Evaluating effects of chemical weathering and surface contamination on the in situ provenance analysis of building stones in the Cuzco region of Peru with portable XRF

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1823-1837

  Ogburn, Dennis ^a   Sillar, Bill ^b   Sierra, Julio César ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c Ministerio de Cultura   (Peru)

Author keywords

Building stone provenance; Chemical weathering; Cusco; Cuzco; Inca; Inka; Portable XRF; PXRF; Surface contamination

Indexed keywords

ANDESITE; BUILDING STONE; CHEMICAL WEATHERING; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); IGNEOUS ROCK; LEAD; PROVENANCE; X-RAY FLUORESCENCE; ZINC;

CUZCO [PERU]; PERU;

EID: 84871960988     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: 10959238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.023     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Amusan A.A., Bada S.B., Salami A.T. Effect of traffic density on heavy metal content of soil and vegetation along roadsides in Osun State, Nigeria. West African Journal of Applied Ecology 2003, 4:107-114.
2. Colman S.M. Chemical Weathering of Basalts and Andesites: Evidence from Weathering Rinds 1982, Geological Survey Professional Paper 1246, US Govt Printing Office, Washington, DC.
3. Colman S.M., Pierce K. Weathering Rinds on Andesitic and Basaltic Stones as a Quaternary Age Indicator, Western United States 1981, Geological Survey Professional Paper 1210, US Govt Printing Office, Washington, DC.
4. Craig N., Speakman R.J., Popelka-Filcoff R.S., Glascock M.D., Robertson J., Shackley M.S., Aldenderfer M.S. Comparison of XRF and PXRF for analysis of archaeological obsidian from southern Perú. Journal of Archaeological Science 2007, 34(12):2012-2024.
5. Davis M.K., Jackson T.L., Shackley M.S., Teague T., Hampel J.H. Factors affecting the energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis of archaeological obsidian. Archaeological Obsidian Studies: Method and Theory 1998, 159-180. Plenum Press, New York. M.S. Shackley (Ed.).
6. Dorn R.I., Oberlander T.M. Rock varnish. Progress in Physical Geography 1982, 6:317-367.
7. Elvidge C.D., Iverson R.M. Regeneration of desert pavement and varnish. Environmental Effects of Off-road Vehicles 1983, 225-243. Springer-Verlag, New York. R.H. Webb, H.G. Wilshire (Eds.).
8. Garvie L.A.J., Burt D.M., Buseck P.R. Nanometer-scale complexity, growth, and diagenesis in desert varnish. Geology 2008, 36:215-218.
9. Gomis D. Prospección y excavaciones en la cantera de Cajón Tambo (provincia de Cañar). Revista de Antropología 2003, 17:37-67.
10. Gregory H.E. A geologic reconnaissance of the Cuzco Valley, Peru. American Journal of Science 1916, 41(241):1-100.
11. Heizer R., Williams H. Archaeological Research in Peru and Bolivia. National Geographic Society Research Reports for 1963 1968, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, pp. 127-134.
12. Hendricks D.M., Whittig L.D. Andesite weathering II. Geochemical changes from andesite to saprolite. Journal of Soil Science 1968, 19:147-153.
13. Hopke P.K., Lamb R.E., Natusch D.F. Multielemental characterization of urban roadway dust. Environmental Science and Technology 1980, 14:164-172.
14. Hughes R.E. On reliability, validity, and scale in obsidian sourcing research. Unit Issues in Archaeology: Measuring Time, Space, and Material 1998, 103-114. University of Utah Press, Provo. A.F. Ramenofsky, A. Steffen (Eds.).
15. Hunt P.N. Inca volcanic stone provenance in the Cuzco Province, Peru. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 1990, 1:24-36.
16. Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgigo (INGEMMET) Mapa geológico del cuadrángulo de Cusco 1999, INGEMMET, Lima.
17. Ixer R., Lunt S., Sillar B. The use of andesite temper in Inca and pre-Inca pottery from the region of Cuzco, Peru. 10th Meeting of the European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics 2012, Tempus Reparatum, Oxford. M. Martinon-Torress, A. Hunt (Eds.).
18. Liritzis I., Zacharias N. Portable XRF of archaeological artifacts: current research, potentials and limitations. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology 2011, 109-142. Springer Press, New York. M.S. Shackley (Ed.).
