Species diversity and postcranial anatomy of eocene primates from Shanghuang, China

Evolutionary Anthropology

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 224-238

  Gebo, Daniel L ^a   Dagosto, Marian ^b   Ni, Xijun ^c   Beard, K Christopher ^d  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c INSTITUTE OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY   (China)

^d SECTION OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHINA; CLASSIFICATION; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; GENETICS; HISTOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; PRIMATE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TARSAL BONE;

ANIMALS; ANTHROPOLOGY, PHYSICAL; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; CHINA; FOSSILS; PHYLOGENY; PRIMATES; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TARSAL BONES;

OMOMYIDAE; PRIMATES; SIMIIFORMES; TARSIIDAE;

EID: 84871573970     PISSN: 10601538     EISSN: 15206505     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/evan.21336     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Beard KC, Qi, T, Dawson MR, et al. 1994. A diverse new primate fauna from middle Eocene fissure-fillings in southeastern China. Nature 368: 604-609.
2. Gebo DL, Dagosto M, Beard KC, et al. 2000. The oldest anthropoid postcranial fossils and their bearing on the early evolution of higher primates. Nature 404: 276-278.
3. Gebo DL, Dagosto M, Beard, KC, et al. 2000. The smallest primates. J Hum Evol 38: 585-594.
4. Gebo DL, Dagosto M, Beard KC, et al. 2001. Middle Eocene tarsals from China: implications for haplorhine evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 116: 83-107.
5. Gebo DL, Dagosto M, Beard KC, et al. 2008. New hindlimb elements from the Middle Eocene of China. J Hum Evol 55: 999-1014.
6. Dagosto M, Terranova CJ. 1992. Estimating the body size of Eocene primates: a comparison of results from dental and postcranial variables. Int J Primatol 13: 307-344.
7. Goodman SM, O'Connor S, Langrand O. 1993. A review of predation on lemurs: implications for the evolution of social behavior in small nocturnal primates. Kappeler PM, Ganzhorn JU, editors. Lemur social systems and their ecological basis. New York: Plenum Press. p 51-66.
8. Andrews P. 1990. Owls, caves and fossils. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
9. Gebo DL, Dagosto M, Beard KC, et al. 2007. Primate humeral remains from the Middle Eocene of China. Beard KC, Luo Z-X, editors. Mammalian paleontology on a global stage: papers in honor of Mary R. Dawson. Bull Carnegie Mus Nat Hist 39: 77-82.
10. Boyer DM, Seiffert ER, Simons EL. 2010. Astragalar morphology of Afradapis, a large adapiform primate from the earliest late Eocene of Egypt. Am J Phys Anthropol 143: 383-402.
11. Beard KC, Tong Y, Dawson M, et al. 1996. Earliest complete dentition of an anthropoid primate form the Late Middle Eocene of Shanxi Province, China. Science 272: 82-85.
12. Musser GG, Dagosto M. 1987. The identity of Tarsius pumilus, a pygmy species endemic to the montane mossy forests of central Sulawesi. Am Mus Nov 2867: 1-53.
13. Grow N, Gursky-Doyen S. 2010. Preliminary data on the behavior, ecology, and morphology of pygmy tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus). Int J Primatol 31: 1174-1191.
14. Niemitz C. 1984. Locomotion and posture of Tarsius bancanus. Niemitz C, editor. Biology of tarsiers. Stuttgart: Gustav-Fischer-Verlag. p 191-226.
15. Compton RH, Andau PM. 1986. Locomotion and habitat utilization in free ranging Tarsius bancanus: a preliminary report. Primates 27: 337-355.
16. Dagosto M, Gebo DL, Dolino CN. 2003. The natural history of the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta). Wright PC, Simons EL, Gursky S, editors. Tarsiers: past, present, and future. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p 237-259.
17. Godinot M, Dagosto M. 1983. The astragalus of Necrolemur (Primates, Microchoerinae). J Paleontol 57: 1321-1324.
18. Gebo DL. 1987. Functional anatomy of the tarsier foot. Am J Phys Anthropol 73: 9-311.
