery of a complete ophiolite section in the Jueweng area, Nagqu county in the central segment of the Bangong- Nujiang junction zone, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geological Bulletin of China 25, 694-699.
11. Chen, Y.L., Zhang, K.Z., Gou, Y.D., Wen, J.H., 2006a. Geological Report and Map of the Uma Region (1: 250,000). Geological Survey of China, 313 P.
12. Chen, W., Ma, C.Q., Bian, Q.J., Hu, Y.Q., Long, T.C., Yu, S.L., Chen, D.M., Tu, J.H., 2009. Evidences from geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology of volcanic rocks of Yeba Formation in Demingding area, the east of Middle Gangdise, Tibet. Geological Science and Technology Information 28, 31-40.
13. Chen, X.F., Zhu, L.X., Ma, S.M., Liang, S.Y., Xu, M.Z., Meng, B.R., 2010a. Study on chronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks in Nyainqentanglha area. Geology Reviews 56, 579-594.
14. Chen, Y., Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Zhang, L.L., Liu, M., Xu, F., Guan, Q., Mo, X.X., 2010b. Geochronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Bamco andesites from the northern Gangdese, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica 26, 2193-2206.
15. Chiu, H.Y., Chung, S.L., Wu, F.Y., Liu, D.Y., Liang, Y.H., Lin, I.J., Iizuka, Y., Xie, L.W., Wang, Y.B., Chu, M.F., 2009. Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic constraints from eastern Transhimalayan batholiths on the precollisional magmatic and tectonic evolution in southern Tibet. Tectonophysics 477, 3-19.
16. Chu, M.F., Chung, S.L., Song, B., Liu, D., O'Reilly, S.Y., Pearson, N.J., Ji, J., Wen, D.J., 2006. Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotope constraints on the Mesozoic tectonics and crustal evolution of southern Tibet. Geology 34, 745-748.
17. Coney, P.J., Reynolds, S.J., 1977. Cordilleran Benioff zones. Nature 270, 403-406.
18. Coulon, C., Maluski, H., Bollinger, C., Wang, S., 1986. Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks from central and southern Tibet: Ar/Ar dating, petrologic characteristics and geodynamical significance. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79, 281-302.
19. Coward, M.P., Kidd, W.S.F., Pan, Y., Shackleton, R.M., Zhang, H., 1988. The structure of the 1985 Tibet Geotraverse, Lhasa to Golmud. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A 327, 307-336.
20. Debon, F., Le Fort, P., Sheppard, S.M.F., Sonet, J., 1986. The four plutonic belts of the Transhimalaya-Himalaya: a chemical, mineralogical, isotopical and chronological synthesis along a Tibet-Nepal section. Journal of Petrology 27, 219-250.
21. DeCelles, P.G., Kapp, P., Ding, L., Gehrels, G.E., 2007. Late Cretaceous to middle Tertiary basin evolution in the central Tibetan Plateau: changing environments in response to tectonic partitioning, aridification, and regional elevation gain. Geological Society of America Bulletin 119, 654-680.
22. Defant, M.J., Drummond, M.S., 1990. Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature 347, 662-665.
23. Dewey, J.F., Shackleton, R.M., Chang, C., Sun, Y., 1988. The tectonic development of the Tibetan plateau. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A 327, 379-413.
24. Ding, L., Lai, C., 2003. Geologic evidence for preexisting crustal thickening and uplift in the Lhasa terrane before the Indo-Asian collision. Chinese Science Bulletin 48, 836-842.
25. Dong, Y.H., Xu, J.F., Zeng, Q.G., Wang, Q., Mao, G.Z., Li, J., 2006. Is there a Neo-Tethys subduction record earlier than arc volcanic rocks in the Sangri Group? Acta Petrologica Sinica 22, 661-668.
26. Dong, X., Zhang, Z.M., Santosh, M., Wang, W., Yu, F., Liu, F., 2011. Late Neoproterozoic thermal events in the northern Lhasa terrane, south Tibet: zircon chronology and tectonic implications. Journal of Geodynamics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2011.05.002.
27. Du, D.D., Qu, X.M., Wang, G.H., Xin, H.B., Liu, Z.B., 2011. Bidirectional subduction of the Middle Tethys oceanic basin in the west segment of Bangonghu-Nujiang suture, Tibet: evidence from zircon U-Pb LA-ICPMS dating and petrogeochemistry of arc granites. Acta Petrologica Sinica 27, 1993-2002.
28. England, P., Searle, M., 1986. The Cretaceous-Tertiary deformation of the Lhasa block and its implications for crustal thickening in Tibet. Tectonics 5, 1-14.
29. Fei, G.C., Wen, C.Q., Wang, C.S., Wu, P.Y., Wen, Q., Zhou, X., 2010a. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age and its geological significance in Dongzhongla allgovite, Mozhugongka area, eastern segment of Gangdise, Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China 29, 1138-1142.
30. Fei, G.C., We, C.Q., Wang, C.S., Zhou, X., Wu, P.Y., Wen, Q., Zhou, Y.Z., 2010b. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age of porphyry granite in the Dongzhongla lead-zinc deposit, Maizhokunggar County, Tibet. Geology of China 37, 470-476.
