Percutaneous revascularization for ischemic nephropathy: The past, present, and future

Kidney International

Volumn 83, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 28-40

  Textor, Stephen C ^a   Misra, Sanjay ^a   Oderich, Gustavo S ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

arteries; chronic kidney disease; hypertension; ischemic renal failure; renal artery stenosis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BICARBONATE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR;

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BOLD SIGNAL; CONTRAST INDUCED NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR; FIBROSIS; FUTUROLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOXIA; ISCHEMIC NEPHROPATHY; KIDNEY ARTERY STENOSIS; KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY SURGERY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL ARTERY; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION; REVASCULARIZATION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STENT; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;

EID: 84871765025     PISSN: 00852538     EISSN: 15231755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.363     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Steichen O, Amar L, Plouin PF. Primary stenting for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51: 1574-1580.
2. Textor SC, Lerman L, McKusick M. The uncertain value of renal artery interventions: where are we now? JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009; 2: 175-182.
3. Mann SJ, Sos TA. Misleading results of randomized trials: the example of renal artery stenting. J Clin Hypertens 2010; 12: 1-2.
4. White CJ. The need for randomized trials to prove the safety and efficacy of parachutes, bulletproof vests, and percutaneous renal intervention. Mayo Clinic Proc 2011; 86: 603-605.
5. Goldblatt H, Lynch J, Hanzal RE et al. Studies on experimental hypertension I: the production of persistent elevation of systolic blood pressure by means of renal ischemia. J Exp Med 1934; 59: 347-379.
6. Loesch J. Ein Beitrag zur experimentellen Nephrtis und zum arteriellen Hochdruck III. Die Veranderungen in den Geweben. Zentralblatt Inn Med 1933; 7: 177-185.
7. Guyton AC. Dominant role of the kidneys in long-term regulation of arterial pressure and hypertension: the integrated system for pressure control, chap. 19. In: Guyton AC (ed) Textbook of Medical Physiology, 8 edn W.B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia, 1991, pp 205-220.
8. Basso N, Terragno NA. History about the discovery of the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1246-1249.
9. Stanley JC. Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension. Am J Surg 1997; 174: 102-110.
10. Textor SC, Lerman LO. Renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy: state of the art. Am J Hypertens 2010; 23: 1159-1169.
11. Morris GC, DeBakey NE, Cooley DA. Surgical treatment of renal failure of renovascular origin. JAMA 1962; 182: 609-612.
12. King BF. Diagnostic imaging evaluation of renovascular hypertension. Abdom Imaging 1995; 20: 395-405.
13. Rossi GP, Cesari M, Chiesura-Corona M et al. Renal vein renin measurements accurately identify renovascular hypertension caused by total occlusion of the renal artery. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 975-984.
14. Stamey TA, Nudelman JJ, Good PH et al. Functional characteristics of renovascular hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore) 1961; 40: 347-394.
15. Simon N, Franklin SS, Bleifer KH et al. Clinical characteristics of renovascular hypertension. JAMA 1972; 220: 1209-1218.
16. Bookstein JJ, Maxwell MH, Abrams HL et al. Cooperative study of radiologic aspects of renovascular hypertension: bilateral renovascular disease. JAMA 1977; 1706-1709.
17. Franklin SS, Young JD, Maxwell MH et al. Operative morbidity and mortality in renovascular disease. JAMA 1975; 231: 1148-1153.
18. Novick AC. Management of renovascular disease: a surgical perspective. Circulation 1991; 83(2 (Suppl)): I167-I171.
19. Maxwell MH, Marks LS, Lupu AN et al. Predictive value of renin determinations in renal artery stenosis. JAMA 1977; 238: 2617-2620.
20. Vaughan ED Jr, Buhler FR, Laragh JH et al. Renovascular hypertension: renin measurements to indicate hypersecretion and contralateral suppression, estimate renal plasma flow and score for surgery. Am J Med 1973; 55: 402-414.
21. Palmer JM. Prognostic value of contralateral renal plasma flow in renovascular hypertension. JAMA 1971; 217: 794-802.
22. Novick AC, Pohl MA, Schrieber M et al. Revascularization for preservation of renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease. J Urol 1983; 129: 907-912.
