Retraction: Integrating fuzzy logic and statistics to improve the reliable delimitation of biogeographic regions and transition zones (Systematic Biology (2016) 62: 1 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/sys061);Integrating fuzzy logic and statistics to improve the reliable delimitation of biogeographic regions and transition zones

Systematic Biology

Volumn 62, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-21

  Olivero, Jesús ^a   Márquez, Ana L ^a   Real, Raimundo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÁLAGA   (Spain)

Author keywords

amphibians; Biodiversity; biogeographical regionalization; biological geography; fuzzy boundaries; fuzzy sets; Mediterranean basin; species composition

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIA;

EID: 84871828647     PISSN: 10635157     EISSN: 1076836X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syw061     Document Type: Erratum

References (148)

1. Alexandrino J., Froufe E., Arntzen J. W., Ferrand N. 2000. Genetic subdivision, glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization in the golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica (Amphibia: Urodela). Mol. Ecol. 9:771-781.
2. Alsina C., Trillas E. 2005. On the symmetric difference of fuzzy sets. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 153:181-194.
3. Alsina C., Trillas E. 2008. On the difference of fuzzy sets. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 23:355-363.
4. Amici V., Geri F., Battisci C. 2010. An integrated method to create habitat suitability models for fragmented landscapes. J. Nat. Conserv. 18:215-223.
5. Arnot C., Fisher P. F., Wadsworth R. Wellens J. 2004. Landscape metrics with ecotones: pattern under uncertainty. Landscape Ecol. 19: 181-195.
6. Arntzen J. W., Themudo G. E., Wielstra B. 2007. The phylogeny of crested newts (Triturus cristatus superspecies): nuclear and mitochondrial genetic characters suggest a hard polytomy, in line with the paleogeography of the centre of origin. Contrib. Zool. 76:261-278.
7. Austin M. P. 1985. Continuum concept, ordination methods, and niche theory. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16:39-61.
8. Austin M. P., Margules C. R. 1986. Assesing representativeness. In: Usher M. B., editor. Wildlife conservation evaluation. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 45-68.
9. Austin M. P., Smith T. M. 1989. Anewmodel for the continuum concept. Vegetatio 83:35-47.
10. Bz J. C., Real R., Vargas J. M., Flores-Moya A. 2004. A biogeographical analysis of the genera Audouinella (Rhodophyta), Cystoseira (Phaeophyceae) and Cladophora (Chlorophyta) in the western Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea. Phycologia 43:404-415.
11. Baroni-Urbani C., Buser M. W. 1976. Similarity of binary data. Syst. Zool. 25:251-259.
12. Baroni-Urbani C., Rufo S., Vigna-Taglianti A. 1978. Materiali per uma biogeografia italiana fondata su alcuni generi di Coleotteri, Cicindelidi, Carabidi e Crisomelidi. Estratto della Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 56:35-92.
13. Bastin L., Fisher P. F., Bacon M. C. Arnot C. N. W., Hughes M. J. 2007. Reliability of vegetation community information derived using DECORANA ordination and Fuzzy C-Means clustering. In: Morris A., Kokhan S., editors. Geographic uncertainty in environmental security. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 53-74.
14. Bezdeck J. C., Ehrlich R., Full W. 1984. FCM: the fuzzy-c-means clustering algorithm. Comput. Geosci. 10:191-203.
15. Biondi E., Feoli E., Zuccarello V. 2004. Modelling environmental responses of plant associations: a review of some critical concepts in vegetation study. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 23:149-156.
16. Birks H. J. B. 1987. Recent methodological developments in quantitative descriptive biogeography. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 24:165-177.
17. Blondel J., Aronson J. 1995. Biodiversity and ecosystem function in the Mediterranean basin. In: Davis G., Richardson D., editors. Biodiversity and ecosystem function in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 43-119.
18. Blondel J., Aronson J., Bodiou J.-Y., Boeuf G. 2010. The Mediterranean Region. Biological diversity in space and time. New York: Oxford University Press.
19. Brown D. G. 1998. Mapping historical forest types in Baraga County Michigan, USA as fuzzy sets. Plant Ecol. 134:97-111.