31. Gao, Y.M., Chen, Y.C., Tang, J.X., Du, X., Li, X.F., Gao, M., Cai, Z.C., 2009. SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircon from quartz porphyry in the Yaguila Pb-Zn-Mo deposit, Gongbujiangda County, Tibet and its geological implication. Acta Geologica Sinica 83, 1436-1444.
32. Gao, S.B., Zheng, Y.Y., Wang, J.S., Zhang, Z., Yang, C., 2011. The geochronology and geochemistry o intrusive rocks in Bange area: constraints on the evolution time of the Bangong Lake-Nujiang ocean basin. Acta Petrologica Sinica 27, 1973-1982.
33. Geng, Q.R., Pan, G.T., Jin, Z.M., Wang, L.Q., Zhu, D.C., Liao, Z.L., 2005. Geochemistry and genesis of the Yeba volcanic rocks in the Gangdise magmatic arc, Tibet. Earth Science Journal of China University of Geosciences 30, 747-760.
34. Geng, Q.R., Pan, G.T., Wang, L.Q., Zhu, D.C., Liao, Z.L., 2006. Isotopic geochronology of the volcanic rocks from the Yeba Formation in the Gangdise zone, Xizang. Sedimentary Geology and Tethys Geology 26, 1-7.
35. Girardeau, J., Marcoux, J., Allègre, C.J., Bassoullet, J.P., Tang, Y., Xiao, X., Zao, Y., Wang, X., 1984. Tectonic environment and geodynamic significance of the Neo-Cimmerian Dongqiao ophiolite, Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, Tibet. Nature 307, 27-31.
36. Girardeau, J., Marcoux, J., Fourcade, E., Bassoullet, J.P., Tang, Y., 1985. Xainxa ultramafic rocks, central Tibet, China: tectonic environment and geodynamic significance. Geology 13, 330-333.
37. GSC (Geological Survey of China), CIGMR (Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources), 2004. Geological Map of Tibet (China) and Adjacent Areas (1: 1,500,000) with an Explanation. Chengdu: Chengdu Cartographic Press
38. Guan, Q., Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Zhang, L.L., Liu, M., Li, X.W., Yu, D., Mo, X.X., 2010. Late Cretaceous adakites in the eastern segment of the Gangdese belt, southern Tibet: products of Neo-Tethyan ridge subduction? Acta Petrologica Sinica 26, 2165-2179.
39. Gutscher, M.A., Maury, R., Eissen, J., Bourdon, E., 2000. Can slab melting be caused by flat subduction? Geology 28, 535-538.
40. Guynn, J.H., Kapp, P., Pullen, A., Heizler, M., Gehrels, G., Ding, L., 2006. Tibetan basement rocks near Amdo reveal "missing" Mesozoic tectonism along the Bangong suture, central Tibet. Geology 34, 505-508.
41. Harris, N.B.W., Xu, R.H., Lewis, C.L., Hawkesworth, C.J., Zhang, Y., 1988. Isotope geochemistry of the 1985 Tibet Geotraverse, Lhasa to Golmud. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A 327, 263-285.
42. Harris, N.B.W., Inger, S., Xu, R.H., 1990. Cretaceous plutonism in central Tibet: an example of post-collision magmatism? Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 44, 21-32.
43. Haschke, M.R., Scheuber, E., Gunther, A., Reutter, K.J., 2002. Evolutionary cycles during the Andean orogeny: repeated slab breakoff and flat subduction? Terra Nova 14, 49-55.
44. He, Z.H., Yang, D.M., Wang, T.W., 2006. The determination of early Cretaceous postcollision granitoids in Sangba area of Gangdese tectonic belt and its tectonic significance. Acta Petrologica Et Mineralogica 25, 185-193.
45. He, S.D., Kapp, P., DeCelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Heizler, M., 2007. Cretaceous-Tertiary geology of the Gangdese Arc in the Linzhou area, southern Tibet. Tectonophysics 433, 15-37.
46. Hsü, K.J., Pan, G.T., Sengör, A.M.C., 1995. Tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau: a working hypothesis based on the archipelago model of orogenesis. International Geology Review 37, 473-508.
47. Hu, D.G., Wu, Z.H., Jiang, W., Ye, P.S., 2004. P-T-t path of mafic granulite metamorphism in northern Tibet (Lhasa block) and its geodynamical implications. Acta Geologica Sinica 78, 155-165.
48. Huang, J.P., Cao, S.H., Chen, Z.H., Liao, L.G., 2006. Geological characteristics and tectonic significance for late Jurassic-early Cretaceous granite in middle Gangdise, Tibet. Resources Survey & Environment 27, 277-285.
49. Huang, Y., Zhao, Z.D., Zhang, F.Q., Zhu, D.C., Dong, G.C., Zhou, S., Mo, X.X., 2010. Geochemistry and implications of the Gangdese batholiths from Renbu and Lhasa areas in southern Gangdese, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica 26, 3131-3142.
50. Ji, W.H., Chen, S.J., Zhao, Z.M., Li, R.S., He, S.P., Wang, C., 2009a. Discovery of the Cambrian volcanic rocks in the Xainza area, Gangdese orogenic belt, Tibet, China and its significance. Geological Bulletin of China 28, 1350-1354.
