The phorbol ester fraction from jatropha curcas seed oil: Potential and limits for crop protection against insect pests

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 13, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 16157-16171

  Ratnadass, Alain ^a   Wink, Michael ^b  

^a Campus international de Baillarguet   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Crop pests; Field pests; Mode of action; Physic nut; Plant derived insecticide

Indexed keywords

JATROPHA CURCAS EXTRACT; JATROPHA CURCAS SEED OIL; PHORBOL ESTER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VEGETABLE OIL; INSECTICIDE; PLANT EXTRACT;

ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY; AGRICULTURAL PARAMETERS; AGROECOSYSTEM; ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY; AQUEOUS SOLUTION; BEETLE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL; CROP PRODUCTION; CROP PROTECTION; CULTIVAR; DECOMPOSITION; ECOTYPE; HEALTH HAZARD; HEMIPTERA; INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT; LEPIDOPTERA; MOLLUSCICIDAL ACTIVITY; NONHUMAN; ORTHOPTERA; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PHYTOTOXICITY; POSTHARVEST PERIOD; PREHARVEST PERIOD; REVIEW; SNAIL; THYSANOPTERA; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; CROP; DRUG EFFECTS; FRACTIONATION; HUMAN; INSECT CONTROL; JATROPHA; PLANT SEED; PROCEDURES;

EUPHORBIACEAE; GASTROPODA; HEXAPODA; JATROPHA; JATROPHA CURCAS; STYLOMMATOPHORA;

ANIMALS; CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION; CROPS, AGRICULTURAL; HUMANS; INSECT CONTROL; INSECTICIDES; JATROPHA; PHORBOL ESTERS; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANT OILS; SEEDS;

EID: 84871672585     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216157     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Heller, J. Physic Nut. Jatropha curcas L. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPGRI), Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute: Rome, Italy, 1996; p. 66.
2. Jongschaap, R.E.E.; Corré, W.J.; Bindraban, P.S.; Brandenburg, W.A. Claims and facts on Jatropha curcas L. Global Jatropha curcas evaluation, breeding and propagation programme. Available online: http://library.wur.nl/way/bestanden/clc/1858843.pdf (accessed on 15 July 2012).
3. Kumar, A.; Sharma, S. An evaluation of multipurpose oil seed crop for industrial uses (Jatropha curcas L.): A review. Ind. Crops Prod. 2008, 28, 1-10.
4. Debnath, M.; Bisen, P.S. Jatropha curcas L., A multipurpose stress resistant plant with a potential for ethnomedicine and renewable energy. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2008, 9, 288-306.
5. Ye, M.; Li, C.; Francis, G.; Makkar, H.P.S. Current situation and prospects of Jatropha curcas as a multipurpose tree in China. Agroforest. Syst. 2009, 76, 487-497.
6. Brittaine, R.; Lutaladio, N. Jatropha: A smallholder bioenergy crop; the potential for pro-poor development. Available online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1219e/i1219e.pdf (accessed on 23 November 2012).
7. Islam, A.K.M.A.; Yaakob, Z.; Anuar, N. Jatropha: A multipurpose plant with considerable potential for the tropics. Sci. Res. Essays 2011, 6, 2597-2605.
8. Openshaw, K. A review of Jatropha curcas: An oil plant of unfulfilled promise. Biomass Bioenergy 2000, 19, 1-15.
9. Wink, M.; van Wyk, B.E. Mind-Altering and Poisonous Plants of the World; Timber Press: Portland, OR, USA, 2008.
10. Arekemase, M. O; Kayode, R.M.O.; Ajiboye, A.E. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Jatropha curcas plant against some selected microorganisms. Int. J. Biol. 2011, 3, 52-59.
11. Thomas, O.O. Re-examination of the antimicrobial activities of Xylopia aethiopica, Carica papaya, Ocimium gratissimum and Jatropha curcas. Fitoterapia 1989, 60, 147-161.
12. Karmegam, J.; Sakthivadivel, M.; Daniel, T. Indegenous plant extracts as larvicidal agents against Culex quinquefasciatus say. Bioresour. Technol. 1996, 59, 137-140.