20. Brown J. H., Lomolino M. V. 1998. Biogeography. Sunderland: Sinauer.
21. Bunce R. G. H., Barr C. J., Clarke R. T., Howard D. C., Lane A. M. J. 1996. Land classification for strategic ecological survey. J. Environ. Manage. 47:37-60.
22. Carey P. D., Preston C. D., Hill M. O., Usher M. B., Wright S. M. 1995. An environmentally defined biogeographical zonation of Scotland designed to reflect species distributions. J. Ecol. 83:833-845.
23. Carmona J. A., Olivero J., Doadrio I., Real R., Mquez A. L., Vargas J. M. 2000. Testing for inter-drainage connections on the basis of the distribution of endemic freshwater fishes. Arch. Hydrobiol. 150: 101-116.
24. Carranza S., Arnold E. N., Wade, E., Fahd, S. 2004. Phylogeography of the false smooth snakes, Macroprotodon (Serpentes, Colubridae): mitochondrialDNAsequences showEuropean populations arrived recently from Northwest Africa. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 33: 523-532.
25. Carranza S., Harris D. J., Arnold E. N., Batista V., Gonzalez de laVega J. P. 2006. Phylogeography of the lacertid lizard, Psammodromus algirus, in Iberia and across the Strait of Gibraltar. J. Biogeogr. 33:1279-1288.
26. Covas R., Blondel J. 1998. Biogeography and history of the Mediterranean bird fauna. IBIS 140:395-407.
27. Cox C. B. 2001. The biogeographic regions reconsidered. J. Biogeogr. 28:511-523.
28. Crnobrnja-Isalovic J. 2007. Cross-section of a refugium: genetic diversity of amphibian and reptile populations in the Balkans. In: Weiss S., Ferrand N., editors. Phylogeography of Southern European refugia. Amsterdam: Springer. p. 327-337.
29. Croizat L. 1958. Panbiogeography. Caracas: Croizat L.
30. Croizat L. 1964. Space, time, form: the biological synthesis. Caracas: Croizat L.
31. Dasmann R. F. 1973. A system for defining and classifying natural regions for purposes of conservation. Morges: IUCN Occasional Paper No. 7.
32. Dasmann R. F. 1974. Biotic provinces of the world. Morges: IUCN Occasional Paper No. 9.
33. De Ceres M., Font X., Vicente P., Oliva F. 2009. Numerical reproduction of traditional classifications and automatic vegetation identification. J. Veg. Sci. 20:620-618.
34. Doadrio I. 1988. Delimitation of areas in the Iberian Peninsula on the basis of freshwater fishes. Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 39: 113-128.
35. Drude O. 1890. Handbuch der Pflanzengeographie. Stuttgart: Verlag Von J. Engelhorn.
36. Dubois D., Prade H. 1980. Fuzzy sets and systems: theory and applications. New York: Academic Press.
37. Engler A. 1879, 1882. Versuch Einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt. Leipzig: W. Engelmann.
38. Escalante T. 2009. Anessay about biogeographical regionalization. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 80:551-560.
39. Escalante T., Rodríuez G., Gez N., Le L., Barrera O., Schez-Cordero V. 2007. Biogeograf? y conservaci? de los maMeros. In: Luna I., Morrone J. J., Espinosa D., editors. Biodiversidad de la faja volcica transmexicana. Mico, DF: Universidad Nacional Automa de Mico/Consejo Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. p. 485-502.
40. Escalante T., Rodríuez G., Morrone J. J. 2004. The diversification of Nearctic mammals in the Mexican Transition Zone. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 83:327-339.
41. Eyre M. D., Luff M. L., Staley J. R., Telf M. G. 2003. The relationship between British ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and land cover. J. Biogeogr. 30:719-730.
42. Fortin M. J. 1994. Edge detection algorithms for two-dimensional ecological data. Ecology 75:956-965.
43. Fraley C., Raftery A. E. 2002. Model-based clustering, discriminant analysis, and density estimation. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 97: 611-631.
44. Gale S. 1976. A resolution of the regionalization problem and its implications for political geography and social justice. Geografiska Annaler 58:1-16.
45. Garc-Barros E., Gurrea P., Luciez M. J., Cano J. M., Munguira M. L., Moreno J. C., Sainz H., Sanz M. J., SiM S. 2002. Parsimony analysis of endemicity and its application to animal and plant geographical distributions in the Ibero-Balearic region (western Mediterranean). J. Biogeogr. 29:109-124.