23. Schreiber MJ, Pohl MA, Novick AC. Preserving renal function by revascularization. Annu Rev Med 1990; 41: 423-429.
24. Schreiber MJ, Pohl MA, Novick AC. The natural history of atherosclerotic and fibrous renal artery disease. Urol Clin North Am 1984; 11: 383-392.
25. Novick AC. Atherosclerotic ischemic nephropathy. Urol Clin North Am 1994; 21: 195-200.
26. Textor SC, Novick A, Tarazi RC et al. Critical perfusion pressure for renal function in patients with bilateral atherosclerotic renal vascular disease. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 309-314.
27. Jacobson HR. Ischemic renal disease: an overlooked clinical entity. Kidney Int 1988; 34: 729-743.
28. Breyer JA, Jacobson HR. Ischemic nephropathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1993; 2: 216-224.
29. Scoble JE, Maher ER, Hamilton G et al. Atherosclerotic renovascular disease causing renal impairment-a case for treatment. Clin Nephrol 1989; 31: 119-122.
30. Scoble JE, Hamilton G. Atherosclerotic renovascular disease: remediable cause of renal failure in the elderly. BMJ 1990; 300: 1670-1671.
31. O'neil EA, Hansen KJ, Canzanello VJ et al. Prevalence of ischemic nephropathy in patients with renal insufficiency. Am Surg 1992; 58: 485-490.
32. Gruentzig A, Kuhlmann U, Vetter W et al. Treatment of renovascular hypertension with percutaneous transluminal dilatation of a renal artery stenosis. Lancet 1978; 1: 801-802.
33. Kuhlmann U, Gruentzig A, Vetter W et al. Percutaneous translumial dilatation: a new treatment of renovascular hypertension? Klin Wochenschr 1978; 56: 703-707.
34. Katzen BT, Chang J, Knox WG. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with the Gruntzig balloon catheter. A review of 70 cases. Arch Surg 1979; 114: 1389-1399.
35. Sos TA, Saddekni S, Sniderman KW et al. Renal artery angioplasty: techniques and early results. Urol Radiol 1981; 3: 223-231.
36. Tegtmeyer CJ, Ayers CA, Wellons HA. The axillary approach to percutaneous renal artery dilatation. Radiology 1980; 135: 775-776.
37. Canzanello VJ, Millan VG, Spiegel JE et al. Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty in management of atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension: results in 100 patients. Hypertension 1989; 13: 163-172.
38. Palmaz JC. The current status of vascular intervention in ischemic nephropathy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998; 9: 539-543.
39. Mali WP. Follow-up of endovascular stented renal artery. Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154: 902.
40. Joffre F, Bernadet P, Rousseau H et al. Usefulness of a percutaneous endoprosthesis in the treatment of renal artery stenoses. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1989; 82: 11991-1204.
41. Rees CR, Palmaz JC, Becker GJ et al. Palmaz stent in atherosclerotic stenoses involving the ostia of the renal arteries: preliminary report of a multicenter study. Radiology 1991; 181: 507-514.
42. van de Ven PJ, Kaatee R, Beutler JJ et al. Arterial stenting and balloon angioplasty in ostial atherosclerotic renovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 282-286.
43. Nolan BW, Schermerhorn ML, Rowell E et al. Outcomes of renal artery angioplasty and stenting using low-profile systems. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41: 46-52.
44. Thatipelli MR, Sabater EA, Bjarnason H et al. CT angiography of renal artery anatomy for evaluating embolic protection devices. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007; 18: 842-846.
45. Bakker J, Beutler JJ, Elgersma OE et al. Duplex ultrasonography in assessing restenosis of renal artery stents. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1999; 22: 468-474.
46. Girndt M, Kaul H, Maute C et al. Enhanced flow velocity after stenting of renal arteries is associated with decreased renal function. Nephron Clin Pract 2007; 105: c84-c89.
47. Bates MC, Rashid M, Campbell JE et al. Factors influencing the need for target vessel revascularization after renal artery stenting. J Endovasc Ther 2007; 13: 569-577.
48. Sapoval M, Zharinger M, Pattynama P et al. Low-profile stent system for treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: the GREAT trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16: 1195-2002.
49. Misra S, Sturludottir M, Matthews V et al. Treatment of complex stenoses involving renal artery bifurcations using drug-eluting stents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 19: 272-278.