13. Rahuman, A.A.; Gopalakrishnan, G.; Venkatesan, P.; Geetha, K. Larvicidal activity of some Euphorbiaceae plant extracts against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol. Res. 2008, 102, 867-873.
14. Sakthivadivel, M.; Daniel, T. Evaluation of certain insecticidal plants for the control of vector mosquitoes vis. Culex quinquefaciatus, Anopheles staphensi and Aedes aegypti. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 2008, 43, 57-63.
15. Aina, S.A.; Banjo, A.D.; Lawal, O.A.; Jonathan, K. Efficacy of some plant extracts on Anopheles gambiae mosquito larvae. Acad. J. Entomol. 2009, 2, 31-35.
16. Cantrell, C.; Ali, A.; Duke, S.O.; Khan, I. Identification of mosquito biting deterrent constituents from the Indian folk remedy plant Jatropha curcas. J. Med. Entomol. 2011, 48, 836-845.
17. Zewdneh, T.; Mamuye, H.; Asegid, T.; Yalemtsehay, M.; Beyene, P. Larvicidal effects of Jatropha curcas L. against Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae). MEJS 2011, 3, 52-64.
18. Juliet, S.; Ravindran, R.; Ramankutty, S.A.; Gopalan, A.K.K.; Nair, S.N.; Kavillimakkil, A.K.; Bandyopadhyay, A.; Rawat, A.K.S.; Ghosh, S. Jatropha curcas (Linn) leaf extract-A possible alternative for population control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2012, 2, 225-229.
19. Dimri, U.; Sharma, M.C. Effects of sarcoptic mange and its control with oil of Cedrus deodara, Pongamia glabra, Jatropha curcas and benzyl benzoate, both with and without ascorbic acid on growing sheep: Epidemiology; assessment of clinical, haematological, cell-mediated humoral immune responses and pathology. J. Vet. Med. A 2004, 55, 71-78.
20. Heal, R.F.; Rogers, E.F. A survey of plants for insecticidal activity. Lloydia 1950, 13, 89-162.
21. Sievers, A.F.; Archer, W.A.; Moore, R.H.; McGovern, E.R. Insecticidal tests of plants from tropical America. J. Econ. Entomol. 1949, 42, 549-551.
22. Solsoloy, A.D.; Solsoloy, T.S. Pesticidal Efficacy of Formulated Product J. curcas Oil on Pests of Selected Field Crops. In Biofuel and Industrial Products from Jatropha curcas and Other Tropical Oil Seed Plants, Symposium "Jatropha 97", Managua, Nicaragua, 23-27 February 1997; pp. 216-226.
23. Singh, N.; Sushilkumar. Anti termite activity of Jatropha curcas Linn. Biochemicals. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag. 2008, 12, 67-69.
24. Acda, M.N. Toxicity, tunneling and feeding behavior of the termite, Coptotermes vastator, in sand treated with oil of the physic nut, Jatropha curcas. J. Insect Sci. 2009, 9, 1-8.
25. Verma, M.; Pradhan, S.; Sharma, S.; Naik, S.N.; Prasad, R. Efficacy of karanjin and phorbol ester fraction against termites (Odontotermes obesus). Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2011, 65, 877-882.
26. Abd-Elhamid, H.F. Investigation of induced biochemical and histopathological parameters of acetonitrile extract of Jatropha curcas in albino rats. J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol. 2004, 34, 397-406.
27. Amin, M.A.; Daffalla, A.A.; Abdel Moneim, O. Preliminary report on the molluscicidal properties of Habat El Mulluk, Jatropha sp. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1972, 66, 805-806.
28. Liu, S.Y.; Sporer, F.; Wink, M.; Jourdane, J.; Henning, R.; Li, Y.L.; Ruppel, A. Anthraquinones in Rheum palmatum and Rumex dentatus (Polygonaceae), and phorbol esters in Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) with molluscicidal activity against the schistosome vector snails Oncomelania, Biomphalaria and Bulinus. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1997, 2, 179-188.
29. Rug, M.; Sporer, F.; Wink, M.; Liu, S.Y.; Henning, R.; Ruppel, A. Molluscicidal Properties of Jatropha curcas against Vector Snails of the Human Parasites Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum: in Biofuels and Industrial Products from Jatropha curcas; Gübitz, G.M., Trabi, M., Mittelbach, M., Eds.;. Dbv-Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz: Graz, Austria, 1997; pp. 227-232.