46. Gasc J. P. 1997. Atlas of the amphibians and reptiles in Europe. Paris: Museum Nationale de Histoire Naturelle-SEH.
47. Gez A., Lunt D. H. 2007. Refugia within refugia: patterns of phylogeographic concordance in the Iberian Peninsula. In:Weiss S., Ferrand N., editors. Phylogeography of Southern European refugia. Amsterdam: Springer. p. 155-188.
48. Good R. 1947. The geography of flowering plants. London: Longmans.
49. Grabinska B. 1990. Zoogeographic differentiation of the fauna of reptilians and amphibians in Europe. Przeglad Geographiczny 62:323-345.
50. Grabinska B. 1992. Zoogeographic differentiation of the mammals fauna in Europe. Przeglad Geographiczny 64:311-324.
51. Grabinska B. 1993. Zoogeographic differentiation of the breeding birds in Europe. Przeglad Geographiczny 65:303-316.
52. Grabinska B. 1994. An attempt at the zoogeographical regionalization of Europe on the basis of the distribution of vertebrates. Geographia Polonica 63:105-118.
53. Grehan J. R. 1991. Panbiogeography 1981-91: development of an earth/life synthesis. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 15:331-363.
54. Halffter G. 1976. Distribuci de los insectos en la zona de transicion mexicana. Relaciones con la entomofauna de NorteaMica. Folia Entomol. Mex. 35:1-61.
55. Harrison S., Ross S. J., Lawton J. H. 1992. Beta diversity on geographic gradients in Britain. J. Anim. Ecol. 61:151-158.
56. Hausdorf B. 2002. Units in biogeography. Syst. Biol. 51:648-652.
57. Heikinheimo H., Fortelius M., Eronen J., Mannila H. 2007. Biogeography of European land mammals shows environmentally distinct and spatially coherent clusters. J. Biogeogr. 34:1053-1064.
58. Hengeveld R. 1990. Dynamic biogeography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. Herndez J. E., Sainz H. 1984. El anisis de semejanza aplicado al estudio de barreras y fronteras fitogeogr?icas: su aplicaci a la coroloG y endemoflora ibicas. Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 40: 421-432.
60. Hewitt G. M. 1999. Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 68:87-112.
61. Hill M. O., Gauch H. G. Jr. 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42:47-58.
62. Hofman S., Spolsky C., Uzzell T., CoGalniceanu D., Babik W., Szymura J. M. 2007. Phylogeography of the fire-bellied toads Bombina: independent Pleistocene histories inferred from mitochondrial genomes. Mol. Ecol. 16:2301-2316.
63. Holdridge L. R. 1947. Determination of World plant formations from simple climatic data. Science 105:367-368.
64. Hurlbert A. H., Jetz W. 2007. Species richness, hotspots, and the scale dependence of range maps in ecology and conservation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 104:13384-13389.
65. IUCN, Conservation International, NatureServe. 2010. An analysis of amphibians on the 2010 IUCN Red List. Available from . www. iucnredlist. org. org/amphibians
66. Jaccard P. 1901. ?tude comparative de la distribution florale dans une portion des Alpes et des Jura. Mem. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. 37:547-579.
67. Jacquez G. M., Maruca S., Fortin M. J. 2000. From fields to objects: a review of geographic boundary analysis. J. Geogr. Syst. 2:221-241.
68. Jonsgard B., Birks H. J. B. 1993. Quantitative studies on saxicolous bryophyte-environment relationships inwesternNorway. J. Bryol. 17:579-611.
69. Kosko B. 1986. Fuzzy entropy and conditioning. Inform. Sci. 40:165-174.
70. Kreft H., Jetz W. 2010. A framework for delineating biogeographical regions based on species distributions. J. Biogeogr. 37:2029-2053.
71. Krishnapuram R., Keller J. M. 1993. A possibilistic approach to clustering. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 1:98-110.
72. Kuncheva L. I. 2001. Using measures of similarity and inclusion for multiple classifier fusion by decision templates. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 122:401-407.
73. Lanz E., Nevíez-Martíez M. O., Líez-Martíez J., Dworak J. A. 2008. Spatial distribution and species composition of small pelagic fishes in the Gulf of California. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56:575-590.