51. Ji, W.Q., Wu, F.Y., Chung, S.L., Li, J.X., Liu, C.Z., 2009b. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of the Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet. Chemical Geology 262, 229-245.
52. Jian, P., Liu, D.Y., Sun, X.M., 2003. SHRIMP dating of Carboniferous Jinshajiang ophiolite in western Yunnan and Sichuan: geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Paleo-tethys oceanic crust. Acta Geologica Sinica 77, 217-228.
53. Jiang, X., Zhao, Z.D., Zhu, D.C., Zhang, F.Q., Dong, G.C., Mo, X.X., Guo, T.Y., 2010. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic geochemisry of Jiangba, Bangba, and Xiongba granitoids in western Gangdese, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica 26, 2155-2164.
54. Jordan, T.E., Isacks, B.L., Allmendinger, R.W., Brewer, J.A., Ramos, V.A., Ando, C.J., 1983. Andean tectonics related to geometry of subducted Nazca plate. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94, 341-361.
55. Kang, Z.Q., Xu, J.F., Dong, Y.H., Wang, B.D., 2006. Cretaceous volcanic rocks of Zenong Group in north-middle Lhasa block: products of southward subducting of the Slainajap ocean? Acta Petrologica Sinica 24, 303-314.
56. Kang, Z.Q., Xu, J.F., Wang, B.D., Dong, Y.H., Wang, S.Q., Chen, J.L., 2009. Geochemistry of Cretaceous volcanic Rocks of Duoni Formation in northern Lhasa Block: discussion of tectonic setting. Earth Science Journal of the China University of Geosciences 34, 89-104.
57. Kang, Z.Q., Xu, J.F., Wang, B.D., Chen, J.L., 2010. Qushenla Formation volcanic rocks in north Lhasa block: products of Bangong Co-Nujiang Tethys southward subduction. Acta Petrologica Sinica 26, 3106-3116.
58. Kapp, P., Yin, A., Manning, C.E., Murphy, M., Harrison, T.M., Spurlin, M., Ding, L., Deng, X.G., Wu, C.M., 2000. Blueschist-bearing metamorphic core complexes in the Qiangtang block reveal deep crustal structure of northern Tibet. Geology 28, 19-22.
59. Kapp, P., Murphy, M.A., Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Ding, L., Guo, J., 2003a. Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Shiquanhe area of western Tibet. Tectonics 22, 1029.
60. Kapp, P., Yin, A., Manning, C.E., Harrison, T.M., Taylor, M.H., Ding, L., 2003b. Tectonic evolution of the early Mesozoic blueschist-bearing Qiangtang metamorphic belt, central Tibet. Tectonics 22, 1043.
61. Kapp, J.L.D., Harrison, T.M., Kapp, P., Grove, M., Lovera, O.M., Ding, L., 2005a. The Nyainqentanglha Shan: a window into the tectonic, thermal, and geochemical evolution of the Lhasa block, southern Tibet. Journal of Geophysical Research 110, B08413.
62. Kapp, P., Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Ding, L., 2005b. Cretaceous-Tertiary shortening, basin development, and volcanism in central Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin 117, 865-878.
63. Kapp, P., DeCelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Heizler, M., Ding, L., 2007. Geological records of the Lhasa-Qiangtang and Indo-Asian collisions in the Nima area of central Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin 119, 917-932.
64. Leeder, M.R., Smith, A.B., Yin, J.X., 1988. Sedimentology and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the 1985 Lhasa to Golmud geotraverse. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A 327, 107-143.
65. Leier, A.L., DeCelles, P.G., Kapp, P., Ding, L., 2007. The Takena formation of the Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet: the record of a Late Cretaceous retroarc foreland basin. Geological Society of America Bulletin 119, 31-48.
66. Li, J.G., Batten, D.J., 2004. Early Cretaceous palynofloras fromthe TanggulaMountains of the northern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, China. Cretaceous Research 25, 531-542.
67. Li, Z.X., Li, X.H., 2007. Formation of the 1300-km-wide intracontinental orogen and postorogenic magmatic province in Mesozoic South China: a flat-slab subduction model. Geology 35, 179-182.
68. Li, H.G., Ge, L.S., Zou, Y.L., Xin, J.B., Wu, Y.H., 2005. Characteristics of intermediate to acidic magmatism of Mesozoic to Cenozoic on Gandise Massif, Tibet. Mineral Resources and Geology 19, 107-116.
69. Li, J.X., Li, G.M., Qin, K.Z., Xiao, B., 2008. Geochemistry of porphyries and volcanic rocks and ore-forming geochronology of Duobuza gold-rich porphyry copper deposit in Bangonghu belt, Tibet: constraints on metallogenic tectonic settings. Acta Petrologica Sinica 24, 531-543.
70. Li, Z.X., He, J.L., Xiong, X.G., Wu, T., Bai, P.R., 2010. The Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Shenglihe oil shales and their formation in the Qiangtang basin, northern Xizang. Journal of Jilin University Earth Science 40, 264-272.
