Prognostic factors after resection of colorectal liver metastases: from morphology to biology

Future Oncology

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 45-57

  Ribero, Dario ^a   Viganò, Luca ^a   Amisano, Marco ^a   Capussotti, Lorenzo ^a  

^a MAURIZIANO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

colorectal cancer; hepatectomy; liver metastases; prognosis; survival; tumor recurrence

Indexed keywords

B RAF KINASE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; K RAS PROTEIN; THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE;

CANCER SIZE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL FEATURE; COLORECTAL CANCER; DISEASE FREE INTERVAL; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LIVER METASTASIS; MORPHOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCORING SYSTEM;

COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 84871412125     PISSN: 14796694     EISSN: 17448301     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.159     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM et al. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 61, 69-90 (2011).
2. Manfredi S, Lepage C, Hatem C et al. Epidemiology and management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann. Surg. 244, 254-259 (2006). (Pubitemid 44305540)
3. de Jong MC, Pulitano C, Ribero D et al. Rates and patterns of recurrence following curative intent surgery for colorectal liver metastasis. An international multi-institutional analysis of 1669 patients. Ann. Surg. 250, 440-448 (2009).
4. Kopetz S, Chang GJ, Overman MJ et al. Improved survival in metastatic colorectal cancer is associated with adoption of hepatic resection and improved chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 3677-3683 (2009).
5. Charnsangavej C, Clary B, Fong Y et al. Selection of patients for resection of hepatic colorectal metastases: Expert consensus statement. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 13, 1261-1268 (2006). (Pubitemid 44435791)
6. Scheele J, Stang R, Altendorf-Hofmann A et al. Resection of colorectal liver metastases. World J. Surg. 19, 59-71 (1995).
7. Nordlinger B, Guiguet M, Vaillant JC et al. Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver. A prognostic scoring system to improve case selection, based on 1568 patients. Association Francaise de Chirurgie. Cancer 77, 1254-1262 (1996). (Pubitemid 26102322)
8. Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL et al. Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: Analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann. Surg. 230, 309-318 (1999).
9. Minagawa M, Makuuchi M, Torzilli G et al. Extension of the frontiers of surgical indications in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: Long-term results. Ann. Surg. 231, 487-499 (2000). (Pubitemid 30185854)
10. Choti MA, Sitzmann JV, Tiburi MF et al. Trends in long-term survival following liver resection for hepatic colorectal metastases. Ann. Surg. 235, 759-766 (2002). (Pubitemid 34547293)
11. Fernandez FG, Drebin JA, Linehan DC et al. Five-year survival after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer in patients screened by positron emission tomography with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET).Ann. Surg. 240, 438-447 (2004).
12. Malik HZ, Prasad R, Halazun KJ et al. Preoperative prognostic score for predicting survival after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. Ann. Surg. 246, 806-814 (2007). (Pubitemid 350035657)
13. Tomlinson JS, Jarnagin WR, DeMatteo RP et al. Actual 10-year survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases defines cure. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 4575-4580 (2007). (Pubitemid 350035315)
14. Rees M, Tekkis PP, Welsh FKS et al. Evaluation of long-term survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. A multifactorial model of 929 patients. Ann. Surg. 247, 125-135 (2008).
15. House MG, Ito H, Gönen M et al. Survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: Trends in outcomes for 1,600 patients during two decades at a single institution. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 210, 744-754 (2010).
16. Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN, Ellis LM et al. Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. Ann. Surg. 239, 818-825 (2004).