30. Rug, M.; Ruppel, A. Toxic activities of the plant Jatropha curcas against intermediate snails and larvae of schistosomes. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2000, 5, 423-430.
31. Devappa, R.K.; Makkar, H.P.S.; Becker, K. Optimization of conditions for the extraction of phorbol esters from Jatropha oil. Biomass Bioenergy 2010, 34, 1125-1133.
32. Fagbenro-Beyioku, A.F.; Oyibo, W.A.; Anuforom, B.C. Disinfectant/antiparasitic activities of Jatropha curcas. East Afr. Med. J. 1998, 75, 508-511.
33. Adamu, S.U.; Kela, S.L.; Suleiman, M.M. Antischistosomal properties of extracts of Jatropha curcas (L) on Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. Afr. J. Tradit. Complementary Altern. Med. 2006, 3, 37-41.
34. Suharti, S.; Wiryawan, K.G.; Tiuria, R.; Ridwan, Y.; Fitriana, S.; Sumarni, N. Effectiveness of Jatropha curcass Linn leaves as an anthelmintic for Ascaridia galli and its effect on native chicken performance. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 2010, 33, 108-114.
35. Phowichit, S.; Buatippawan, S.; Bullangpoti, V. Insecticidal activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) and Cleome viscosa L. (Capparidacee) on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Toxicity and carboxylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase activities studies. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 2008, 73, 611-619.
36. Aiyelaagbe, O.O.; Gloer, J.B. Japodic acid, a novel aliphatic acid from Jatropha podagrica Hook. Rec. Nat. Prod. 2008, 2, 100-106.
37. Makkar, H.P.S.; Becker, K.; Sporer, F.; Wink, M. Studies on nutritive potential and toxic constituents of different provenances of Jatropha curcas. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997, 45, 3152-3157.
38. Devappa, R.K.; Makkar, H.P.S.; Becker, K. Jatropha diterpenes: A review. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2011, 88, 301-322.
39. Goel, G.; Makkar, H.P.S.; Francis, G.; Becker, K. Phorbol esters: Structure, biological activity, and toxicity in animals. Int. J. Toxicol. 2007, 26, 279-288.
40. Grimm, C.; Führer, E. Population dynamics of true bugs (Heteroptera) in physic nut (Jatropha curcas) plantations in Nicaragua. J. Appl. Entomol. 1998, 122, 515-521.
41. Shanker, C.; Dhyani, S.K. Insect pests of Jatropha curcas L. and the potential for their management. Curr. Sci. 2006, 91, 162-163.
42. Wahl, N.; Jamnadass, R.; Baur, H.; Munster, C.; Iiyama, M. Economic viability Jatropha curcas L. plantations in Northern Tanzania. Available online: http://www.scribd.com/doc/91571147/ 24/References (accessed on 30 November 2012).
43. Ratnadass, A.; Ryckewaert, P.; Claude, Z.; Nikiema, A.; Pasternak, D.; Woltering, L.; Thunes, K.; Zakari-Moussa, O. New ecological options for the management of horticultural crop pests in Sudano-Sahelian agroecosystems of west Africa. Acta Hortic. 2011, 917, 85-91.
44. Wink, M.; Grimm, C.; Koschmieder, C.; Sporer, F.; Bergeot, O. Sequestration of phorbolesters by the aposematically coloured bug Pachycoris klugii (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) feeding on Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae). Chemoecology 2000, 10, 179-184.
45. Solsoloy, A.D.; Morallo-Rejesus, B. Proposed mode of action of the insecticidal principle from physic nut, Jatropha curcas L. on selected cotton insect pest. Cotton Res. J. 1994, 7, 52-53.
46. Solsoloy, A.D. Pesticidal efficacy of the formulated physic nut, Jatropha curcas L. oil on pests of selected field crops. Philipp. J. Sci. 1995, 124, 59-74.
47. Katoune, H.I.; Malam Lafia, D.; Salha, H.; Doumma, A.; Yaye Drame, A.; Pasternak, D.; Ratnadass, A. Physic nut (Jatropha curcas) oil as a protectant against field insect pests of cowpea in Sudano-Sahelian cropping systems. J. SAT Agric. Res. 2011, 9, 1-6.