74. Lee G. S., Lee K. H. 2006. Application of fuzzy representation of geographic boundary to the soil loss model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 3:115-133.
75. Lescure J. 1992. Les amphibiens du pourtour Miterrann. Bull. Soc. Herp. France 4:1-14.
76. Leung Y. 1987. On the imprecision of boundaries. Geogr. Anal. 19: 125-151.
77. Mackey B. G. 2008. Boundaries, data and conservation. J. Biogeogr. 35:392-393.
78. MacQueen J. 1967. Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observation. Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability. (June 21-July 18, 1965 and December 27, 1965-January 7, 1966): Berkeley (CA): University of California Press. p. 281-297.
79. Marchini A., Marchini C. 2006. A fuzzy logic model to recognize ecological sectors in the lagoon of Venice based on the benthic community. Ecol. Model. 193:105-118.
80. Margules C. R. 1986. Conservation evaluation in practice. In: Usher M. B., editor. Wildlife conservation evaluation. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 298-314.
81. Mquez A. L., Real R., Vargas J. M. 2001. Methods for comparison of biotic regionalizations: the case of pteridophytes in the Iberian Peninsula. Ecography 24:659-670.
82. Marshall C. J., Liebherr J. K. 2000. Cladistic biogeography of theMexican transition zone. J. Biogeogr. 27:203-216.
83. Martíez-Solano I. 2004. Phylogeography of Iberian Discoglossus (Anura: Discoglossidae). J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 42:298-305.
84. Matthews W. J., Robinson H. W. 1988. The distribution of the fishes of Arkansas: a multivariate analysis. Copeia 1988:358-374.
85. Mayr E. 1965. What is a fauna Zoologisches Jahrbuch f? Systematik 92:473-486.
86. McAllister D. E., Platania S. P., Schueler F. W., Baldwin M. E., Lee D. S. 1986. Ichtyofaunal patterns on a geographic grid. In: Hocutt C. H., Wiley E. O., editors. The zoogeography of North American freshwater fishes. New York: Wiley & Sons. p. 17-51.
87. McCoy E. D., Bell S. S., Waters K. 1986. Identifying biotic boundaries along environmental gradients. Ecology 67:749-759.
88. Mail F., Diadema K 2009 Glacial refugia influence plant diversity patterns in the Mediterranean Basin. J. Biogeogr 36 1333-1345.
89. Morrone J. J. 1994. On the identification of areas of endemism. Syst. Biol. 43:438-441.
90. Morrone J. J. 2001. Homology, biogeography and areas of endemism. Divers. Distrib. 7:297-300.
91. Morrone J. J. 2002. Biogeographical regions under track and cladistic scrutiny. J. Biogeogr. 29:149-152.
92. Morrone J. J. 2004. Panbiogeograf?, componentes bi?icos y zonas de transici. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 482:149-162.
93. Morrone J. J. 2009. Evolutionary biogeography: an integrative approach with case studies. New York: Columbia University Press.
94. Moya F., Saucíe T., Maj-Cabeza M. E. 2012. Environmental control on the structure of echinoid assemblages in the Bellingshausen Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biol. 35. doi:10. 1007/s00300-012-1176-5.
95. Murguia M., Llorente-Bousquets J. 2003. Reflexiones conceptuales en biogeograf? cuantitativa. In: Llorente-Bousquets J., Morrone J. J., editors. Una perspectiva latinoamericana de la biogeograf?. Mico, DF: UNAM, Facultad de Ciencias. p. 133-140.
96. Myklestad S., Birks H. J. B. 1993. A numerical analysis of the distribution patterns of Salix L. species in Europe. J. Biogeogr. 20:1-32.
97. Olano J. M., Loidi J. J., Gonzíez A., Escudero A. 1998. Improving the interpretation of fuzzy partitions in vegetation science with constrained ordinations. Plant Ecol. 134:113-118.
98. Olivero J., Real R., Vargas J. M. 1998. Distribution of breeding, wintering, and resident waterbirds in Europe: biotic regions and the macroclimate. Ornis Fennica 75:153-175.
99. Olivero J., Real R., Mquez A. L. 2011. Fuzzy chorotypes as a conceptual tool to improve insight into biogeographic patterns. Syst. Biol. 60:645-660. doi:10. 1093/sysbio/syr026.