71. Liao, L.G., Cao, S.H., Xiao, Y.B., Ouyang, K.G., Hu, Z.R., Feng, G.S., 2005. The delineation and significance of the magmatic arc zone north of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. Sedimentary Geology and Tethys Geology 25, 163-170.
72. Liu, Q.S., Wu, Z.H., Jiang, W., Hu, D.G., Ye, P.S., Ke, D.A., Zhang, H.C., Shao, Z.G., Feng, X.Y., 2004. Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Shencuo plutonic sequence in North Lhasa Block. Acta Geoscientica Sinica 25, 405-410.
73. Liu, M., Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Wang, L.Q., Mo, X.X., Zhou, C.Y., 2009. Early Cretaceousmagma mixing in Ranwu area of eastern Gangdese, Tibet: evidence fromzircon SHRIMP U-Pb age and Hf isotopic composition. Earth Science Frontiers 16 (2), 152-160.
74. Liu, Y., Liu, H.F., Theye, T., Massonne, H.J., 2010. Evidence for oceanic subduction at the NE Gondwana margin during Permo-Triassic times. Terra Nova 21, 195-202.
75. Liu, Y., Santosh, M., Zhao, Z.B., Niu, W.C., Wang, G.H., 2011. Evidence for palaeo-Tethyan oceanic subduction within central Qiangtang, northern Tibet. Lithos 127, 39-53.
76. Lu, S.W., Zhang, L., Ren, J.D., Zhang, Y.Q., Bai, G.D., 2004. Zonality of the Gangdise magmatic arc on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its geological significance. Geological Bulletin of China 23, 1023-1032.
77. Maluski, H., Proust, F., Xiao, X., 1982. Ar/Ar dating of the trans-Himalayan calc-alkaline magmatism of southern Tibet. Nature 298, 152-154.
78. Matte, P., Tapponnier, P., Arnaud, N., Bourjot, J., Avouav, J.P., Vidal, P., Liu, Q., Pan, Y., Wang, Y., 1996. Tectonics of Western Tibet, between the Tarim and the Indus. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 142, 311-330.
79. Meng, F.Y., Zhao, Z.D., Zhu, D.C., Zhang, L.L., Guan, Q., Liu, M., Yu, F., Mo, X.X., 2010. Petrogenesis of Late Cretaceous adakite-like rocks in Mamba from the eastern Gangdese, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica 26, 2180-2192.
80. Miller, C., Schuster, R., Klotzli, U., Frank, W., Grasemann, B., 2000. Late Cretaceous- Tertiary magmatic and tectonic events in the Transhimalaya batholith (Kailas area, SW Tibet). Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 80, 1-20.
81. Molnar, P., England, P., Martinod, J., 1993. Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian Monsoon. Reviews of Geophysics 31, 357-396.
82. Murphy, M.A., Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Dürr, S., Chen, Z., Ryerson, F.J., Kidd, W.S.F., Wang, X., Zhou, X., 1997. Did the Indo-Asian collision alone create the Tibetan plateau? Geology 25, 719-722.
83. Pearce, J.A., Mei, H., 1988. Volcanic rocks of the 1985 Tibet geotraverse: Lhasa to Golmud. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A 327, 169-201.
84. Pullen, A., Kapp, P., Gehrels, G.E., 2008a. Triassic continental subduction in central Tibet and Mediterranean-style closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Geology 36, 351-354.
85. Pullen, A., Kapp, P., Gehrels, G.E., DeCelles, P.G., Brown, E.H., Fabijanic, J.M., Ding, L., 2008b. Gangdese retroarc thrust belt and foreland basin deposits in the Damxung area, southern Tibet. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 33, 323-336.
86. Qu, X.M., Xin, H.B., 2006. Ages and tectonic environment of the Bangong Co porphyry copper belt in western Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China 25, 792-799.
87. Qu, Y.G., Wang, Y.S., Duan, J.X., Zhang, S.H., Wang, Z.H., 2003. Geological report and map of the Duoba region (1: 250,000). Geological Survey of China, 269 P.
88. Qu, X.M., Xin, H.B., Xu, W.Y., 2007a. Collation of age of ore-hosting volcanics in Xiongcun superlarge Cu-Au deposit on basis of three zircon U-Pb SHRIMP ages. Mineralium Deposita 26, 512-518.
89. Qu, X.M., Xin, H.B., Xu, W.Y., 2007b. Petrogenesis of the ore-hosting volcanic rocks and their contribution to mineralization in Xiongcun superlarge Cu-Au deposit, Tibet. Acta Geologica Sinica 81, 964-971.
90. Qu, X.M., Xin, H.B., Du, D.D., Chen, H., 2012. Ages of post-collisional A-type granites and constraints on the closure of the oceanic basin in the middle segment of the Bangonghu-Nujiang suture, the Tibetan plateau. Geochemical 41, 1-14.
91. Raymo, M.E., Ruddiman, W.F., 1992. Tectonic forcing of Late Cenozoic climate. Nature 359, 117-122.
92. Reid, A., Wilson, C.J.L., Shun, L., Pearson, N., Belousova, E., 2007. Mesozoic plutons of the Yidun arc, SW China: U/Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic signature. Ore Geology Reviews 31, 88-106.