17. Pawlik TM, Scoggins CR, Zorzi D et al. Effect of surgical margin status on survival and site of recurrence after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Ann. Surg. 241, 715-724 (2005). (Pubitemid 40604917)
18. Viganò L, Ferrero A, Lo Tesoriere R et al. Liver surgery for colorectal metastases: Results after 10 years of follow-up. Long-term survivors, late recurrences, and prognostic role of morbidity. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 15, 2458-2464 (2008).
19. Aloia TA, Vauthey JN, Loyer EM et al. Solitary colorectal liver metastasis. Resection determines outcome. Arch. Surg. 141, 460-467 (2007).
20. Fortner JG, Silva JS, Golbey RB et al. Multivariate analysis of a personal series of 247 consecutive patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. I. Treatment by hepatic resection. Ann. Surg. 199, 306-316 (1984). (Pubitemid 14194076)
21. Ohlsson B, Stenram U, Tranberg KG. Resection of colorectal metastases: 25-year experience. World J. Surg. 22, 268-276 (1998).
22. Cady B, Jenkins RL, Steele GD Jr et al. Surgical margin in hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis: A critical and improvable determinant of outcome. Ann. Surg. 227, 566-571 (1998). (Pubitemid 28363275)
23. Iwatsuki S, Dvorchik I, Madariaga JR et al. Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma: A proposal of a prognostic scoring system. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 189, 291-299 (1999). (Pubitemid 29408866)
24. Ueno H, Mochizuki H, Hatsuse K et al. Indicators for treatment strategies of colorectal liver metastases. Ann. Surg. 231, 59-66 (2000). (Pubitemid 30043940)
25. Lise M, Bacchetti S, Da Pian P et al. Patterns of recurrence after resection of colorectal liver metastases: Prediction by models of outcome analysis. World J. Surg. 25, 638-644 (2001). (Pubitemid 32441439)
26. Nagashima I, Takada T, Matsuda K et al. A new scoring system to classify patients with colorectal liver metastases: Proposal of criteria to select candidates for hepatic resection. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 11, 79-83 (2004). (Pubitemid 38678820)
27. Schindl M, Wigmore SJ, Currie EJ et al. Prognostic scoring in colorectal cancer liver metastases. Development and validation. Arch. Surg. 140, 183-189 (2005). (Pubitemid 40229110)
28. Wei AC, Greig PD, Grant D et al. Survival after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases: A 10-year experience. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 13, 668-676 (2006).
29. Zakaria S, Donohue JH, Que FG et al. Hepatic resection for colorectal metastases: Value for risk scoring systems? Ann. Surg. 246, 183-191 (2007). (Pubitemid 47196514)
30. Kishi Y, Kopetz S, Chun YS et al. Blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with systemic chemotherapy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16, 614-622 (2009).
31. Viganò L, Russolillo N, Ferrero A et al. Evolution of long-term outcome of liver resection for colorectal metastases: Analysis of actual 5-years survival rates over two decades. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 19, 2035-2044 (2012).
32. Capussotti L, Viganò L, Ferrero A et al. Timing of resection of liver metastases synchronous to colorectal tumor: Proposal of prognosis-based decisional model. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 14, 1143-1150 (2007).
33. Hamady ZZ, Malik HZ, Finch R et al. Hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis: Impact of tumour size. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 13, 1493-1439 (2006).
34. Simmonds PC, Primrose JN, Colquitt JL et al. Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: A systematic review of published studies. Br. J. Cancer 94, 982-999 (2006).
35. Kokudo N, Imamura H, Sugawara Y et al. Surgery for multiple hepatic colorectal metastases. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 11, 84-91 (2004). (Pubitemid 38678821)
36. Pawlik TM, Abdalla EK, Ellis LM et al. Debunking dogma: Surgery for four or more colorectal liver metastases is justified. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 10, 240-248 (2006). (Pubitemid 43187187)
37. Smith MD, McCall JL. Systematic review of tumour number and outcome after radical treatment of colorectal liver metastases. Br. J. Surg. 96, 1101-1113 (2009).