100. Olson D. M., Dinerstein E., Wikramanayake E. D., Burgess N. D., Powell G. V. N., Underwood E. C., D'Amico J. A., Itoua I., Strand H. E., Morrison J. C., Loucks C. J., Allnutt T. F., Ricketts T. H., Kura Y., Lamoreux J. F., Wettengel W. W., Hedao P., Kassem K. R. 2001. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth. BioScience 51:933-938.
101. Patten M. A., Smith-Patten B. D. 2008. Biogeographical boundaries and Monmonier's algorithm: a case study in the northern Neotropics. J. Biogeogr. 35:407-416.
102. Peters J. A. 1955. Use and misuse of the biotic province concept. Am. Nat. 89:21-28.
103. Pleguezuelos J. M., Fahd S., Carranza S. 2008. El papel del Estrecho de Gibraltar en la conformaci de la actual fauna de anfibios y reptiles en el Mediterríeo Occidental. Bol. Asoc. Herpetol. Esp. 19:2-17.
104. Prochess. 2006. Latitudinal and longitudinal barriers in global biogeography. Biol. Lett. 2:69-72.
105. Rabinovich J. E., Rapoport E. H. 1975. Geographical variation of diversity in Argentine passerine birds. J. Biogeogr. 2:141-157.
106. Rapoport E. H. 1975. Areograf?. Estrategias geogr?icas de las especies. Mico, DF: Fondo de Cultura Econica.
107. Real R., Guerrero J. C., Ramíez J. M. 1992a. Identificaci de fronteras bi?icas significativas para los anfibios en la cuenca hidrogr?ica del sur de Espa. Dona Acta Vertebrata 19:53-70.
108. Real R., Vargas J. M., Guerrero J. C. 1992b. Anisis biogeogrico de clasificaci de íeas y especies. Monografs de HerpetoloG 2: 73-84.
109. Real R., Vargas J. M., Antíez A. 1993. Environmental influences on local amphibian diversity: the role of floods on river basins. Biodivers. Conserv. 2:376-399.
110. Real R., Vargas J. M. 1996. The probabilistic basis of Jaccard's index of similarity. Syst. Biol. 45:380-385.
111. Recuero E., Iraloa A., Rubio X., Machordom A., Garc-Par M. 2007. Mitochondrial differentiation and biogeography of Hyla meridionalis (Anura: Hylidae): an unusual phylogeographical pattern. J. Biogeogr. 34:1207-1219.
112. Reyjol Y., Hugueny B., Pont D., Bianco P. G., Beier U., Caiola N., Casals F., Cowx I., Economou A., Ferreira T., Haidvogl G., Noble R., de Sostoa A., Vigneron T., Virbickas T. 2007. Patterns in species richness and endemism of European freshwater fish. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 16:65-75.
113. Roberts D. W. 1989. Fuzzy systems vegetation theory. Vegetatio 83: 71-80.
114. Rocchini D. 2010. While boolean sets non-gently rip: a theoretical framework on fuzzy sets for mapping landscape patterns. Ecol. Complex. 7:125-129.
115. Rocchini D., Ricotta C. 2007. Are landscapes as crisp as we may think? Ecol. Model. 204:535-539.
116. Romo H., Garc-Barros E. 2010. Biogeographic regions of the Iberian Peninsula: butterflies as biogeographical indicators. J. Zool. 282: 180-190.
117. Rosen B. R. 1988. From fossils to earth history: applied historical biogeography. In: Myers A., Giller P., editors. Analytical biogeography: an integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 437-481.
118. Roubens M. 1982. Fuzzy clustering algorithms and their cluster validity. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 10:294-301.
119. Rueda M., Rodríuez M. A., Hawkins B. A. 2010. Towards a biogeographic regionalization of the European biota. J. Biogeogr. 37:2067-2076.
120. Ruggiero A., Ezcurra E. 2003. Regiones y transiciones biogeogricas: complementariedad de los anisis en biogeograf histica y ecolica. In: Morrone J. J., Llorente J., editors. Una perspectiva latinoamericana de la biogeograf. Mico, DF: Las prensas de Ciencias, UNAM. p. 141-154.
121. Salski A. 2007. Fuzzy clustering of fuzzy ecological data. Ecol. Inform. 2:262-269.
122. Schez-Herrz M. J., Barbadillo L. J., Machordom A., Sanchiz B. 2000. A new species of Pelodytid frog from the Iberian Peninsula. Herpetologica 56:105-118.
