Rare earth element systematics of fossil bone revealed by LA-ICPMS analysis

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 103, Issue , 2013, Pages 161-183

  Herwartz, Daniel ^a,b   Tütken, Thomas ^a   Jochum, Klaus Peter ^c   Sander, P Martin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BONE; DIAGENESIS; FOSSIL; FRACTIONATION; MEDIEVAL; RARE EARTH ELEMENT; REDOX CONDITIONS; TAPHONOMY; TREND ANALYSIS; TRIASSIC;

EID: 84871379269     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2012.10.038     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Alexander B.W., Bau M., Andersson P., Dulski P. Continentally-derived solutes in shallow Archean seawater: rare earth element and Nd isotope evidence in iron formation from the 2.9Ga Pongola Supergroup, South Africa. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:378-394.
2. Anderson P.E., Benton M.J., Trueman C.N., Paterson B.A., Cuny G. Palaeoenvironments of vertebrates on the southern shore of Tethys: the nonmarine Early Cretaceous of Tunisia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2007, 243:118-131.
3. Bau M. Controls on the fractionation of isovalent trace elements in magmatic and aqueous systems: evidence from Y/Ho, Zr/Hf, and lanthanide tetrad effect. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1996, 123:323-333.
4. Bau M., Dulski P. Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman iron-formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambr. Res. 1996, 79:37-55.
5. Berna F., Matthews A., Weiner S. Solubilities of bone mineral from archaeological sites: the recrystallisation window. J. Arch. Sci. 2004, 31:867-882.
6. 144Nd and REEs in Silurian phosphatic fossils. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1992, 113:239-249.
7. Blundy J.B., Wood B.J. Prediction of crystal-melt partition coefficients from elastic moduli. Nature 1994, 372:452-454.
8. Bright C.A., Cruse A.M., Lyons T.W., MacLeod K.G., Glascock M.D., Ethington R.L. Seawater rare-earth element patterns preserved in apatite of Pennsylvanian conodonts?. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73:1609-1624.
9. Brügmann G., Krause J., Brachert T.C., Kullmer O., Schrenk K., Ssemmanda I., Mertz D.F. Chemical composition of modern and fossil Hippopotamid teeth and implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions and enamel formation - Part1: Major and minor element variation. Biogeoscience 2012, 9:119-139.
10. Byrne R.H., Kim K.-H. Rare earth element scavenging in seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54:2645-2656.
11. Byrne R.H., Li B. Comparative complexation behavior of the rare earths. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:4575-4589.
12. Byrne R.H., Liu X., Schijf J. The influence of phosphate coprecipitation on rare earth distributions in natural waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:3341-3346.
13. Cantrell K.J., Byrne R.H. Rare earth element complexation by carbonate and oxalate ions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51:597-605.
14. Chavagnac V., Milton J.A., Green D.R.H., Breuer J., Bruguier O., Jacob D.E., Jong T., Kamenov G.D., Le Huray J., Liuh Y., Palmer M.R., Pourtalès S., Roduhskin I., Soldati A., Trueman C.N., Yuanj H. Towards the development of a fossil bone geochemical standard: an inter-laboratory study. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 599:177-190.
15. Coppin F., Berger G., Bauer A., Castet S., Loubet M. Sorption of lanthanides on smectite and kaolinite. Chem. Geol. 2002, 182:57-68.
16. De Baar H.J.W., German C.R., Elderfield H., van Gaans P. Rare earth element distributions in anoxic waters of the Cariaco Trench. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52:1203-1219.
17. Domingo L., López-Martínez N., Soler-Gijón R., Grimes S.T. A multi-proxy geochemical investigation of the early Paleocene (Danian) continental palaeoclimate at the Fontllonga-3 site (South Central Pyrenees, Spain). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2007, 256:71-85.
18. Domingo L., Cuevas-González J., Grimes S.T., Fernández M.H., López-Martínez N. Multiproxy reconstruction of the palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment of the Middle Miocene Somosaguas site (Madrid, Spain) using herbivore dental enamel. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2009, 272:53-68.
19. Domingo L., Grimes S.T., Soler-Gijón R., López-Martínez N. Analysis of the geochemical variability in lepiosteid scales from the Fontllonga-3 site (early Danian, Tremp Formation, South Central Pyrenees, Spain): implications for paleoenvironmental studies. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2009, 274:204-214.