38. Procopio F, Torzilli G. Forty-nine colorectal cancer liver metastases in one-stage hepatectomy with cumulative Pringle time lasting 348 min. Updates Surg. 64(3), 241-243 (2012).
39. Tanaka K, Adam R, Shimada H et al. Role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of multiple colorectal metastases to the liver. Br. J. Surg. 90, 963-969 (2003). (Pubitemid 37026325)
40. de Haas RJ, Wicherts DA, Flores E et al. Tumor marker evolution: Comparison with imaging for assessment of response to chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 17, 1010-1023 (2010).
41. Elias D, Ouellet JF, Bellon N et al. Extrahepatic disease does not contraindicate hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Br. J. Surg. 90, 567-574 (2003). (Pubitemid 36577888)
42. Carpizo DR, Are C, Jarnagin W et al. Liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer in patients with concurrent extrahepatic disease: Results in 127 patients treated at a single center. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16, 2138-2146 (2009).
43. Pulitanò C, Bodingbauer M, Aldrighetti L et al. Liver resection for colorectal metastases in presence of extra hepatic disease: Results from an international multi-institutional analysis. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 18, 1380-1388 (2011).
44. Adam R, de Haas RJ, Wicherts DA et al. Concomitant extrahepatic disease in patients with colorectal liver metastases: When is there a place for surgery? Ann. Surg. 253, 349-359 (2011).
45. Elias D, Liberale G, Vernery D et al. Hepatic and extrahepatic colorectal metastases: When resectable, their localization does not matter, but their total number has a prognostic effect. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 12, 900-909 (2005). (Pubitemid 41504223)
46. Jaeck D, Nakano H, Bachellier P et al. Significance of hepatic pedicle lymph node involvement in patients with colorectal liver metastases: A prospective study. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 9, 430-438 (2002). (Pubitemid 34625801)
47. Adam R, de Haas RJ, Wicherts DA et al. Is hepatic resection justified after chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases and lymph node involvement? J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 3672-3680 (2008).
48. Oussoultzoglou E, Romain B, Panaro F et al. Long-term survival after liver resection for colorectal liver metastases in patients with hepatic pedicle lymph nodes involvement in the era of new chemotherapy regimens. Ann. Surg. 249, 879-886 (2009).
49. Pfannschmidt J, Dienemann H, Hoffmann H. Surgical resection of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer: A systematic review of published series. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 84, 324-338 (2007). (Pubitemid 46921128)
50. Miller G, Biernacki P, Kemeny NE et al. Outcomes after resection of synchronous or metachronous hepatic and pulmonary colorectal metastases. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 205, 231-238 (2007). (Pubitemid 47095434)
51. Shah SA, Haddad R, Al-Sukhni W et al. Surgical resection of hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 202, 468-475 (2006). (Pubitemid 43356222)
52. de Haas RJ, Wicherts DA, Flores E et al. R1 resection by necessity for colorectal liver metastases: Is it still a contraindication to surgery? Ann. Surg. 248, 626-637 (2008).
53. Elias D, Cavalcanti A, Sabourin JC et al. Results of 136 curative hepatectomies with a safety margin of less than 10 mm for colorectal metastases. J. Surg. Oncol. 69, 88-93 (1998). (Pubitemid 28515966)
54. Kokudo N, Miki Y, Sugai S et al. Genetic and histological assessment of surgical margins in resected liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma: Minimum surgical margins for successful resection. Arch Surg. 137, 833-840 (2002). (Pubitemid 34743176)
55. Muratore A, Ribero D, Zimmitti G et al. Resection margin and recurrence-free survival after liver resection of colorectal metastases. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 17, 1324-1329 (2010).
56. Are C, Gonen M, Zazzali K et al. The impact of margins on outcome after hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis. Ann. Surg. 246, 295-300 (2007). (Pubitemid 47196528)