93. Richter, F.M., Rowley, D.B., DePaolo, D.J., 1992. Sr isotope evolution of seawater: the role of tectonics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 109, 11-23.
94. Roger, F., Arnaud, N., Gilder, S., Tapponnier, P., Jolivet, M., Brunel, M., Malavieille, J., Xu, Z., 2003. Geochronological and geochemical constraints on Mesozoic suturing in East Central Tibet. Tectonics 22 (4), 1037.
95. Royden, L.H., Burchfiel, B.C., van der Hilst, R.D., 2008. The geological evolution of the Tibetan plateau. Science 321, 1054-1058.
96. Ruddiman, W.F., Kutzbach, J.E., 1991. Plateau uplift and climate change. Scientific American 264, 66-74.
97. Scharer, U., Xu, R., Allègre, C.J., 1984. U-Pb geochronology of Gangdese (Transhimalaya) plutonism in the Lhasa-Xigaze region, Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 69, 311-320.
98. Sengör, A.M.C., 1990. Plate tectonics and orogenic research after 25 years: a Tethyan perspective. Earth-Science Reviews 195, 1-82.
99. She, H.Q., Li, J.W., Ma, D.F., Li, G.M., Zhang, D.Q., Feng, C.Y., Qu, W.J., Pan, G.T., 2009. Molybdenite Re-Os and SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of Duobuza porphyry copper deposit in Tibet and its geological implications. Mineralium Deposita 28, 737-746.
100. Sun, D.L., Xu, J.T., 1991. Outline of Permian, Jurassic and Cretaceous strata in Rutog region, Xizang (Tibet). In: Sun, D.L., Xu, J.T. (Eds.), The Permian.: Jurassic, and Cretaceous Stratigraphy and Paleontology in the Rutog Area, Tibet (China). Nanjing University Press, Nanjing, pp. 1-41.
101. Sylvester, P.J., 1999. Post-collisional strongly peraluminous granites. Lithos 45, 29-44.
102. Tang, X.C., 2010. Early Mesozoic orogen in the central Tibetan Plateau and the geodynamic implications. Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, pp. 169
103. 39Ar geochronology and tectonic implications of the blueschist from northwestern Qiangtang, northern Tibet, western China. Acta Geol. Sinica 86.
104. Tang, X.C., Zhang, Y.X., in press-b. Eclogitic metasediments from central Qiangtang, northern Tibet: evidence for continental subduction during the eastern and western Qiangtang collision. J. Geol. Soc. India 68.
105. Wang, Z.H., Wang, Y.S., Xie, Y.H., Sun, Z.G., Lu, Z.L., Qu, Y.G., Li, C.Z., Jiang, X.F., 2005. The Tarenben oceanic island basalts in the middle part of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, Xizang and their geological implications. Sedimentary Geology and Tethys Geology 25, 155-162.
106. Wang, Y.S., Zhang, S.Q., Xie, Y.H., Li, C.Z., Yu, X.W., Zheng, C.Z., 2006a. Geological Report and Map of the Angdaerco and Puduco Region (1: 250,000). Geological Survey of China, 209 P.
107. Wang, Y.Z., Liu, S.J., Qi, S.S., Xu, C.Q., Li, S.P., Li, J.F., Wang, Y.W., 2006b. Geological Report and Map of the Zaduo Region (1: 250,000). Geological Survey of China, 246 P.
108. Wang, C.Y., Han, W.B., Wu, J.P., Lou, H., Chan, W.W., 2007a. Crustal structure beneath the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003873.
109. Wang, Q., Wyman, D.A., Xu, J.F., Wan, Y.S., Li, C., Zi, F., Jiang, Z.Q., Qiu, H.N., Chu, Z.Y., Zhao, Z.H., Dong, Y.H., 2007b. Triassic Nb-enriched basalts, magnesian andesites, and adakites of the Qiangtang terrane (Central Tibet): evidence for metasomatism by slab-derived melts in the mantle wedge. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 115, 473-490.
110. Wang, C.S., Zhao, X.X., Liu, Z.F., Lippert, P.C., Graham, S.A., Coe, R.S., Yi, H.S., Zhu, L.D., Liu, S., Li, Y.L., 2008a. Constraints on the early uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 4987-4992.
111. Wang, W.L., Aitchison, J.C., Lo, C.H., Zeng, Q.G., 2008b. Geochemistry and geochronology of the amphibolite blocks in ophiolitic mélanges along Bangong-Nujiang suture, central Tibet. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 33, 122-138.
112. Wang, J., Fu, X.G., Li, Z.X., Wu, T., He, J.L., 2009. Discovery of the Shenglihe- Changsheshan oil shale belt in the Qiangtang basin, northern Tibet, China and its significance. Geological Bulletin of China 28, 691-695.
113. Weislogel, A.L., Graham, S.A., Chang, E.Z., Wooden, J.L., Gehrels, G.E., 2010. Detrital zircon provenance from three turbidite depocenters of the Middle-Upper Triassic Songpan-Ganzi complex, central China: record of collisional tectonics, erosional exhumation, and sediment production. Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, 2041-2062.