20. 18O) bond ordering in fossil biominerals. Science 2011, 333:443-445.
21. Elderfield H., Pagett R. Rare earth elements in ichthyoliths: variations with redox conditions and depositional environment. Sci. Total Environ. 1986, 49:175-197.
22. Elderfield H.R., Upstill-Goddard R., Sholkovitz E.R. The rare earth elements in rivers, estuaries, and coastal seas and their significance to the composition of ocean waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54:971-991.
23. Fassett J.E. New geochronologic and stratigraphic evidence confirms the Palaeocene age of the dinosaur-bearing Ojo Alamo Sandstone and Animas Formation in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado. Palaeontologia Electronica 2009, 12:1-146.
24. Fassett J.E., Zielinski R.A., Budahn J.R. Dinosaurs that did not die: evidence for Palaeocene dinosaurs in the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 2002, 356:307-336.
25. 18O signatures of siderite - a tool to discriminate mixis patterns in ancient lakes. Z. dt. Ges. Geowiss. 2006, 157:387-410.
26. Felitsyn S., Morad S. REE patterns in latest Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian phosphate concretions and associated organic matter. Chem. Geol. 2002, 187:257-265.
27. Felitsyn S., Sturesson U., Popov L., Holmer L. Nd isotope composition and rare earth element distribution in early Paleozoic biogenic apatite from Baltoscandia: a signature of Iapetus ocean water. Geology 1998, 26:1083-1086.
28. Fujimaki H. Partition coefficients of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 1986, 94:42-45.
29. Gammons C.H., Wood S.A., Nimick D.A. Diel behavior of rare earth elements in a mountain stream with acidic to neutral pH. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:3747-3758.
30. German C.R., Elderfield H. Application of the Ce anomaly as a redox indicator: the ground rules. Paleoceanography 1990, 5:823-833.
31. Girard C., Lécuyer C. Variations in Ce anomalies of conodonts through the Frasnian/Famennian boundary of Poland (Kowala - Holy Cross Mountains): implications for the redox state of seawater and biodiversity. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2002, 181:299-311.
32. Goldstein S.J., Jacobsen S.B. Rare earth elements in river waters. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 89:35-47.
33. Grandjean P. (1989) Les terres rares et la composition isotopique du néodyme dans les phosphates biogènes: traceurs des processus paléo-océanographiques et sédimentaires. Ph. D. Thesis, I.N.P.L. Nancy, France. 319 pp.
34. Grandjean P., Albarède F. Rare earth elements in old biogenic apatites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1989, 57:2507-2514.
35. 144Nd ratios in fish remains. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1987, 84:181-196.
36. Grandjean P., Cappetta H., Albarède F. The REE and εNd of 40-70Ma old fish debris from the West-African platform. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1988, 15:389-392.
37. Grandjean-Lècuyer P., Feist R., Albarède F. Rare earth elements in old biogenic apatites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:2507-2514.
38. Grandstaff D.E., Terry D.O. Rare earth element composition of Paleogene vertebrate fossils from Toadstool Geologic Park, Nebraska, USA. Appl. Geochem. 2009, 24:733-745.
39. Haley B.A., Klinkhammer G.P., McManus J. Rare earth elements in pore waters of marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 73:1265-1279.
40. Hannigan R.E., Sholkovitz E.R. The development of middle rare earth element enrichments in freshwaters: weathering of phosphate minerals. Chem. Geol. 2001, 175:495-508.
41. Hedges R.E.M., Millard A.R., Pike A.W.G. Measurements and relationships of diagenetic alteration of bone from three archaeological sites. J. Arch. Sci. 1995, 22:201-209.
42. Henderson P., Marlow C.A., Molleson T.I., Williams C.T. Patterns of chemical change during bone fossilization. Nature 1983, 306:358-360.
43. Herwartz D., Tütken T., Münker C., Jochum K.P., Stoll B., Sander P.M. Timescales and mechanisms of REE and Hf uptake in fossil bones. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75:82-105.
44. Herwartz D., Münker C., Tütken T., Hoffmann J. E., Wittke A. and Barbier B. (in press) Lu-Hf isotope systematics of fossil biogenic apatite and their effects on geochronology. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.09.049.