19. Simons EL. 2003. The fossil record of tarsier evolution. Wright PC, Simons, EL, Gursky S, editors. Tarsiers: past, present, and future. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p 9-34.
20. MacPhee RDE, Beard KC, Qi T. 1995. Significance of primate petrosal from middle Eocene fissure-fillings at Shanghuang, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. J Hum Evol 29: 501-514.
21. Rasoloarison RM, Goodman SM, Ganzhorn JU. 2000. Taxonomic revision of mouse lemurs (Microcebus) in the western portions of Madagascar. Int J Primatol 21: 961-1019.
22. Wang B. 2008. First record of primate fossils from Late Eocene in Eren Region, Nei Mongol, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 46: 81-89.
23. Martin RD. 1972. Adaptive radiation and behavior of the Malagasy lemurs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol 264: 295-352.
24. Walker A. 1974. Locomotor adaptations in past and present prosimian primates. Jenkins FA, editor. Primate locomotion. New York: Academic Press. p 349-381.
25. Gebo DL. 1987. Locomotor diversity in prosimian primates. Am J Primatol 13: 271-281.
26. Kay RF, Ross CF, Williams BA. 1997. Anthropoid origins. Science 275: 797-804.
27. Kay RF, Williams BA, Ross CF, et al. 2004. Anthropoid origins: a phylogenetic analysis. Ross CF, Kay RF, editors. Anthropoid origins: new visions. New York: Kluwe Academic/Plenum Publishers. p 91-135.
28. Gunnell GF, Miller ER. 2001. Origin of Anthropoidea: dental evidence and recognition of early anthropoids in the fossil record, with comments on the Asian anthropoid radiation. Am J Phys Anthropol 114: 177-191.
29. Marivaux L, Antoine PO, Baqri SFH, et al. 2005. Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 8336-8441.
30. Williams BA, Kay RF, Kirk EC, et al. 2010. Darwinius masillae is a strepsirhine; a reply to Franzen et al. (2009). J Hum Evol 59: 567-573.
31. Marivaux L. 2006. The eosimiid and amphipithecid primates (Anthropoidea) from the Oligocene of the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan): new insight into early higher primate evolution in South Asia. Palaeovertebrata 34: 29-109.
32. Seiffert ER, Simons EL, Boyer DM, et al. 2010. A fossil primate of uncertain affinities form the earliest late Eocene of Egypt. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 9712-9717.
33. Jaeger JJ, Marivaux L. 2005. Shaking the earliest branches of anthropoid primate evolution. Science 310: 244-245.
34. Beard KC, Wang J. 2004. The eosimiid primates (anthropoidea) of the Heti Formation, Yuanqu Basin, Shanxi and Henan Provinces, People's Republic of China. J Hum Evol 46: 401-432.
35. Gebo DL, Dagosto M, Beard KC, et al. 2008. A haplorhine first metatarsal from the Middle Eocene of China. Fleagle JG, Gilbert CC, editors. Elwyn Simons: a search for origins. New York: Springer. p 229-242.
36. Dagosto M, Gebo DL, Beard KC, et al. 2008. Primate tibiae from the middle Eocene Shanghuang fissure-fillings of eastern China. Sargis EJ, Dagosto M, editors. Mammalian evolutionary morphology: a tribute to Frederick S. Szalay. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. p 315-324.
37. Szalay FS, Dagosto M. 1980. Locomotor adaptations as reflected on the humerus of Paleogene primates. Folia Primatol 34: 1-45.
38. Dagosto M, Gebo DL, Beard KC. 1999. Revision of the Wind River faunas, early Eocene of central Wyoming, Part 14; Postcranium of Shoshonius cooperi (Mammalia: Primates). Ann Carnegie Mus 68: 175-211.
39. Fleagle JG, Kay RF. 1987. The phyletic position of the Parapithecidae. J Hum Evol 16: 483-532.
40. Hill WCO. 1953. Primates; comparative anatomy and taxonomy, vol. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Publications.
41. Grand TI. 1968. The functional anatomy of the lower limb of the howler monkey (Alouatta caraya). Am J Phys Anthropol 28: 163-182.
42. Stern JT. 1971. Functional myology of the hip and thigh of cebid monkeys and its implications for the evolution of erect posture. Bibliotheca Primatologica, no. 14. Basel: Karger. p 1-318.