114. Wen, D.R., Liu, D., Chung, S.L., Chu, M.F., Ji, J., Zhang, Q., Song, B., Lee, T.Y., Yeh, M.W., Lo, C.H., 2008. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages of the Gangdese Batholith and implications for Neotethyan subduction in southern Tibet. Chemical Geology 252, 191-201.
115. Wu, G.Y., Wang, X.P., Zhong, D.L., 1999. Early Cretaceous andean-type arc volcanics in SE Xizang, China. Acta Petrologica Sinica 15, 422-429.
116. Wu, Z.H., Meng, X.G., Hu, D.G., Jiang, W., 2003. Geological report and map of the Dangxiong region (1:250,000). Geological Survey of China
117. Xia, B., Xu, L.F., Wei, Z.Q., Zhang, Y.Q., Wang, R., Li, J.F., Wang, Y.B., 2008. SHRIMP zircon dating of gabbro from the Dongqiao ophiolite in Tibet and its geological implications. Acta Geologica Sinica 82, 528-531.
118. Xiang, S.Y., Zeren Z.X., Tian, L.F., Zhu, Y.S., Ma, X.M, Lu, Y.L., 2005. Geological report and map of the Jiali region (1:250,000). Geological Survey of China, 239 P.
119. Xie, G.G., Zou, A.J., Yuan, J.Y., Li, X.Y., Tang, F.L., 2002a. Geological report and map of the Bangdo region (1: 250,000). Geological Survey of China, 345 P.
120. Xie, G.G., Zou, A.J., Yuan, J.Y., Liao, S.P., Li, X.Y., 2002b. Geological report and map of the Comai (1: 250,000). Geological Survey of China, 375 P.
121. Xu, R.H., Scharer, U., Allègre, C.J., 1985. Magmatism and metamorphism in the Lhasa block (Tibet): a geochronological study. Journal of Geology 93, 41-57.
122. Xu, R.K., Zheng, Y.Y., Zhao, P.J., Shan, L., Zhang, Y.L., Cao, L., Qi, J.H., Zhang, G.Y., Dai, F.H., 2007. Definition and geological significance of the Gacangjian volcanic arc north of Dongqiao, Tibet. Geology of China 34, 768-777.
123. XZBGM (Xizang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources), 1993. Regional Geology of Xizang Autonomous Region, China, with geologic map (1: 1500000). Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 707 p.
124. Yang, D.M., He, Z.H., Zheng, C.Q., Wang, T.W., 2004. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of Dezong granitoid gneisses and its geological implications in Menba Area, Tibet. Journal of Jilin University Earth Scienc 34, 12-22.
125. Yang, D.M., Huang, Y.C., Dai, L.N., Zhao, L., 2005. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age of garnetbearing two-mica granite at Comai Township, Lhari County, Tibet, and its significance. Geological Bulletin of China 24 (3), 235-238.
126. Yang, Z.M., Hou, Z.Q., Xia, D.X., Song, Y.C., Li, Z., 2008. Relationship between western porphyry and mineralization in Qulong copper deposit of Tibet and its enlightenment of to further exploration. Mineralium Deposita 27, 28-36.
127. Yang, J.S., Xu, Z.Q., Li, Z.L., Xu, X.Z., Li, T.F., Ren, Y.F., Li, H.Q., Chen, S.Y., Robinson, P.T., 2009. Discovery of an eclogite belt in the Lhasa block, Tibet: a new border for Paleo-Tethys? Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34, 76-89.
128. Yang, T.N., Zhang, H.R., Liu, Y.X., Wang, Z.L., Song, Y.C., Yang, Z.S., Tian, S.H., Xie, H.Q., Hou, K.J., 2011a. Permo-Triassic arc magmatism in central Tibet: evidence from zircon U-Pb geochronology, Hf isotopes, rare earth elements, and bulk geochemistry. Chemical Geology 284, 270-282.
129. Yang, Z.M., Hou, Z.Q., Jiang, Y.F., Song, Y.C., 2011b. Sr-Nd-Pb and zircon Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of the Late Jurassic granitic porphyry at Qulong, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica 27, 2003-2010.
130. Yi, H.S., Lin, J.H., Zhao, B., Li, Y., Shi, H., Zhu, L.D., 2003. New biostratigraphic data of the Qiangtang area in the northern Tibetan plateau. Geology Reviews 49, 59-65.
131. Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., 2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28, 211-280.
132. Yin, J., Xu, J., Liu, C., Li, H., 1988. The Tibetan plateau: regional stratigraphic context and previous work. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A 327, 5-52.
133. Yu, H.X., Chen, J.L., Xu, J.F., Wang, B.D., Wu, J.B., Liang, H.Y., 2011. Geochemistry and origin of Late Cretaceous (90 Ma) ore-bearing porphyry of Balazha in midnorthern Lhasa terrane, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica 27, 2011-2022.
134. Yuan, C., Zhou, M.F., Sun, M., Zhao, Y.J., Wilde, S., Long, X.P., Yan, D.P., 2010. Triassic granitoids in the eastern Songpan Ganzi Fold Belt, SW China: magmatic response to geodynamics of the deep lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 290, 481-492.
135. Zhai, Q.G., Li, C., Li, H.M., Wang, T.W., 2005. U-Pb zircon age of leucogranite in the central Gangdise, Tibet, and its geological significance. Geological Bulletin of China 24, 349-353.