50. Misra S, Thatipelli MR, Hunt C et al. Preliminary study of the use of drug-eluting stents in atherosclerotic renal artery stenoses 4 mm in diameter or smaller. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 19: 833-839.
51. Zeller T, Sixt S, Rastan A et al. Treatment of reoccurring instent restenosis following reintervention after stent-supported renal artery angioplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007; 70: 296-300.
52. Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE et al. for RAVEL Study Group. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1773-1780.
53. Misra S, Thatipelli MR, Howe PW et al. Preliminary study of the use of drug-eluting stents in atherosclerotic renal artery stenoses 4 mm in diameter or smaller. J Interv Radiol 2008; 19: 833-839.
54. Zahringer M, Sapoval M, Pattynama PM et al. Sirolimus-eluting versus bare-metal low profile stent for renal artery treatment (GREAT Trial): angiographic follow-up after 6 months and clinical outcome up to 2 years. J Endovasc Ther 2007; 14: 460-468.
55. Kiernan TJ, Yan BP, Eisenberg JD et al. Treatment of renal artery in-stent restenosis with sirolimus-eluting stents. Vasc Med 2010; 15: 3-7.
56. Hiramoto J, Hansen KJ, Pan XM et al. Atheroemboli during renal artery angioplasty: an ex-vivo study. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41: 1026-1030.
57. Kastrup A, Groschel K, Krapf H et al. Early outcome of carotid angioplasty with stenting with and without cerebral protection devices: a systematic review of the literature. Stroke 2003; 34: 813-819.
58. Stone GW, Rogers C, Hermiller J et al. Randomized comparison of distal protection with a filter-based catheter and a balloon occlusion and aspiration system during percutaneous intervention of diseased saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts. Circulation 2003; 108: 548-553.
59. Baim DS, Wahr D, George B et al. Randomized trial of a distal embolic protection device during percutaneous intervention of saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts. Circulation 2002; 105: 1285-1290.
60. Mauri L, Rogers C, Baim DS. Devices for distal protection during percutaneous coronary revascularization. Circulation 2006; 113: 2651-2656.
61. Henry M, Henry I, Klonaris C et al. Clinical Review: The role of embolic-protection devices in renal angioplasty and stenting. Vasc Dis Manag 2007; 4: 99-111.
62. Misra S, Gomes MT, Mathew V et al. Embolic protection devices in patients with renal artery stenosis with chronic renal insufficiency: a clinical study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 19: 1639-1645.
63. Thatipelli MR, Misra S, Sanikommu SR et al. Embolic protection device use in renal artery stent placement. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20: 580-586.
64. Holden A, Hill A. Renal angioplasty and stenting with distal protection of the main renal artery in ischemic nephropathy: early experience. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38: 962-968.
65. Holden A, Hill A, Jaff MR et al. Renal artery stent revascularization with embolic protection in patients with ischemic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2007; 70: 948-955.
66. Hagspiel KD, Stone JR, Leung DA. Renal angioplasty and stent placement with distal protection: preliminary experience with the FilterWire EX. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16: 125-131.
67. Henry M, Henry I, Klonaris C et al. Renal angioplasty and stenting under protection: the way for the future? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004; 60: 299-312.
68. Henry M, Klonaris C, Henry I et al. Protected renal stenting with the PercuSurge Guardwire device: a pilot study. J Endovasc Ther 2001; 8: 227-237.
69. Cooper CJ, Haller ST, Colyer W et al. Embolic protection and platelet inhibition during renal artery stenting. Circulation 2008; 117: 2752-2760.
70. Scolari F, Tardanico R, Zani R et al. Cholesterol crystal embolism: a recognizable cause of renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 36: 1089-1109.
71. Ivanovic V, McKusick MA, Johnson CM et al. Renal artery stent placement: complications at a single tertiary care center. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14: 217-225.
72. Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Marana I et al. N-Acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2773-2782.
73. Tuttle KF, Chouinard RF, Webber JT et al. Treatment of atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis with the intravascular stent. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: 611-622.
74. Kaylor WM, Novick AC, Ziegelbaum M et al. Reversal of end stage renal failure with surgical revascularization in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery occlusion. J Urol 1989; 141: 486-488.