43. Schultz AH. 1969. Observations on the acetabulum of primates. Folia Primatol 11: 181-199.
44. Fleagle JG, Simons EL. 1995. Limb skeleton and locomotor adaptations of Apidium phiomense, an Oligocene anthropoid from Egypt. Am J Phys Anthropol 97: 235-289.
45. Napier JR, Walker AC. 1967. Vertical clinging and leaping: a newly recognized category of primate locomotion. Folia Primatol 6: 204-219.
46. Anemone RL. 1990. The VCL hypothesis revisited: patterns of femoral morphology among quadrupedal and saltatorial prosimian primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 83: 373-393.
47. Dagosto M. 1993. Postcranial anatomy and locomotor behavior in Eocene primates. Gebo DL, editor. Postcranial adaptation in nonhuman primates. DeKalb: Northern Illinois Press. p 199-219.
48. Dagosto M. 1985. The distal tibia of primates with special reference to the Omomyidae. Int J Primatol 6: 45-75.
49. Meldrum DJ, Kay RF. 1997. Postcranial skeleton of Laventan platyrrhines. Kay RF, Madden RH, Cifelli RL, Flynn JJ, editors. Vertebrate paleontology in the neoptropics. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 459-472.
50. Fleagle JG, Simons EL. 1983. The tibio-fibular articulation in Apidium phiomense, an Oligocene anthropoid. Nature 301: 238-239.
51. Ford SM. 1986. Systematics of the New World monkeys. Swindler D, Erwin J, editors. Comparative primate biology. New York: Alan R. Liss. p 73-135.
52. Ford SM. 1990. Locomotor adaptations of fossil platyrrhines. J Hum Evol 19: 141-173.
53. Gidley JW. 1923. Paleocene primates of the Fort Union, with discussion of relationships of Eocene primates. Proc US Nat Mus 63: 1-38.
54. Szalay FS. 1975. Phylogeny of primate higher taxa: the basicranial evidence. Luckett W, Szalay F, editors. Phylogeny of the primates. New York: Plenum Press. p 91-125.
55. Gingerich PD, Schoeninger M. 1977. The fossil record and primate phylogeny. J Hum Evol 6: 483-503.
56. Cartmill M, Kay RF. 1978. Cranio-dental morphology, tarsier affinities, and primate suborders. Chivers DJ, Joysey KA, editors. Recent advances of primatology, vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. p 205-214.
57. Rosenberger AL, Szalay FS. 1980. On the tarsiiform origins of the Anthropoidea. Ciochon RL, Chiarelli AB, editors. Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift. New York: Plenum Press. p 139-157.
58. Hoffstetter R. 1982. Les Primates Simiiformes (=Anthropoidea): compréhension, phylogénie, histoire biogéographique. Ann Paléontol 68: 241-290.
59. Ford SM. 1988. Postcranial adaptations of the earliest platyrrhines. J Hum Evol 17: 155-192.
60. Rasmussen DT, Simons EL. 1988. New specimens of Oligopithecus savagei, early Oligocene primate from the Fayum, Egypt. Folia Primatol 69: 250-285.
61. Kay RF, Williams BA. 1994. Dental evidence for anthropoid origins. Fleagle JG, Kay RF, editors. Anthropoid origins. New York: Plenum Press. p 361-445.
62. Rasmussen DT. 1994. The different meanings of a tarsioid-anthropoid clade and a new model of anthropoid origin. Fleagle JG, Kay RF, editors. Anthropoid origins. New York: Plenum Press. p 335-360.
63. Godinot M. 1994. Early North African primates and their significance for the origin of Simiiformes (=Anthropoidea). Fleagle JG, Kay RF, editors. Anthropoid origins. New York: Plenum Press. p 235-295.
64. Jaeger JJ, Thein T, Benammi M, et al. 1999. A new primate from the middle Eocene of Myanmar and Asian early origin of Anthropoids. Science 286: 528-530.
65. Jaeger JJ, Beard KC, Chaimanee Y, et al. 2010. Late middle Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation of African anthropoids. Nature 467: 1095-1098.
66. Marivaux L, Chaimanee Y, Ducroq S, et al. 2003. The anthropoid status of a primate from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Central Myanmar): tarsal evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 13173-13178.
67. Beard KC. 2002. Basal anthropoids. Hartwig WC, editor. The primate fossil record. Cambridge UK. Cambridge University Press. p. 133-149.
