Ten modifiable health risk factors are linked to more than one-fifth of employer-employee health care spending

Health Affairs

Volumn 31, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 2474-2484

  Goetzel, Ron Z ^a,b   Pei, Xiaofei ^b   Tabrizi, Maryam J ^b   Henke, Rachel M ^b   Kowlessar, Niranjana ^c   Nelson, Craig F ^d   Metz, R Douglas ^e  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b IBM WATSON HEALTH   (United States)

^c SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS INC   (United States)

^d American Specialty Health   (United States)

^e Healthyroads and American Specialty Health ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL;

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; EATING HABIT; EMPLOYEE; EMPLOYER; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH HAZARD; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMOBILIZATION; MALE; OBESITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SMOKING; STRESS;

ADULT; COHORT STUDIES; EMPLOYER HEALTH COSTS; FEMALE; HEALTH EXPENDITURES; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES; PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84871869110     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: 15445208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0819     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Goetzel RZ, Anderson DR, Whitmer RW, Ozminkowski RJ, Dunn RL, Wasserman J. The relationship between modifiable health risks and health care expenditures. An analysis of the multi-employer HERO health risk and cost database. J Occup Environ Med. 1998;40(10): 843-54.
2. Health Enhancement Research Organization [home page on the Internet]. Edina (MN): HERO; [cited 2011 May 27] http://www.the-hero.org/
3. Edington D, Yen L, Braunstein A. The reliability and validity of HRAs Hyner GC, Peterson KW, Travis JW, editors. SPM handbook of health assessment tools. Pittsburgh (PA): Society of Prospective Medicine, Institute for Health and Productivity Management 1999 135-42.
4. Okie S. The employer as health coach. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(15):1465-9.
5. Brink SD, Milliman and Robertson, Control Data Corporation. Health risks and behavior: the impact on medical costs Minneapolis (MN): Milliman and Robertson 1987.
6. Yen LT, Edington DW, Witting P. Associations between health risk appraisal scores and employee medical claims costs in a manufacturing company. Am J Health Promot. 1991;6(1):46-54.
7. Yen LT, Edington DW, Witting P. Corporate medical claim cost distributions and factors associated with high-cost status. J Occup Med. 1994;36(5):505-15.
8. Bertera RL. The effects of behavioral risks on absenteeism and health-care costs in the workplace. J Occup Med. 1991;33(11):1119-24.
9. Golaszewski T, Lynch W, Clearie A, Vickery DM. The relationship between retrospective health insurance claims and a health risk appraisalgenerated measure of health status. J Occup Med. 1989;31(3):262-4.
10. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998; 22(1):39-47.
11. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288(14):1723-7.
12. Levit KR, Lazenby HC, Cowan CA, Letsch SW. National health expenditures, 1990. Health Care Financ Rev. 1991;13(1):29-54.
13. Kaiser Family Foundation. Prescription drug trends [Internet]. Menlo Park (CA): KFF; 2010 May [cited 2011 Jun 11] http://www.kff.org/rxdrugs/upload/3057-08.pdf
14. Congressional Budget Office. Letter to the Honorable Nathan Deal: the budgetary effects of expanding governmental support for preventive care and wellness services [Internet]. Washington (DC): CBO; 2009 Aug 7 [cited 2011 June 10] http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/104xx/doc10492/08-07-prevention.pdf
15. To access the Appendix, click on the Appendix link in the box to the right of the article online
16. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373-83.
17. Ashcraft ML, Fries BE, Nerenz DR, Falcon SP, Srivastava SV, Lee CZ, et al. A psychiatric patient classification system. An alternative to diagnosis-related groups. Med Care. 1989;27(5):543-57.
18. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition American Psychiatric Association. Washington (DC): APA 1994.
19. Mukamal KJ, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA, Camargo CA Jr., Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(2):109-18.
20. Collins MA, Neafsey EJ, Mukamal KJ, Gray MO, Parks DA, Das DK, et al. Alcohol in moderation, cardioprotection, and neuroprotection: epidemiological considerations and mechanistic studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(2):206-19.
21. Castelli WP. Cholesterol and lipids in the risk of coronary artery disease-the Framingham Heart Study. Can J Cardiol. 1988;4(A SUPPL):5A-10A.
22. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of Creactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(20): 1557-65.
23. Schatz IJ, Masaki K, Yano K, Chen R, Rodriguez BL, Curb JD. Cholesterol and all-cause mortality in elderly people from the Honolulu Heart Program: a cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358(9279):351-5.
24. Carls GS, Goetzel RZ, Henke RM, Bruno J, Isaac F, McHugh J. The impact of weight gain or loss on health care costs for employees at the Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53(1):8-16.
25. Soler RE, Leeks KD, Razi S, Hopkins DP, Griffith M, Aten A, et al. A systematic review of selected interventions for worksite health promotion. The assessment of health risks with feedback. Am J Prev Med. 2010; 38(2 SUPPL):237S-62S.
26. Goetzel RZ, Shechter D, Ozminkowski RJ, Marmet PF, Tabrizi MJ, Roemer EC. Promising practices in employer health and productivity management efforts: findings from a benchmarking study. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49(2):111-30.
27. O'Donnell M, Bishop C, Kaplan K. Benchmarking best practices in workplace health promotion. Art of Health Promotion Newsletter. 1997;1(1):12.
28. Anderson LM, Quinn TA, Glanz K, Ramirez G, Kahwati LC, Johnson DB, et al. The effectiveness of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions for controlling employee overweight and obesity: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(4):340-57.
29. Goetzel RZ. Do prevention or treatment services save money? The wrong debate. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009;28(1):37-41.
30. Baicker K, Cutler D, Song Z. Workplace wellness programs can generate savings. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(2):304-11.
31. Volk J, Corlette S. Premium incentives to drive wellness in the workplace: a review of the issues and recommendations for policymakers [Internet]. Washington (DC): Georgetown University Health Policy Institute; 2012 Feb [cited 2012 Sep 27] http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/web-assets/2012/02/premiumincentives-to-drive-wellness-in-theworkplace