45. Himmler T., Bach W., Bohrmann G., Peckmann J. Rare earth elements in authigenic methane-seep carbonates as tracers for fluid composition during early diagenesis. Chem. Geol. 2010, 277:126-136.
46. Hinz E.A., Kohn M.J. The effect of tissue structure and soil chemistry on trace element uptake in fossils. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:3213-3231.
47. Iliopoulos G., Galanidou N., Pergantis S.A., Vamvakaki V., Chaniotakis N. Identifying the geochemical taphonomy of the osteological material from Katsambas rockshelter. J. Arch. Sci. 2010, 37:116-123.
48. Janssens K., Vincze L., Vekemans B., Williams C.T., Radtke M., Haller M., Knöchel A. The non-destructive determination of REE in fossilized bone using synchrotron radiation induced K-line X-ray microfluorescence analysis. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1999, 363:413-420.
49. Jochum K.P., Stoll B., Herwig K., Willbold M. Validation of LA-ICPMS trace element analysis of geological glasses using a new solid-state 193nm Nd: YAG laser and matrix-matched calibration. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2007, 22:112-121.
50. Johannesson K.H., Lyons W.B. The rare earth element geochemistry of Mono Lake water and the importance of carbonate complexing. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1994, 39:1141-1154.
51. Johannesson K.H., Xiaoping Z. Geochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements in natural terrestrial waters: a review of what is currently known. Chin. J. Geochem. 1997, 16:20-42.
52. Johannesson K.H., Zhou X. Origin of middle rare earth elements in acid waters of a Canadian high arctic lake. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63:153-165.
53. Johannesson K.H., Lyons W.B., Bird D.A. Rare earth element concentrations and speciation in alkaline lakes from the western U.S.A. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1994, 21:773-774.
54. Kemp R.A., Trueman C. Rare earth elements in Solnhofen biogenic apatite: geochemical clues to the paleoenvironment. Sed. Geol. 2003, 155:109-127.
55. Kim J.H., Torres M.E., Haley B.A., Kastner M., Pohlman J.W., Riedel M., Lee Y.J. The effect of diagenesis and fluid migration on rare earth element distribution in pore fluids of the northern Cascadia accretion margin. Chem. Geol. 2011, 291:152-165.
56. Koch P. Isotopic reconstruction of past continental environments. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1998, 26:573-613.
57. Koch P. L. (2007) Isotopic study of the biology of modern and fossil vertebrates. In: Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. 2nd ed. (eds. Minchener R. and Lajtha K.). Oxford, pp. 99-154.
58. Kocsis L., osi A., Vennemann T., Trueman C.N., Palmer M.R. Geochemical study of vertebrate fossils from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) Csehbánya Formation (Hungary): evidence for a freshwater habitat of mosasaurs and pycnodont fish. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2009, 280:532-542.
59. Kocsis L., Trueman C.N., Palmer M.R. Protracted diagenetic alteration of REE contents in fossil bioapatites: direct evidence from Lu-Hf isotope systematics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:6077-6092.
60. Koenig A.E., Rogers R.R., Trueman C.N. Visualizing fossilisation using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry maps of trace elements in Late Cretaceous bones. Geology 2009, 37:511-514.
61. Koeppenkastrop D., De Carlo E.H. Sorption of rare-earth elements from seawater onto synthetic mineral particles: an experimental approach. Chem. Geol. 1992, 95:251-263.
62. Kohn M.J. Models of diffusion-limited uptake of trace elements in fossils and rates of fossilisation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:3758-3770.
63. Kohn M. J. and Cerling T. E. (2002) Stable isotope compositions of biological apatite. In Phosphates: Geochemical, Geobiological, and Materials Importance (eds. M. J. Kohn, J. Rakovan and J. M. Hughes). Rev. Mineral. Geochem. vol. 48. pp. 455-488.
64. Kohn M.J., Schoeninger M.J., Barker W.W. Altered states: effects of diagenesis on fossil tooth chemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63:2737-2747.
65. Labs-Hochstein J., MacFadden B.J. Quantification of diagenesis in Cenozoic sharks: elemental and mineralogical changes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:4921-4932.
66. 18O and REE contents of phosphatic brachiopods: a comparison between modern and lower Paleozoic populations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1998, 62:2429-2436.