75. Dwyer JP, Greco BA, Lewis JB. Evaluation of renal artery stenosis in dialysis patients. Sem Dialysis 2009; 22: 519-523.
76. Korsakas S, Mohaupt MG, Dinkel HP et al. Delay of dialysis in end-stage renal failure: prospective study on percutaneous renal artery interventions. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 251-258.
77. Thatipelli MR, Misra S, Johnson CM et al. Renal artery stent placement for restoration of renal function in hemodialysis recipients with renal artery stenosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 19: 1563-1568.
78. Kashyap VS, Sepulveda RN, Bena JF et al. The management of renal artery atherosclerosis for renal salvage: does stenting help? J Vasc Surg 2007; 45: 101-108.
79. Bommart S, Cliche A, Therasse E et al. Renal artery revascularization: predictive value of kidney length and volume weighted by resistive index. Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194: 1365-1372.
80. Burket MW, Cooper CJ, Kennedy DJ et al. Renal artery angioplasty and stent placement: predictors of a favorable outcome. Am Heart J 2000; 139: 64-71.
81. Dorros G, Jaff M, Mathiak L et al. Four-year follow-up of Palmaz-Schatz stent revascularization as treatment for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Circulation 1998; 98: 642-647.
82. Rundback JH, Sacks D, Kent KC et al. Guidelines for reporting of renal artery revascularization in clinical trials. Circulation 2002; 106: 1572-1585.
83. Chatziioannou A, Mourikis D, Agroyannis B et al. Renal artery stenting for renal insufficiency in solitary kidney in 26 patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 23: 49-54.
84. Cioni R, Vignali C, Petruzzi P et al. Renal artery stenting in patients with a solitary functioning kidney. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2001; 24: 372-377.
85. Eklof H, Bergqvist D, Hagg A et al. Outcome after endovascular revascularization of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Acta Radiol 2009; 50: 256-264.
86. Gill KS, Fowler RC. Atherosclerotic renal arterial stenosis: clinical outcomes of stent placement for hypertension and renal failure. Radiology 2003; 226: 821-826.
87. Isles CG, Robertson S, Hill D. Management of renovascular disease: a review of renal artery stenting in ten studies. Q J Med 1999; 92: 159-167.
88. Muray S, Martin M, Amoedo ML et al. Rapid decline in renal function reflects reversibility and predicts the outcome after angioplasty in renal artery stenosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39: 60-66.
89. Cognet F, Garcier JM, Dranssart M et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in atheroma with renal failure: long-term outcomes in 99 patients. Eur Radiol 2001; 11: 2524-2530.
90. Sahin S, Cimit C, Andac N et al. Renal artery stenting in solitary functioning kidneys: technical and clinical results. Eur J Radiol 2006; 57: 131-137.
91. Singer GM, Remetz MS, Curtis JP et al. Impact of baseline renal function on outcomes of renal artery stenting in hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens 2009; 11: 615-620.
92. de Mast Q, Beutler JJ. The prevalence of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis in risk groups: a systematic literature review. J Hypertens 2009; 27: 1333-1340.
93. Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor SC et al. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation 2008; 117: e510-e526.
94. Kane GC, Xu N, Mistrik E et al. Renal artery revascularization improves heart failure control in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 813-820.
95. Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Makani H et al. Flash pulmonary oedema and bilateral renal artery stenosis: the Pickering Syndrome. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 2231-2237.
96. Kalra PA, Chrysochou C, Green D et al. The benefit of renal artery stenting in patients with atheromatous renovascular disease and advanced chronic kidney disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 75: 1-10.
97. Dziemaianko I, Kuzniar J, Dorobisz A et al. Critical bilateral renal arterial stenosis presenting as cardio-renal syndrome: isolated ultrafiltration preceding percutaneous transluminal revascularization. Congest Heart Fail 2009; 15: 96-98.
98. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Associations for Vascular Surgery, Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task force on Practice Guidelines. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006; 17: 1383-1397.
99. Levin A, Linas SL, Luft FC et al. Controversies in renal artery stenosis: a review by the American Society of Nephrology Advisory Group on Hypertension. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27: 212-220.
100. Bergqvist D, Bjock M, Lundgren F et al. Invasive treatment for renovascular disease: a twenty year experience from a population based registry. J Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 49: 559-563.