48. Habou, Z.A.; Haougui, A.; Mergeai, G.; Haubruge, E.; Toudou, A.; Verheggen, F.J. Insecticidal effect of Jatropha curcas oil on the aphid Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and on the main insect pests associated with cowpeas in Niger. Tropicultura 2011, 29, 225-229.
49. Agboka, K.; Mawufe, A.K.; Tamò, M.; Vidal, S. Effects of plant extracts and oil emulsions on the maize cob borer Mussidia nigrivenella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in laboratory and field experiments. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 2009, 29, 185-194.
50. Dowlathabad, M.R.; Sreeyapureddy, A.; Adhikari, A.; Bezawada, K.; Nayakanti, D. Pharmaceutical investigation and biopesticidal activity of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil on digestive enzymic profiles of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (rice leaf folder) and Helicoverpa armigera (cotton boll worm). Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2010, 1, 194-200.
51. Emosairue, S.O.; Uguru, E.I. Field trial of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) dunal and Jatropha curcas L. for the control of okra flea beetles, Podagrica spp. J. Appl. Chem. Agric. Res. 1999, 6, 100-104.
52. Amaugo, G.O.; Emosairue, S.O. The efficacy of some indigenous plant extracts for the control of upland rice stem borers in Nigeria. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst. 2003, 2, 121-127.
53. Sujeetha, J.A.R.P. The biological and behavioural impact of some indigenous plant products on rice white backed plant hopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). J. Biopestic. 2008, 1, 193-196.
54. Ratnadass, A.; Togola, M.; Cissé, B.; Vassal, J.M. Potential of sorghum and physic nut (Jatropha curcas) for management of plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) on cotton in an assisted trap-cropping strategy. J. SAT Agric. Res. 2009, 7, 1-7.
55. Kshirsagar, R.V. Insecticidal activity of Jatropha seed oil against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) infesting Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq. Bioscan 2010, 5, 415-418.
56. Adebowale, K.O.; Adedire, C.O. Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of the underutilized Jatropha curcas seed oil. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2006, 5, 901-906.
57. Ohazurike, N.C.; Omuh, M.O.; Emeribe, E.O. The use of seed extracts of the physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) in the control of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais M.) in stored maize grains (Zea mays L.). Glob. J. Agric. Sci. 2003, 2, 86-88.
58. Jide-Ojo, C.C.; Ojo, O.O. Evaluation of the biological effects of leaf extracts of Jatropha curcas against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 10, 2166-2172.
59. Musa, A.K.; Belewu, M.A.; Muhammed-Lawal, A.; Adekola, F.O.; Olarewaju, B.O.; Ibraheem, S.O. Costs analysis and toxicity of Jatropha curcas L. on maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Afr. J. Plant Sci. 2011, 5, 233-236.
60. Shelke, S.S.; Jadhav, L.D.; Salunkhe, G.N. Ovipositional and adult repellent action of some vegetables oils/extracts against potato tuber moth. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 1985, 10, 284-286.
61. Shelke, S.S.; Jadhav, L.D.; Salunkhe, G.N. Ovicidal action of some vegetable oils and extract in the storage pest of potato, Phthorimea operculella Zell. Biovigyanam 1987, 13, 40-41.
62. Asmanizar, A.D.; Idris, A.B. Effect of four selected plant powder as rice grain protectant against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Sains Malays. 2012, 41, 863-869.
63. Asmanizar, A.D.; Djamin, A.; Idris, A.B. Evaluation of Jatropha curcas and Annona muricata seed crude extracts against Sitophilus zeamais infesting stored rice. J. Entomol. 2012, 9, 13-22.
64. Nabil, A.E.A.; Yasser, A.M.K. Jatropha curcas oil as insecticide and germination promoter. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2012, 8, 668-675.
65. Onunkun, O. Evaluation of aqueous extracts of five plants in the control of fleaf beetles on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). J. Biopestic. 2012, 5, 62-67.
66. Solsoloy, A.D. Insecticidal efficacy of the formulated product and aqueous extract from physic nut, Jatropha curcas L. seed kernel oil on cotton insect pests. Cotton Res. J. 1993, 6, 28-34.
