Patterns of cognitive dissonance-reducing beliefs among smokers: A longitudinal analysis from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey

Tobacco Control

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 52-58

  Fotuhi, Omid ^a   Fong, Geoffrey T ^a,b   Zanna, Mark P ^a   Borland, Ron ^c   Yong, Hua Hie ^c   Michael Cummings, K ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b ONTARIO INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH   (Canada)

^c CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY CENTRE   (Australia)

^d ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; AUSTRALIA; CANADA; COGNITION; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DEFENSE MECHANISM; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; RISK; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AUSTRALIA; CANADA; COGNITIVE DISSONANCE; CULTURE; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; RATIONALIZATION; RISK; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84871448258     PISSN: 09644563     EISSN: 14683318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050139     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. McCoy SB, Gibbons FX, Reis TJ, et al. Perceptions of smoking risk as a function of smoking status. J Behav Med 1992;15:469e88.
2. Festinger L. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson, 1957.
3. Hughes JR, Keely J, Naud S. Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers. Addiction 2004;99:29e38.
4. Festinger L, Carlsmith JM. Cognitive consequence of forced compliance. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 1959;58:203e11.
5. Croog SH, Richards NP. Health beliefs and smoking patterns in heart patients and their wives: a longitudinal study. Am J Public Health 1977;67:921e30.
6. Dillard AJ, Mccaul KD, Klein WMP. Unrealistic optimism in smokers: implications for smoking myth endorsement and self-protective motivation. J Health Commun 2006;11(Suppl 1):93e102.
7. Weinstein ND, Slovic P, Gibson G. Accuracy and optimism in smokers' beliefs about quitting. Nicotine Tob Res 2004;6(Suppl 3):S375e80.
8. Borland R, Yong HH, Balmford J, et al. Do risk-minimising beliefs about smoking inhibit quitting? Findings from the international tobacco control (ITC) four-country survey. Prev Med 2009;49:219e23.
9. Chapman S, Wong WL, Smith W. Self-exempting beliefs about smoking and health: differences between smokers and ex-smokers. Am J Public Health 1993;83:215e19.
10. Oakes W, Chapman S, Borland R, et al. "Bulletproof skeptics in life's jungle": which self-exempting beliefs about smoking most predict lack of progression towards quitting? Prev Med 2004;39:776e82.
11. Weinstein ND. Accuracy of smokers' risk perceptions. Nicotine Tob Res 1999;1 (Suppl 1):S123e30.
12. Weinstein ND. Unrealistic optimism about sucseptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community wide sample. J Behav Med 1986;10: 481e500.
13. Weinstein ND, Marcus SE, Moser RP. Smokers' unrealistic optimism about their risk. Tob Control 2005;14:55e9.
14. Myers M, Iscoe C, Jennings C, et al. Federal Trade Commission staff report on the cigarette advertising investigation. Bureau of Consumer Division. 1981. Updated 1982 March 15. http://tobaccodocuments.org/lor/03607752-7763.html (accessed 1 Sep 2011).
15. Udow A. Memo to Newman F: FTC Staff Report on Cigarette Advertising: Supports of Statements on "Consumer Knowledge" [online]. Philip Morris, 1981. Bates No. 1005141237. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/oxc54e00/pdf (accessed 1 Sep 2011).
16. Simon L, Greenberg J, Brehm J. Trivialization: the forgotten mode of dissonance reduction. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995;68:247e60.
17. Fishbein M. Consumer Beliefs and Behavior with Respect to Cigarette Smoking: A Critical Analysis of the Public Literature. Urbana (IL): University of Illinois (US), 1977. Report No: 50379.01.
18. Johnson RE. Smoking and the reduction of cognitive dissonance. J Pers Soc Psychol 1968;9:260e5.
19. Willaing I, Jørgensen T, Iverse L. How does individual smoking behaviour among hospital staff influence their knowledge of the health consequences of smoking? Scand J Public Healt 2003;31:149e55.
20. Clark E, McCann TV, Rowe K, et al. Cognitive dissonance and undergraduate nursing students' knowledge of, and attitudes about, smoking. J Adv Nurs 2004;46: 586e94.
21. McMaster C, Lee C. Cognitive dissonance in tobacco smokers. Addict Behav 1991;16:349e53.
22. McCann TV, Clark E, Rowe K. Undergraduate nursing students' attitudes towards smoking health promotion. Nurs Health Sci 2005;7:164e73.
23. Steele CM. The Psychology of self-affirmation: sustaining the integrity of the self. In: Berkowitz L, ed. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. vol. 21. New York: Academic Press, 1988:261e302.
24. Taylor SE, Brown JD. Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychol Bull 1988;103:193e210.
25. Lee WB, Fong GT, Zanna MP, et al. Regret and rationalisation among smokers in Thailand and Malaysia: findings from the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Survey. Health Psychol 2009;28:457e64.
26. Yong HH, Borland R. Functional beliefs about smoking and quitting activity among adult smokers in four countries: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey. Health Psychol 2008;27(Suppl 3):S216e23.
27. Zanna MP, Cooper J. Dissonance and the pill: an attribution approach to studying the arousal properties of dissonance. J Pers Soc Psychol 1974;29: 703e9.
28. Kunda Z. The case for motivated reasoning. Psychol Bull 1990;108: 480e98.
29. Fong GT, Cummings KM, Borland R, et al. The conceptual framework of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project. Tob Control 2006;15 (Suppl 3):iii3e11.
30. Thompson ME, Fong GT, Hammond D, et al. The methodology of the international tobacco control four-country survey. Tob Control 2006;15(Suppl 3):iii12e18.
31. Salmon CT, Nichols JS. The next-birthday method of respondent selection. Public Opin Q 1983;47:270e6.
32. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull 1992;112:155e9.
33. Morris SB, DeShon RP. Combining effect size estimates in meta-analysis with repeated measures and independent-groups designs. Psychol Methods 2002;7:105e25.
34. Yang J, Hammond D, Driezen P, et al. Health knowledge and perception of risks among Chinese smokers and non-smokers: findings from the Wave 1 ITC China Survey. Tob Control 2010;19(Suppl 2):i18e23.
35. Fiske AP, Kitayama S, Markus HR, et al. The cultural matrix of social psychology. In: Gilbert DT, Fiske ST, Lindzey G, eds. The Handbook of Social Psychology. 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009:915e81.
36. Cummings KM, Morley CP, Hyland A. Failed promises of the cigarette industry and its effect on consumer misperceptions about the health risks of smoking. Tob Control 2002;22(Suppl 1):i110ei17.
37. Cummings KM, Brown A, O'Connor R. Focus on tobacco: the cigarette controversy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:1070e6.
38. McGuire W. Resistance to persuasion conferred by active and passive prior refutation of the same and alternative counter-arguments. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 1961;63:326e32.
39. Dickerson CA, Thibodeau R, Aronson E, et al. Using cognitive dissonance to encourage water conservation. J Appl Soc Psychol 1992;22:841e54.
40. Stone J, Fernadez NC. To practice what we preach: the use of hypocrisy and cognitive dissonance to motivate behaviour change. Soc Pers Psychol Compass 2008;2:1024e51.
41. Stone J, Aronson E, Crain AL, et al. Inducing hypocrisy as a means of encouraging young adults to use condoms. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1994;20:116e28.
42. Stone J, Wiegand AW, Cooper J, et al. When exemplification fails: hypocrisy and the motive for self-integrity. J Pers Soc Psychol 1997;72:54e65.