The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: A meta confirmatory factor analysis

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Volumn 74, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 74-81

  Norton, Sam ^a   Cosco, Theodore ^b   Doyle, Frank ^c   Done, John ^d   Sacker, Amanda ^e  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND   (Ireland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Depression; Factor analysis; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Meta analysis

Indexed keywords

ANHEDONIA; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; HOSPITAL ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION SCALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; ORTHOGONAL ROTATION; PUBLICATION;

ANHEDONIA; ANXIETY DISORDERS; AROUSAL; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; HUMANS; PSYCHOMETRICS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SICK ROLE; SOMATOFORM DISORDERS;

EID: 84871684338     PISSN: 00223999     EISSN: 18791360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.10.010     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983, 67:361-370.
2. Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res 2002, 52:69-77.
3. Herrmann C International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res 1997, 42:17-41.
4. Martin CR What does the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) really measure in liaison psychiatry settings?. Curr Psychiatry Rev 2005, 1:69-73.
5. Cosco TD, Doyle F, Ward M, McGee H. Latent structure of the Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale: a 10-year systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2012, 72:180-184.
6. Coyne JC, van Sonderen E No further research needed: abandoning the Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). J Psychosom Res 2012, 72:173-174.
7. Norton S, Sacker A, Done DJ Further research needed: a comment on Coyne and van Sonderen's call to abandon the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. J Psychosom Res 2012, 73:75-76.
8. Dunbar M, Ford G, Hunt K, Der G. A confirmatory factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale: comparing empirically and theoretically derived structures. Br J Clin Psychol 2000, 39:79-94.
9. Watson D, Pennebaker JW Health complaints, stress, and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychol Rev 1989, 96:234-254.
10. Clark LA, Watson D Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J Abnorm Psychol 1991, 100:316-336.
11. Suls J, Bunde J Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions. Psychol Bull 2005, 131:260-300.
12. Reise S, Morizot J, Hays R The role of the bifactor model in resolving dimensionality issues in health outcomes measures. Qual Life Res 2007, 16:19-31.
13. Schmid J, Leiman JM The development of hierarchical factor solutions. Psychometrika 1957, 22:53-61.
14. Ward LC Comparison of factor structure models for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychol Assess 2006, 18:81-88.
15. Thombs BD, Ziegelstein RC, Beck CA, Taillefer S., Steele R., Berkson L., et al. A general factor model for the Beck Depression Inventory-II: validation in a sample of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res 2008, 65:115-121.
16. Chilcot J, Norton S, Wellsted DM, Almond M., Davenport A., Farrington K. A confirmatory factor analysis of the beck depression inventory-II in end-stage renal disease patients. J Psychosom Res March 2011, [Published Online First]. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.02.006.
17. Simms LJ, Gras DF, Watson D, O'Hara M.W. Parsing the general and specific components of depression and anxiety with bifactor modeling. Depress Anxiety 2008, 25:E34-E46.
18. Steer RA, Clark LA, Beck AT, et al. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. Behav Res Ther 1999, 37:183-190.
19. Annunziata MA, Muzzatti B, Altoè G Defining Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) structure by confirmatory factor analysis: a contribution to validation for oncological settings. Ann Oncol 2011, 22:2330-2333.
20. Cosco TD, Doyle F, Watson R, Ward M., McGee H. Mokken scaling analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in individuals with cardiovascular disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012, 34:167-172.
21. Emons WHM, Sijtsma K, Pedersen SS Dimensionality of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in Cardiac Patients: comparison of Mokken Scale Analysis and Factor Analysis. Assessment October 14 2010, [Published Online First]. 10.1177/1073191110384951.
22. Gibbons CJ, Mills RJ, Thornton EW, Ealing J., Mitchell J.D., Shaw P.J., et al. Rasch analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for use in motor neurone disease. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2011, 9:82.
23. Helvik A-S, Engedal K, Skancke RH, Selbæk G. A psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for the medically hospitalized elderly. Nord J Psychiatry 2011, 65:338-344.
24. Lambert SÃ, Pallant JF, Girgis A Rasch analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale among caregivers of cancer survivors: implications for its use in psycho-oncology. Psychooncology 2011, 20:919-925.
25. Schönberger M, Ponsford J The factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Psychiatry Res 2010, 179:342-349.
26. Wouters E, Booysen FLR, Ponnet K, Baron Van Loon F. Wording Effects and the Factor Structure of the Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale in HIV/AIDS Patients on Antiretroviral Treatment in South Africa. PLoS One 2012, 7:e34881.
27. Brennan C, Worrall-Davies A, McMillan D, Gilbody S., House A. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: a diagnostic meta-analysis of case-finding ability. J Psychosom Res 2010, 69:371-378.
28. Moorey S, Greer S, Watson M, Gorman C., Rowden L., Tunmore R., et al. The factor structure and factor stability of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with cancer. Br J Psychiatry 1991, 158:255-259.