67. Silva, G.N.; Faroni, L.R.A.; Sousa, A.H.; Freitas, R.S. Bioactivity of Jatropha curcas L. to insect pests of stored products. J. Stored Prod. Res. 2012, 48, 111-113.
68. Mahfuz, I.; Khanam, L.A.M. Toxicity of some indigenous plant extracts against Tribolium confusum Duval. J. Bio-Sci. 2007, 15, 133-138.
69. Adabie-Gomez, D.A.; Monford, K.G.; Agyir-Yawson, A.; Owusu-Biney, A.; Osae, M. Evaluation of four local plant species for insecticidal activity against Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Callosobruchus maculatus (F) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Ghana J. Agric. Sci. 2006, 39, 147-154
70. Boateng, B.A.; Kusi, F. Toxicity of jatropha seed oil to Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its parasitoid, Dinarmus basalis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2008, 4, 945-951.
71. Ogunleye, R.F.; Ogunkoya, M.O.; Abulude, F.O. Effect of the seed oil of three botanicals, Jatropha curcas, Helianthus annus and Cocos nucifera on the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Mots). Plant Prod. Res. J. 2010, 14, 14-18.
72. Wink, M.; Koschmieder, C.; Sauerweien, M.; Sporer, F. Phorbol esters of J. curcas-Biological activities and potential applications. Available online: http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/ fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1997/24.%201997.pdf (accessed on 23 November 2012).
73. Li, J.; Yan, F.; Wu, F.H.; Yue, B.S.; Chen, F. Insecticidal activity of extracts from Jatropha curcas seed against Lipaphis erysimi. Acta Phytophylacica Sin. 2004, 31, 289-293.
74. Ratnadass, A.; Cissé, B.; Diarra, A.; Mengual, L.; Taneja, S.L.; Thiéro, C.A.T. Perspectives de gestion bio intensive des foreurs des tiges de sorgho en Afrique de l'Ouest. Insect Sci. Appl. 1997, 17, 227-233.
75. Mengual, L. Extraction of Bioactive Substances from J. curcas L. and Bioassays on Zonocerus variegatus, Sesamia calamistis and Busseola fusca for Characterisation of Insecticidal Properties. In Biofuel and Industrial Products from Jatropha curcas and Other Tropical Oil Seed Plants, Symposium "Jatropha 97", Managua, Nicaragua, 23-27 February 1997; pp. 211-215.
76. Georges, K.G.; Bolleddula, J.; Dalavoy, S.S.; Nair, M.G. Pest-managing activities of plant extracts and anthraquinones from Cassia nigricans from Burkina Faso. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99, 2037-2045.
77. Devappa, R.K.; Angulo-Escalante, M.A.; Makkar, H.P.S.; Becker, K. Potential of using phorbol esters as an insecticide against Spodoptera frugiperda. Ind. Crops Prod. 2012, 38, 50-53.
78. Li, W.; Li, J.; Li, L.; Lu, D.; Chen, F. Extraction of phorbol esters from Jatropha curcas seeds and their insecticidal activities against Pieris rapae Larvae. Chin. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. 2011, 17, 532-536.
79. Sauerwein, M.; Sporer, F.; Wink, M. Insect-toxicity of phorbol esters from Jatropha curcas seed oil. Planta Med.1993, 59, 686.
80. Jadhav, K.B.; Jadhav, L.D. Use of some vegetable oils, plant extracts and synthetic products as protectants from pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabr. in stored gram. J. Food Sci. Technol. 1984, 21, 110-113.
81. Solsoloy, A.D.; Morallo-Rejesus, B. Effect of the insecticidal principle from physic nut, Jatropha curcas L. on the cotton flower weevil Amorphoides lata Motsch. Cotton Res. J. 1991, 4, 12-22.
82. Cobbinah, J.R.; Tuani, G.K. Antifeedant effect of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil and extracts on the variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus L. (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J. Univ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 12, 136-139.
83. Wink, M. Production and Application of Phytochemicals from an Agricultural Perspective. In Phytochemistry and Agriculture; van Beek, T.A., Breteler, H., Eds.; Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK, 1993; Volume 34, 171-213.
84. Isman, M.B. Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2006, 51, 45-66.
85. Devappa, R.K.; Makkar, H.P.S.; Becker, K. Biodegradation of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters in soil. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2010, 90, 2090-2097.