57. Nuzzo G, Giuliante F, Ardito F et al. Influence of surgical margin on type of recurrence after liver resection for colorectal metastases: A single-center experience. Surgery 143, 384-393 (2008).
58. Kooby DA, Stockman J, Ben-Porat L et al. Influence of transfusions on perioperative and long-term outcome in patients following hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Ann. Surg. 237, 860-869 (2003).
59. Giuliante F, Ardito F, Pulitanò C et al. Does hepatic pedicle clamping affect disease-free survival following liver resection for colorectal metastases? Ann. Surg. 252, 1020-1026 (2010).
60. Zorzi D, Mullen JT, Abdalla EK et al. Comparison between hepatic wedge resection and anatomic resection for colorectal liver metastases. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 10, 86-94 (2006). (Pubitemid 41820593)
61. Ferrero A, Russolillo N, Viganò L et al. Does Pringle maneuver affect survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases? World. J. Surg. 34, 2418-2425 (2010).
62. Farid SG, Aldouri A, Morris-Stiff G et al. Correlation between postoperative infective complications and long-term outcomes after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis. Ann. Surg. 251, 91-100 (2010).
63. Minagawa M, Yamamoto J, Kosuge T et al. Simplified staging system for predicting the prognosis of patients with resectable liver metastasis: Development and validation. Arch. Surg. 142, 269-276 (2007). (Pubitemid 46457054)
64. Spelt L, Andersson B, Nilsson J et al. Prognostic models for outcome following liver resection for colorectal cancer metastases: A systematic review. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 38, 16-24 (2012).
65. Mann CD, Metcalfe MS, Leopardi LN et al. The clinical risk score: Emerging as a reliable preoperative prognostic index in hepatectomy for colorectal metastases. Arch. Surg. 139, 1168-1172 (2004). (Pubitemid 39463447)
66. Reissfelder C, Rahbari NN, Koch M et al. Validation of prognostic scoring systems for patients undergoing resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 16, 3279-3288 (2009).
67. Kattan MW, Gonen M, Jarnagin WR et al. A nomogram for predicting disease-specific survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann. Surg. 247, 282-287 (2008). (Pubitemid 351156771)
68. Adam R, Pascal G, Castaing D et al. Tumor progression while on chemotherapy. A contraindication to liver resection for multiple colorectal metastases? Ann. Surg. 240, 1052-1064 (2004). (Pubitemid 39602132)
69. Gruenberger B, Scheithauer W, Punzengruber R et al. Importance of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in potentially curable colorectal cancer liver metastases. BMC Cancer 8, 120 (2008).
70. Chun YS, Vauthey JN, Boonsirikamchai P et al. Association of computed tomography morphologic criteria with pathologic response and survival in patients treated with bevacizumab for colorectal liver metastases. JAMA 302, 2338-2344 (2009).
71. Saltz LB, Clarke S, Diaz-Rubio E et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: A randomized Phase III study. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 2013-2019 (2008).
72. Piessevaux H, Schlichting M, Heeger S, van Cutsem E, Tejpar S. Early tumor shrinkage for the prediction of efficacy of cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC): Analysis from the CRYSTAL study. Ann. Oncol. 21(Suppl. 8), Abstract 596P (2010).
73. Ichante JL, Adenis A, François E et al. Impact of early tumour shrinkage on long-term outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with 5FU + Irinotecan + Leucovorin (FOLFIRI) or Capecitabine+Irinotecan XELIRI plus Bevacizumab. Presented at: The European Multidisciplinary Cancer Congress. Stockholm, Sweden, 23-27 September 2011 (Abstract 6094).
74. Piessevaux H, Van Cutsem E, Bokemeyer C, Schlichting M, Heeger S, Tejpar S. Early tumor shrinkage and long-term outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): Assessment of predictive utility across treatment arms in the CRYSTAL and OPUS studies. J. Clin. Oncol. 29(Suppl.), Abstract 3572 (2011).
75. Rubbia-Brandt L, Giostra E, Brezault C et al. Importance of histological tumor response assessment in predicting the outcome in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by liver surgery. Ann. Oncol. 18, 299-304 (2007). (Pubitemid 46323097)