101. Textor SC. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: overtreated, but underrated? J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 656-659.
102. Murphy TP, Soares G, Kim M. Increase in utilization of percutaneous renal artery interventions by Medicare beneficiaries 1996-2000. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 561-568.
103. Balk E, Raman G, Chung M et al. Effectiveness of management strategies for renal artery stenosis: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 901-912.
104. Textor SC, McKusick MA, Misra S et al. Timing and selection for renal revascularization in an era of negative trials: what to do? Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 52: 220-228.
105. Kumbhani DJ, Bavry AA, Harvey JE et al. Clinical outcomes after percutaneous revascularization versus medical management in patients with significant renal artery stenosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 2011; 161: 622-630.
106. White CJ. Kiss my ASTRAL: one seriously flawed study of renal stenting after another. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 75: 305-307.
107. Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE et al. Rupture rate of large abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients refusing or unfit for elective repair. JAMA 2002; 287: 2968-2972.
108. Tallarita T, Sobreira ML, Oderich GS. Results of open repair of pararenal aortic aneurysm: a tabular review of the literature. Ann Vasc Surg 2010; 25: 143-149.
109. EVAR Trial Participants. Endovascular aneurysm repair versus open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (EVAR Trial 1): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 2179-2186.
110. Blankensteijn JD, de Jong SECA, Prinssen M et al. Two-year outcomes after conventional or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med 2011; 352: 2398-2405.
111. Steyerberg EW, Kievit J, de Mol Van Otterloo JC et al. Perioperative mortality of elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery: a clinical prediction rule based on literature and individual patient data. Arch Intern Med 2004; 155: 1998-2004.
112. Biancari F, Hobo R, Juvonen T. Glasgow Aneurysm Score predicts survival after endovascular stenting of abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients from the EUROSTAR registry. Br J Surg 2006; 93: 191-194.
113. Brown LC, Brown EA, Greenhalgh RM et al. Renal function and abdominal aortic aneurysm. The impact of different management strategies on long-term renal function in the UK endovascular aneurysm repair trials. Ann Surg 2010; 251: 966-975.
114. Haddad F, Greenberg RK, Walker E et al. Fenestrated endovascular grafting: the renal side of the story. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41: 181-190.
115. Mohabbat W, Greenberg RK, Mastracci TM et al. Revised duplex criteria and outcomes for renal stents and stent grafts following endovascular repair of juxtarenal and thoracoabdominal aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2009; 49: 827-837.
116. Verhoeven ELG, Vourliotakis G, Bos W et al. Fenestrated stent grafting for short-necked and juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm: an 8-year single-center experience. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 39: 529-536.
117. Greenberg RK, Chuter TA, Lawrence-Brown M et al. Analysis of renal function after aneurysm repair with device using suprarenal fixation (Zenith AAA endovascular graft) in contrast to open repair. J Vasc Surg 2004; 39: 1219-1228.
118. Hiramoto JS, Chang CK, Reilly LM et al. Outcome of renal stenting for renal artery coverage during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 2009; 49: 1100-1106.
119. Protrack CD, Saad WA, Davies MG. Renal artery interventions during infrarenal endovascular aortic repair: a greater potential of subsequent failure? J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21: 459-464.
120. Sun Z, O'Donnell ME, Winder J et al. Effect of suprarenal fixation of aortic stent grafts on the renal ostia. J Endovasc Ther 2007; 14: 650-660.
121. Walsh SR, Boyle JR, Lynch AG. Suprarenal endografts fixation and medium-term renal function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg 2008; 47: 1364-1370.
122. O'Donnell ME, Sun Z, Winder RJ et al. Suprarenal fixation of endovascular aortic stent grafts: assessment of medium-term to longterm renal function by analysis of juxtarenal stent morphology. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45: 694-700.
123. Nordon IM, Hinchliffe RJ, Holt PJ et al. Modern treatment of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms with fenestrated endografting and open repair-a systematic review. J Endovasc Surg 2009; 38: 35-41.
124. Verhoeven EL, Zeebregts CJ, Kapman MR et al. Fenestrated and branched endovascular techniques for thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair. J Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 46: 131-140.
125. Amiot S, Haulon S, Becquemen JP et al. Fenestrated endovascular grafting: the French multicenter experience. J Endovasc Surg 2010; 39: 537-544.