86. Jain, C.; Trivedi, P.C. Nematicidal activity of certain plants against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infecting chickpea. Ann. Plant Prot. Sci. 1997, 5, 171-174.
87. Kalaiarasan, P.; Senthamarai, M.; Ramesh, D.; Sudheer, M.J. Jatropha: An efficient organic amendment for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Indian J. Nematol. 2007, 37, 115-118.
88. Umeh, A.; Ndana, R.W. Effectiveness of Jatropha curcas and Jatropha gossypiifolia plant extracts in the control of Meloidogyne incognita on okra. Int. J. Nematol. 2010, 20, 226-229.
89. Bhagat, R.B.; Kulkarni, D.K. Evaluation of larvicidal and antifeedant potential of three Jatropha species against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and two predators (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ann. Biol. Res. 2012, 3, 2911-2916.
90. Reddy, G.V.M.; Girish, R.; Uma, M.S.; Srinivas, N. Acaricidal activity of aqueous extracts from leaves and bark of cinnamomum and jatropha against two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 2009, 22, 693-695.
91. Devappa, R.K.; Makkar, H.P.S.; Becker, K. Jatropha toxicity: A review. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 2010, 13, 476-507.
92. Devappa, R.K.; Maes, J.; Makkar, H.P.S.; De Greyt, W.; Becker, K. Quality of biodiesel prepared from phorbol ester extracted Jatropha curcas oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2010, 87, 697-704.
93. Roach, J.S.; Devappa, R.K.; Makkar, H.P.S.; Becker, K. Isolation, stability and bioactivity of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters. Fitoterapia 2012, 83, 586-592.
94. Martin, T.; Assogba-Komlan, F.; Sidick, I.; Ahle, V.; Chandre, F. An acaricide-treated net to control phytophagous mites. Crop Prot. 2010, 29, 470-475.
95. Rai, M.K. In vitro evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against Pestalotiopsis mangiferae. Hindustan Antibiot. Bull. 1996, 38, 53-56.
96. Thangavelu, R.; Sundararaju, P.; Sathiamoorthy, S. Management of anthracnose disease of banana caused by Colletotrichum musae using plant extracts. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 2004, 79, 664-668.
97. Wei, Q.; Liao, Y.; Chen, Y.; Wang, S.H.; Xu, Y.; Tang, L.; Chen, F. Isolation, characterization and antifungal activity of β-1,3-glucanase from seeds of Jatropha curcas. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2005, 71, 95-99.
98. Ogbebor, N.O.; Adekunle, A.T.; Enobakhare, D.A. Inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sac. causal organism of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Agr.) leaf spot using plant extracts. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2007, 6, 213-218.
99. Saetae, D.; Suntornsuk, W. Antifungal activities of ethanolic extract from Jatropha curcas seed cake. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 20, 319-324.
100. Makun, H.A.; Anjorin, S.T.; Adeniran, L.A.; Onakpa, M.M.; Muhammad, H.L.; Obu, O.R.; Agbofode, Y.V. Antifungal activities of Jatropha curcas and Ricinus cumunis seeds on Fusarium verticilliodes and Aspergillus flavus in yam. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 2011, 6, 22-27.
101. Rahman, M.; Ahmad, S.H.; Mohamed, M.T.M.; Rahman, M.Z.A. Extraction of Jatropha curcas fruits for antifungal activity against anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of papaya. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2011, 10, 9796-9799.
102. Byers, R.A.; Mangan, R.L.; Templeton, W.C., Jr. Insect and slug pests in forage legume seedlings. J. Soil Water Conserv. 1983, 38, 224-226.
103. Donigian, A.S.; Carsel, R.F. Modeling the impact of conservation tillage practices on pesticide concentrations in ground and surface waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2009, 6, 241-250.
104. Ratnadass, A.; Randriamanantsoa, R.; Douzet, J.M.; Rakotoalibera, H.; Andriamasinoro V.; Rafamatanantsoa, E.; Michellon, R. Evaluation des risques liés au traitement de semences contre les attaques d'insectes terricoles sur riz pluvial à Madagascar et d'alternatives biologiques aux molécules de synthèse. In ORP Conference, Montpellier, QC, Canada, 27-30 August 2012.