19. Liu T., Broecker W.S. How fast does rock varnish grow?. Geology 2000, 28:183-186.
20. Lundblad S., Mills P., Hon K. Analysing archaeological basalt using non-destructive energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF): effects of post-depositional chemical weathering and sample size on analytical precision. Archaeometry 2008, 50:1-11.
21. Lundblad S., Mills P., Drake-Raue A., Kikiloi S. Non-destructive EDXRF analyses of archaeological basalts. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology 2011, 65-79. Springer Press, New York. M.S. Shackley (Ed.).
22. Markus J., McBratney A.B. A review of the contamination of soil with lead: II. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of soil lead. Environment International 2001, 27(5):399-411.
23. Nazaroff A.J., Prufer K.M., Drake B.L. Assessing the applicability of portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for obsidian provenance research in the Maya lowlands. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:885-895.
24. Ogburn D. Evidence for long-distance transport of andesite building blocks in the Inca Empire. Latin American Antiquity 2004, 15(4):419-439.
25. Oguchi C.T. Formation of weathering rinds on andesite. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2001, 26:847-858.
26. Phillips S., Speakman R. Initial source evaluation of archaeological obsidian from the Kuril Islands of the Russian Far East using portable XRF. Journal of Archaeological Science 2009, 36:1256-1263.
27. Potts P.J. Introduction, analytical instrumentation and application overview. Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry: Capabilities for In Situ Analysis 2008, 1-12. RSC Publishing, Cambridge. P. Potts, M. West (Eds.).
28. Potts P.J., Williams-Thorpe O., Webb P.C. The bulk analysis of silicate rocks by portable X-ray fluorescence: effect of sample mineralogy in relation to the size of the excited volume. Geostandards Newsletter 1997, 21:29-41.
29. Potts P.J., Bernardini F., Jones M.C., Williams-Thorpe O., Webb P.C. Effects of weathering on in situ portable X-ray fluorescence analyses of geological outcrops: dolerite and rhyolite outcrops from the Preseli Mountains, South Wales. X-Ray Spectrometry 2006, 35(1):8-18.
30. Protzen J.P. Inca quarrying and stonecutting. ñawpa Pacha 1983, 21:183-214.
31. Protzen J.P. Inca Architecture and Construction at Ollantaytambo 1993, Oxford University Press, New York.
32. Sak P.B., Fisher D.M., Gardner T.W., Murphy K., Brantley S.L. Rates of weathering rind formation on Costa Rican basalt. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2004, 68(7):1453-1472.
33. Shackley M.S. Precision vs accuracy in the XRF analysis of archaeological obsidian: some lessons for archaeometry and archaeology. BAR International Series 1043 2002, vol. II. Oxford, pp. 805-810. E. Jerem, K. Biro (Eds.).
34. Shackley M.S. An introduction to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis in archaeology. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology 2011, 7-44. Springer Press, New York. M.S. Shackley (Ed.).
35. Speakman R.J., Little N.C., Creel D., Miller M.R., Iñañez J.G. Sourcing ceramics with portable XRF spectrometers? A comparison with INAA using Mimbres pottery from the American Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38(12):3483-3496.
36. Squier E.G. Peru: Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas 1877, Henry Holt, New York.
37. Williams-Thorpe O. The application of portable X-ray fluorescence analysis to archaeological lithic provenancing. Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry: Capabilities for In Situ Analysis 2008, 174-205. RSC Publishing, Cambridge. P. Potts, M. West (Eds.).
38. Williams-Thorpe O., Potts P., Webb P. Field-portable non-destructive analysis of lithic archaeological samples by X-ray fluorescence instrumentation using a mercury iodide detector: comparison with wavelength-dispersive XRF and a case study in British Stone axe provenancing. Journal of Archaeological Science 1999, 26(2):215-237.
39. Yetimoglu E.K., Ozgen E., Kerem T. Heavy metal contamination in street dusts of Istanbul (Pendik to Levent) E-5 Highway. Annali di Chimica 2007, 97:227-235.