123. Sclater P. L. 1858. On the general geographical distribution of the members of the class Aves. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2:130-145.
124. Sepkoski J. J., Rex M. A. 1974. Distribution of freshwater mussels: coastal rivers as biogeographic islands. Syst. Zool. 23:165-188.
125. Smith C. H. 1983. A system of world mammal faunal regions. I. Logical and statistical derivation of the regions. J. Biogeogr. 10:455-466.
126. Smith T. B., Kark S., Schneider C. J., Wayne R. K. 2001. Biodiversity hotspots and beyond: the need for preserving environmental transitions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16:431.
127. Sneath P. H. A., Sokal R. R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. The principles and practices of numerical classification. San Francisco: Freeman.
128. Sokal R. R., Rohlf F. J. 1981. Biometry. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
129. Sotiropoulos K, Eleftherakos K., Džukic G., Kalezic M. L., Legakis A., Polymeni R. M. 2007. Phylogeny and biogeography of the alpine newt Mesotriton alpestris (Salamandridae, Caudata), inferred from mtDNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45:211-226.
130. Steininger F. F., Rabeder G., Rogl F. 1985. Land mammal distribution in the Mediterranean Neogene: a consequence of geokinematic and climatic events. In: Stanley D. J., Wezel F. C., editors. Geological evolution of the Mediterranean Basin. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 559-571.
131. Sylaios G. K., Koutromanidis T., Tsikliras A. C. 2010. Ranking and classification of fishing íeas using fuzzy models and techniques. Fish. Manag. Ecol. 17:240-253.
132. Szmidt E., Kacprzyk J. 2000. Distances between intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 114:505-518.
133. Szumik C. A., Cuezzo P. A., Goloboff P. A., Chalup A. E. 2002. An optimality criterion to determine areas of endemism. Syst. Biol. 51:806-816.
134. Taberlet P., Fumagalli L., Wust-Saucy A. G., Cosson J.-F. 1998. Comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in Europe. Mol. Ecol. 7:453-464.
135. Tepavcevic A., Vujic A. 1996. On an application of fuzzy relations in biogeography. Inform. Sci. 89:77-93.
136. Tolias Y. A., Panas S. M., Tsoukalas L. H. 2001. Generalized fuzzy indices for similarity matching. Fuzzy Sets Syst. 120:255-270.
137. Townsend P. A., Walsh S. J. 2001. Remote sensing of forested wetlands: application of multitemporal and multispectral satellite imagery to determine plant community composition and structure in southeastern USA. Plant Ecol. 157:129-149.
138. Udvardy M. D. F. 1975. Aclassification of the biogeographical provinces of the World. Morges: IUCN Occasional Paper No. 18.
139. Vargas J. M., Farf M. A., Guerrero J. C. 2006. Comarcalizaci cineGica a escala regional: la experiencia piloto de Andaluc (sur de Espa). EcoloG 20:415-434.
140. Vargas J. M., Olivero J., Mquez A. L., Guerrero J. C., Real R. 2003. Relaciones biogeogricas de los sistemas montasos de la Pensula ibica: el caso de los micromamíeros. Graellsia 59: 319-329.
141. Vargas J. M., Real R., Guerrero J. C. 1998. Biogeographical regions of the Iberian Peninsula based on freshwater fish and amphibian distributions. Ecography 21:371-382.
142. Wallace A. R. 1876. The geographical distribution of animals. London: Macmillan.
143. Williams P. H. 1996. Mapping variations in the strength and breadth of biogeographic transition zones using species turnover. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 263:579-588.
144. Williams P. H., de Klerk H. M., Crowe T. M. 1999. Interpreting biogeographical boundaries among Afrotropical birds: spatial patterns in richness gradients and species replacement. J. Biogeogr. 26:459-474.
145. Whittaker R. H. 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecol. Monogr. 30:279-338.
146. Womble W. H. 1951. Differential systematics. Science 114:315-322.
147. Wright R. G., Murray M. P., Merrill T. 1998. Ecoregions as a level of ecological analysis. Biol. Conserv. 86:207-213.
148. Zadeh L. A. 1965. Fuzzy sets. Inform. Control 8:338-353.