136. Zhang, K.J., 2000. Cretaceous palaeogeography of Tibet and adjacent areas (China): tectonic implications. Cretaceous Research 21, 23-33.
137. Zhang, K.J., 2001a. Is the Songpan-Ganzi terrane (central China) really underlain by oceanic crust? Journal of the Geological Society of India 57, 223-230.
138. Zhang, K.J., 2001b. Blueschist-bearing metamorphic core complexes in the Qiangtang block reveal deep crustal structure of northern Tibet: comment. Geology 29, 90.
139. Zhang, K.J., 2002. Escape hypothesis for the North and South China collision and the tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, eastern Asia. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 95, 237-247.
140. Zhang, K.J., 2004. Secular geochemical variations of the Lower Cretaceous siliciclastic rocks from central Tibet (China) indicate a tectonic transition from continental collision to back-arc rifting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 229, 73-89.
141. Zhang, Y.X., 2007. Tectonic Evolution of the Middle-western Bangong-Nujiang Suture, Tibet. Ph. D. Dissertation, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 256 p
142. Zhang, K.J., Tang, X.C., 2009. Eclogites in the interior of the Tibetan plateau and their geodynamic implications. Chinese Science Bulletin 54, 2556-2567.
143. Zhang, D.K., Li, Q.X., Luo, K.Y., Luo, J., 1994. Geological report and map of the Basu region (1: 200,000). Geological Survey of Xizang Province, China, 332 P.
144. Zhang, K.J., Zhang, Y.J., Xia, B.D., 1998. Did the Indo-Asian collision alone create the Tibetan plateau?-comment. Geology 26, 958-959.
145. Zhang, K.J., Xia, B.D., Liang, X.W., 2002. Mesozoic and Paleogene sedimentary facies and paleogeography of Tibet: tectonic implications. Geological Journal 37, 217-246.
146. Zhang, K.J., Xia, B.D., Wang, G.M., Li, Y.T., Ye, H.F., 2004. Early Cretaceous stratigraphy, depositional environment, sandstone provenance, and tectonic setting of central Tibet, western China. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116, 1202-1222.
147. Zhang, K.J., Cai, J.X., Zhang, Y.X., Zhao, T.P., 2006a. Eclogites from central Qiangtang, northern Tibet (China) and tectonic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 245, 722-729.
148. Zhang, K.J., Zhang, Y.X., Li, B., Zhu, Y.T., Wei, R.Z., 2006b. The blueschist-bearing Qiangtang metamorphic belt (northern Tibet, China) as an in situ suture zone: evidence from geochemical comparison with the Jinsa suture. Geology 34, 493-496.
149. Zhang, K.J., Zhang, Y.X., Xia, B.D., He, Y.B., 2006c. Temporal variations of the Mesozoic sandstone composition in the Qiangtang block, northern Tibet (China): implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Journal of Sedimentary Research 76, 1035-1048.
150. Zhang, H.F., Xu, W.C., Guo, J.Q., Zong, K.Q., Cai, H.M., Yuan, H.L., 2007a. Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic composition of deformed granite in the southern margin of the Gangdese belt, Tibet: evidence for early Jurassic subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab. Acta Petrologica Sinica 23, 1347-1353.
151. Zhang, Y.X., Zhang, K.J., Li, B., Wang, Y., Wei, Q.G., Tang, X.C., 2007b. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology and petrogenesis of the plagiogranites from the Laguoco ophiolite, Gaize, Tibet, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 52 (5), 651-659.
152. Zhang, K.J., Zhang, Y.X., Li, B., Zhong, L.F., 2007c. Nd isotopes of siliciclastic rocks from Tibet: constraints on the pre-Cenozoic tectonic evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 256, 604-616.
153. Zhang, K.J., Li, B., Wei, Q.G., Cai, J.X., Zhang, Y.X., 2008a. Proximal provenance of the western Songpan-Ganzi turbidite complex (Late Triassic, Eastern Tibetan Plateau): implications for the tectonic amalgamations of China. Sedimentary Geology 208, 36-44.
154. Zhang, K.J., Zhang, Y.X., Tang, X.C., Xie, Y.W., Sha, S.L., Peng, X.J., 2008b. First report of eclogites from central Tibet, China: evidence for ultradeep continental subduction prior to the Cenozoic India-Asian collision. Terra Nova 20, 302-308.
155. Zhang, W.P., Mo, X.X., Zhu, D.C., Yuan, S.H., Wang, L.Q., 2009. The genesis of the Xiongcun copper-gold deposit in southern Gangdise, Tibet: evidence from zircon U-Pb SHRIMP ages. Acta Petrologica Et Mineralogica 28, 235-242.
156. Zhang, X.R., Shi, R.D., Huang, Q.S., Liu, D.L., Cidan, S.L., Yang, J.S., Ding, L., 2010a. Finding of high-pressure mafic granulites in the Amdo basement, central Tibet. Chinese Science Bulletin 55, 3694-3702.