126. Troisi N, Donas KP, Austermann M et al. Secondary procedures after aortic aneurysm repair with fenestrated and branched endografts. J Endovasc Ther 2011; 18: 146-153.
127. Greenberg RK, Eagleton M, Mastracci T. Branched endografts for thoracoabdominal aneurysms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140: S171-S178.
128. Manning BJ, Agu O, Richards T et al. Early outcome following endovascular repair of pararenal aortic aneurysms-triple versus double or single-fenestrated stent grafts. J Endovasc Ther 2011; 18: 98-105.
129. Iqbal S, Sharma A, Wicky ST. Arterial Interventions for renovascular hypertension. Semin Intervent Radiol 2009; 26: 245-252.
130. Main J. The problem with ASTRAL. J Renovasc Dis 2002; 1: 19-23.
131. Bax L, Woittiez AJ, Kouwenberg HJ et al. Stent placement in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and impaired renal function. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 840-848.
132. Madder RD, Hickman L, Crimmins GM et al. Validity of estimated glomerular filtration rates for assessment of baseline and serial renal function in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: implications for clinical trials of renal revascularization. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4: 219-225.
133. Claus T, Schmitt R, Stabroth C et al. Where do we stand with renovascular hypertension? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 1495-1498.
134. Gloviczki ML, Glockner JF, Lerman LO et al. Preserved oxygenation despite reduced blood flow in poststenotic kidneys in human atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Hypertension 2010; 55: 961-966.
135. Warner L, Gomez SI, Bolterman R et al. Regional decrease in renal oxygenation during graded acute renal arterial stenosis: a case for renal ischemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296: R67-R71.
136. Juillard L, Lerman LO, Kruger DG et al. Blood oxygen level-dependent measurement of acute intra-renal ischemia. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 944-950.
137. Evans RG, Gardiner BS, Smith DW et al. Intrarenal oxygenation: unique challenges and the biophysical basis of homeostasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295: F1259-F1270.
138. The ASTRAL Investigators. Revascularization versus medical therapy for renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1953-1962.
139. Chade AR, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Grande JP et al. Distinct renal injury in early atherosclerosis and renovascular disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 1165-1171.
140. Lerman LO, Chade AR. Angiogenesis in the kidney: a new therapeutic target? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2009; 18: 160-165.
141. Szeto HH, Liu S, Soong Y et al. Mitochondria-targeted peptide accelerates ATP recovery and reduces ischemic kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22: 1041-1052.
142. Thornton MA, Zager RA. Brief intermittent reperfusion during renal ischemia: effects on adenine nucleotides, oxidant stress, and the severity of renal failure. J Lab Clin Med 1990; 115: 564-999.
143. Chade AR, Zhu X, Lavi R et al. Endothelial progenitor cells restore renal function in chronic experimental renovascular disease. Circulation 2009; 119: 547-557.
144. Eirin A, Zhu XY, Krier JD et al. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve revascularization outcomes to restore renal function in swine atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Stem Cells 2012; 30: 1030-1041.
145. Krum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R et al. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multi-centre safety and proof-of-principle cohort sudy. Lancet 2009; 373: 1275-1281.
146. DiBona GF, Esler M. Translational Medicine: the antihypertensive effect of renal denervation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298: R245-R253.
147. Witkowski A, Prejbisz A, Florczak E et al. Effects of renal sympathetic denervation on blood pressure, sleep apnea course, and glycemic control in patients with resistant hypertension and sleep apnea. Hypertension 2011; 58: 559-565.
148. Egan BM. Renal sympathetic denervation: a novel intervention for resistant hypertension, insulin resistance and sleep apnea. Hypertension 2011; 58: 542-543.
149. Miyajima E, Yamada Y, Yoshida Y et al. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity in renovascular hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 1991; 17: 1057-1062.
150. Kent D, Hayward R. When averages hide individual differences in clinical trials. Am Sci 2007; 95: 60-68.
151. Textor SC, Wilcox CS. Renal artery stenosis: a common, treatable cause of renal failure? Annu Rev Med 2001; 52: 421-442.
152. Rocha-Singh KJ, Eisenhauer AC, Textor SC et al. Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Symposium II: intervention for renal artery disease. Circulation 2008; 118: 2873-2878.