29. Friedman S, Samuelian J-C, Lancrenon S, Even C., Chiarelli P. Three-dimensional structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a large French primary care population suffering from major depression. Psychiatry Res 2001, 104:247-257.
30. Caci H, Baylé FJ, Mattei V, Dossios C., Robert P., Boyer P. How does the Hospital and Anxiety and Depression Scale measure anxiety and depression in healthy subjects?. Psychiatry Res 2003, 118:89-99.
31. Brandberg Y, Bolund C, Sigurdardottir V, Sjödén P.-O., Sullivan M. Anxiety and depressive symptoms at different stages of malignant melanoma. Psychooncology 1992, 1:71-78.
32. Razavi D, Delvaux N, Farvacques C, Robaye E. Screening for adjustment disorders and major depressive disorders in cancer in-patients. Br J Psychiatry 1990, 156:79-83.
33. Chen FF, Sousa K, West SG Testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Struct Eq Model 2009, 12:471-492.
34. Chen FF, West SGS, Sousa KH A comparison of bifactor and second-order models of quality of life. Multivar Behav Res 2006, 41:189-225.
35. Hu L, Bentler PM Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Eq Model 1999, 6:1-55.
36. Cheung MWL, Chan W Meta-analytic structural equation modeling: a two-stage approach. Psychol Methods 2005, 10:40-64.
37. Cheung MWL metaSEM: Meta-analysis: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach 2011.
38. Simms LJ, Prisciandaro JJ, Krueger RF, Goldberg D.P. The structure of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in primary care. Psychol Med 2012, 42:15-28.
39. Mineka S, Watson D, Clark LA Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annu Rev Psychol 1998, 49:377-412.
40. Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Barlow DH Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. J Abnorm Psychol 1998, 107:179-192.
41. Mitchell AJ, Meader N, Symonds P Diagnostic validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in cancer and palliative settings: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2010, 126:335-348.
42. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001, 16:606-613.
43. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:1092-1097.
44. Schoevers RA, Beekman ATF, Deeg DJH, Jonker C., van Tilburg W. Comorbidity and risk-patterns of depression, generalised anxiety disorder and mixed anxiety-depression in later life: results from the AMSTEL study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003, 18:994-1001.
45. Byers AL, Yaffe K, Covinsky KE, Friedman M.B., Bruce M.L. High occurrence of mood and anxiety disorders among older adults: the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010, 67:489-496.
46. Watson D Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: a quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. J Abnorm Psychol 2005, 114:522-536.
47. Watson D, O'Hara MW, Simms LJ, Kotov R., Chmielewski M., McDade-Montez E.A., et al. Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS). Psychol Assess 2007, 19:253-268.
48. Doyle F, Conroy R, McGee H Differential predictive value of depressive versus anxiety symptoms in the prediction of 8-year mortality after acute coronary syndrome. Psychosom Med 2012, 74:711-716.
49. Holgado-Tello FP, Chacón-Moscoso S, Barbero-García I, Vila-Abad E. Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Qual Quant 2008, 44:153-166.
50. Chan Y-F, Leung DYP, Fong DYT, Leung C.-M., Lee A.M. Psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a large community sample of adolescents in Hong Kong. Qual Life Res 2010, 19:865-873.
51. Dawkins N, Cloherty ME, Gracey F, Evans J. The factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in acquired brain injury. Brain Inj 2006, 20:1235-1239.
52. Forjaz MJ, Rodriguez-Blázquez C, Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C. Rasch analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2008, 24:525-531.
53. Gale CR, Allerhand M, Sayer AA, Cooper C., Dennison E.M., Starr J.M., et al. The structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in four cohorts of community-based, healthy older people: the HALCyon program. Int Psychogeriatr IPA 2010, 22:559-571.
54. Gough K, Hudson P Psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in family caregivers of palliative care patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009, 37:797-806.
55. Hunt-Shanks T, Blanchard C, Reid R, Fortier M., Cappelli M. A psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in cardiac patients: addressing factor structure and gender invariance. Br J Health Psychol 2010, 15:97-114.
56. Marinus J, Leentjens AFG, Visser M, Stiggelbout A.M., van Hilten J.J. Evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002, 25:318-324.
57. Michopoulos I, Douzenis A, Kalkavoura C, Christodoulou C., Michalopoulou P., Kalemi G., et al. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): validation in a Greek general hospital sample. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2008, 7:4.
58. Olssøn I, Mykletun A, Dahl A.A. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale: a cross-sectional study of psychometrics and case finding abilities in general practice. BMC Psychiatry 2005, 5:46.
59. Osborne RH, Elsworth GR, Sprangers MAG, Oort F.J., Hopper J.L. The value of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for comparing women with early onset breast cancer with population-based reference women. Qual Life Res 2004, 13:191-206.
60. Quintana JM, Padierna a, Esteban C, Arostegui I., Bilbao A., Ruiz I. Evaluation of the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003, 107:216-221.
61. Roberts SB, Bonnici DM, Mackinnon AJ, Worcester M.C. Psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) among female cardiac patients. Br J Health Psychol 2001, 6:373-383.
62. Smith AB, Selby PJ, Velikova G, Stark D., Wright E.P., Gould A., et al. Factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale from a large cancer population. Psychol Psychother 2002, 75:165-176.