76. Blazer DG 3rd, Kishi Y, Maru DM et al. Pathologic response to preoperative chemotherapy: A new outcome end point after resection of hepatic colorectal metastases. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 5344-5351 (2008).
77. Adam R, Wicherts DA, de Haas RJ et al. Complete pathologic response after preoperative chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases: Myth or reality? J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 1635-1641 (2008).
78. Mandard AM, Dalibard F, Mandard JC et al. Pathologic assessment of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic correlations. Cancer 73(11), 2680-2686 (1994). (Pubitemid 24166250)
79. Klinger M, Tamandl D, Eipeldauer S et al. Bevacizumab improves pathological response of colorectal cancer liver metastases treated with XELOX/FOLFOX. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 17, 2059-2065 (2010).
80. Maru DM, Kopetz S, Boonsirikamchai P et al. Tumor thickness at the tumor-normal interface: A novel pathologic indicator of chemotherapy response in hepatic colorectal metastases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 34, 1287-1294 (2010).
81. Grothey A, Hedrick EE, Mass RD et al. Response-independent survival benefit in metastatic colorectal cancer: A comparative analysis of N9741 and AVF2107. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 183-189 (2008).
82. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A (Eds).AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (7th edition).Springer, NY, USA (2011).
83. Canna K, McArdle PA, McMillan DC et al. The relationship between tumor T-lymphocyte infiltration, the systemic inflammatory response and survival in patients undergoing curative resection for colorectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer 92, 651-654 (2005). (Pubitemid 40460599)
84. Okano K, Maeba T, Modoguchi A et al. Lymphocytic infiltration surrounding liver metastases from colorectal cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 82, 28-33 (2003). (Pubitemid 36055488)
85. Karagkounis G, Torbenson MS, Daniel HD et al. Incidence and prognostic impact of KRAS and BRAF mutations in patients undergoing liver surgery for colorectal metastases. Presented at: ASCO Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL, USA, 1-5 June 2012. J. Clin. Oncol. 30, Abstract 3616 (2012).
86. Bertotti A, Migliardi G, Galimi F et al. A molecularly annotated platform of patient-derived xenografts ('xenopatients') identifies HER2 as an effective therapeutic target in cetuximab-resistant colorectal cancer. Cancer Discov. 1, 508-523 (2011).
87. Nash GM, Gimbel M, Shia J et al. KRAS mutation correlates with accelerated metastatic progression in patients with colorectal liver metastases. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 17, 572-578 (2010).
88. Tie J, Lipton L, Desai J et al. KRAS mutation is associated with lung metastasis in patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 1122-1130 (2011).
89. Gonen M, Hummer A, Zervoudakis A et al. Thymidylate synthase expression in hepatic tumors is a predictor of survival and progression in patients with resectable metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 406-412 (2003). (Pubitemid 46606467)
90. Maithel SK, Gönen M, Ito H et al. Improving the clinical risk score: An analysis of molecular biomarkers in the era of modern chemotherapy for resectable hepatic colorectal cancer metastases. Surgery 151, 162-170 (2012).
91. Domont J, Pawlik TM, Boige V et al. Catalytic subunit of human telomerase reverse transcriptase is an independent predictor of survival in patients undergoing curative resection of hepatic colorectal metastases: A multicenter analysis. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 3086-3093 (2005). (Pubitemid 46224132)
92. Liotta LA, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Tumor invasion and metastasis: An imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cancer Res. 51(Suppl. 18), S5054-S5059 (1991).
93. Koch M, Kienle P, Hinz U et al. Detection of hematogenous tumor cell dissemination predicts tumor relapse in patients undergoing surgical resection of colorectal liver metastases. Ann. Surg. 241, 199-205 (2005).
94. Agrawal S, Belghiti J. Oncologic resection for malignant tumors of the liver. Ann. Surg. 253, 656-665 (2011).