157. Zhang, Z.M., Zhao, G.C., Santosh, M., Wang, J.L., Dong, X., Shen, K., 2010b. Late Cretaceous charnockite with adakitic affinities from the Gangdese batholith, southeastern Tibet: evidence for Neo-Tethyan mid-ocean ridge subduction? Gondwana Research 17, 615-631.
158. Zhang, L.L., Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Dong, G.C., Mo, X.X., Guan, Q., Liu, M., Liu, M.H., 2010c. Petrogenesis of magmatism in the Baerda region of Northern Gangdese, Tibet: constraints from geochemistry, geochronology and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes. Acta Petrologica Sinica 26, 1871-1888.
159. Zhang, X.Q., Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Wang, L.Q., Huang, J.C., Mo, X.X., 2010d. Petrogenesis of the Nixiong pluton in Coqen, Tibet and its potential significance for the Nixiong Fe-rich mineralization. Acta Petrologica Sinica 26, 1793-1804.
160. Zhang, K.J., Tang, X.C., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y.X., 2011a. Geochronology, geochemistry, and Nd isotopes of early Mesozoic bimodal volcanism in northern Tibet, western China: constraints on the exhumation of the central Qiangtang metamorphic belt. Lithos 121, 167-175.
161. Zhang, L.L., Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Liao, Z.L., Wang, L.Q., Mo, X.X., 2011b. Early Cretaceous granitoids in Xainza, Tibet: evidence of slab break-off. Acta Petrologica Sinica 27, 1938-1948.
162. Zhang, K.J., Li, B., Wei, Q.G., 2012. Geochemistry and Nd isotopes of the Songpan-Ganzi Triassic turbidites, central China: diversified provenances and tectonic implications. Journal of Geology 120, 68-82.
163. Zhao, Y.Y., Song, L., Fan, X.T., Shi, D.H., Zhang, T.P., Chen, H.Q., Qu, W.J., 2009. Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the Shesuo copper polymetallic ore in Shenzha County, Tibet and its geological significance. Acta Geologica Sinica 83, 1150-1158.
164. Zheng, Y.Y., Xu, R.K., Ma, G.T., Gao, S.B., Zhang, G.Y., Ma, X.M., Ci, Q., 2006. Ages of generation and subduction of Shiquan river ophiolite: restriction from SHRIMP zircon dating. Acta Petrologica Sinica 22, 895-904.
165. Zheng, Y.Y., Xu, R.K., Zhang, G.Y., Shan, L., Liang, J.W., Qi, J.H., Chen, Y.F., Zhang, Y.K., Wu, Q.J., 2008. The feature of geochemistry, chronology and tectonic significance of Sangong granite series of Ritu invasion batholith in Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica 24, 368-376.
166. Zhong, H.M., Tong, J.S., Lu, R.K., Xia, J., 2006. Geochemical characteristics and tectonic setting of granite in the Songxi area, Rutog County, Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China 25, 183-188.
167. Zhong, H.M., Xia, J., Qiu, J.Q., Tong, J.S., Lu, R.K., 2007. Discovery of an Early Cretaceous shoshonite pluton in Yinliguo, northwestern Qiangtang, Tibet, China: evidence fro geochemical data and zircon U-Pb ages. Geological Bulletin of China 26, 427-432.
168. Zhou, C.Y., Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Xu, J.F., Wang, L.Q., Chen, H.H., Xie, L.W., Dong, D.C., Zhou, S., 2008. Petrogenesis of Daxiong pluton in western Gangdese, Tibet: zircon U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic constraints. Acta Petrologica Sinica 24, 348-358.
169. Zhu, D.C., Pan, G.T., Mo, X.X., Wang, L.Q., Zhao, Z.D., Liao, Z.L., 2006. Identification of the Mesozoic OIB-type basalts in central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: geochronology, geochemistry and their tectonic setting. Acta Geologica Sinica 80, 1312-1328.
170. Zhu, D.C., Pan, G., Chung, S.L., 2008. SHRIMP zircon age and geochemical constraints on the origin of lower Jurassic volcanic rocks from the Yeba Formation, southern Gangdese, south Tibet. International Geology Review 50, 422-471.
171. Zhu, D.C., Mo, X.X., Wang, L.Q., 2009a. Petrogenesis of highly fractionated I-type granites in the Chayu area of eastern Gangdese, Tibet: constraints from zircon U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes. Science in China, Series D: Earth Sciences. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0132-x.
172. Zhu, D.C., Mo, X.X., Niu, Y.L., Zhao, Z.D., Wang, L.Q., Liu, Y.S., Wu, F.Y., 2009b. Geochemical investigation of Early Cretaceous igneous rocks along an east-west traverse throughout the central Lhasa Terrane, Tibet. Chemical Geology 268, 298-312.
173. Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Niu, Y.L., Mo, X.X., Chung, S.L., Hou, Z.Q., Wang, L.Q., Wu, F.Y., 2011a. The Lhasa Terrane: record of a microcontinent and its histories of drift and growth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 301, 241-255.
174. Zhu, X.P., Chen, H.A., Ma, D.F., Huang, H.X., Li, G.M., Li, Y.B., Li, Y.C., 2011b. Re-Os dating fro the molybdenite from Bolong porphyry copper-gold deposit in Tibet, China and its geological significance. Acta Petrologica Sinica 27, 2159-2164.