68. Seiffert ER, Simons EL, Clyd WC, et al. 2005. Basal anthropoids from Egypt and the antiquity of Africa's higher primate radiation. Science 310: 300-304.
69. Franzen JL, Gingerich PD, Habersetzer J, et al. 2009. Complete primate skeleton from the middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: morphology and paleobiology. PLoS ONE 4: e5723.
70. Ni X, Meng J, Beard KC, et al. 2011. Phylogeny of the primates and their relatives: an analysis based on a large data matrix. Lehmann T, Schaal SFK, editors. The world at the time of Messel: puzzles in palaeobiology, palaeoenvironment, and the history of early primates. Frankfurt am MaSenckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung. p 125-126.
71. Schlosser M. 1911. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der oligozänen Landsäugetiere aus dem Fayum Ägypten). Beiträge Paläontol Geol Österreich-Ungarns Orients 24: 51-167.
72. Fleagle JG, Gilbert CC, editors. 2008. Elwyn Simons: a search for origins. New York: Springer.
73. Simons EL. 1989. Description of two genera and species of late Eocene Anthropoidea from Egypt. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86: 9956-9960.
74. Simons EL. 1990. Discovery of the oldest known anthropoidean skull from the Paleogene of Egypt. Science 247: 1567-1569.
75. Simons EL. 1992. Diversity in the early Tertiary anthropoidean radiation in Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci 89: 10743-10747.
76. Pilgrim GE. 1927. A Sivapithecus and other primate fossils from India. Mem Geol Survey India (Paleontol Indica) 14: 1-26.
77. Colbert EH. 1937. A new primate from the upper Eocene Pondaung Formation of Burma. Am Mus Novitates 951: 1-18.
78. Jaeger JJ, Soe AN, Aung AK, et al. 1998. New Myanmar middle Eocene anthropoids: an Asian origin for catarrhines? CR Acad Sci Paris 321: 953-959.
79. Takai M, Shigehara, N. 2004. The Pondaung primates, enigmatic "possibly anthropoids" from the latest middle Eocene, central Myanmar. Ross CF, Kay RF, editors. Anthropoid origins: new visions. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. p 283-321.
80. Gunnell GF, Ciochon RL. 2008. Revisiting primate postcrania from the Pondaung Formation of Myanmar: the purported anthropoid astragalus. Fleagle JG, Gilbert CC, editors. Elwyn Simons: a search for origins. New York: Springer. p 211-228.
81. Beard KC, Marivaux L, Chaimanee Y, et al. 2009. A new primate from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the monophyly of Burmese amphipithecids. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 276: 3285-3294.
82. Marivaux L, Beard KC, Chaimanee Y, et al. 2010. Talar morphology, phylogenetic affinities and locomotor adaptation of a large-bodied amphipithecid primate from the late middle Eocene of Myanmar. Am J Phys Anthropol 143: 208-222.
83. Schwartz J. 1984. What is a tarsier? Eldridge N, Stanley SM, editors. Living fossils. New York: Springer-Verlag. p 38-49.
84. Jablonski N. 2003. The evolution of the tarsiid niche. Wright PC, Simons EL, Gursky S, editors. Tarsiers: past, present, and future. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p 35-49.
85. Rosenberger AL. 1985. In favor of the Necrolemur-Tarsier hypothesis. Folia Primatol 45: 179-194.
86. Beard KC, MacPhee RDF. 1994. Cranial anatomy of Shoshonius and the antiquity of Anthropoidea. Fleagle, JG, Kay RF, editors. Anthropoid origins. New York: Plenum Press. p 55-97.
87. Szalay FS. 1976. Systematics of the Omomyidae (Tarsiiformes, Primates): taxonomy, phylogeny, and adaptations. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 156: 157-450.
88. Gebo DL. 1988. Foot morphology and locomotor adaptation in Eocene Primates. Folia Primatol 50: 3-41.
89. Dagosto M. 2007. The postcranial morphotype of Primates. Ravosa MJ, Dagosto M, editors. Primate origins: adaptations and evolution. New York: Springer. p 489-534.
90. Dagosto M. 1983. Postcranium of Adapis parisiensis and Leptadapis magnus (Adapiformes, Primates), adaptational and phylogenetic significance. Folia Primatol 41: 49-101.