67. Lécuyer C., Bogey C., Garcia J.-P., Grandjean P., Barrat J.-A., Floquet M., Bardet N., Pereda-Superbiola X. Stable isotope composition and rare earth element content of vertebrate remains from the Late Cretaceous of northern Spain (Laño): did the environmental record survive?. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2003, 193:457-471.
68. Lécuyer C., Reynard B., Grandjean P. Rare earth element evolution of Phanerozoic seawater recorded in biogenic apatites. Chem. Geol. 2004, 204:63-102.
69. Lee J.H., Byrne R.H. Examination of comparative rare earth element complexation behaviour using linear free-energy relationships. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:1127-1137.
70. Lee J.H., Byrne R.H. Complexation of trivalent rare earth elements (Ce, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb) by carbonate ions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:295-302.
71. Liu X., Byrne R.H., Schijf J. Comparative coprecipitation of phosphate and arsenate with yttrium and the rare earths: the influence of solution complexation. J. Solution Chem. 1997, 26:1187-1198.
72. Luo Y.-R., Byrne R.H. The ionic strength dependence of rare earth and yttrium fluoride complexation at 25°C. J. Solution Chem. 2000, 29:1089-1099.
73. Luo Y.R., Byrne R.H. Carbonate complexation of yttrium and the rare earth elements in natural waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68:691-699.
74. MacFadden B.J., Hulbert R.C. Calibration of mammoth (Mammuthus) dispersal into North America using rare earth elements of Plio-Pleistocene mammals from Florida. Quat. Res. 2009, 71:41-48.
75. MacFadden B.J., Labs-Hochstein J., Hulbert R.C., Baskin J.A. Revised age of the late Neogene terror bird (Titanis) in North America during the Great American Interchange. Geology 2007, 35:123-126.
76. MacFadden B.J., Purdy B.A., Church K., Stafford J.R.T.W. Humans were contemporaneous with late Pleistocene mammals in Florida: evidence from rare earth elemental analyses. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 2012, 32:708-716.
77. Martin E.E., Haley B.A. Fossil fish teeth as proxies for seawater Sr and Nd isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64:835-847.
78. Martin E.E., Scher H.D. Preservation of seawater Sr and Nd isotopes in fossil fish teeth: bad news and good news. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 220:25-39.
79. Martin J.E., Patrick D., Kihm A.J., Foit F.F., Grandstaff D.E. Lithostratigraphy, tephrochronology, and rare earth element geochemistry of fossils at the classical Pleistocene Fossil Lake area, South Central Oregon. J. Geol. 2005, 119:139-155.
80. Mateus O., Dyke G.J., Motchurova-Dekova N., Kamenov G.D., Ivanov P. The first record of a dinosaur from Bulgaria. Lethaia 2010, 43:88-94.
81. Metzger C., Terry D.O., Grandstaff D.E. Effects of palaeosol formation on rare earth element signatures in fossil bone. Geology 2004, 32:497-500.
82. Millard A.R., Hedges R.E.M. A diffusion-adsorption model of uranium uptake by archaeological bone. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:2139-2152.
83. Millero F.J. Stability constants for the formation of rare earth inorganic complexes as a function of ionic strength. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:3123-3132.
84. Möller P., Bau M. Rare-earth patterns with positive cerium anomaly in alkaline waters from Lake Van, Turkey. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 117:671-676.
85. Nimick D.A., Gammons C.H., Parker S.R. Diel biogeochemical processes and their effect on the aqueous chemistry of streams: A review. Chem. Geol. 2011, 283:3-17.
86. Nothdurft L.D., Webb G.E., Kamber B.S. Rare earth element geochemistry of Late Devonian reefal carbonates, Canning Basin, Western Australia: confirmation of a seawater REE proxy in ancient limestones. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68:263-283.
87. 18O) of phosphorite deposits in the Gafsa Basin, Tunisia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 268:1-18.
88. Pack A., Russell S.S., Shelley J.M.G., van Zuilen M. Geo- and cosmochemistry of the twin elements yttrium and holmium. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71:4592-4608.
89. Patrick D., Martin J.E., Parris D.C., Grandstaff D.E. Rare earth element signatures of fossil vertebrates compared with lithostratigraphic subdivisions of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, Central South Dakota. Proc. South Dakota Acad. Sci. 2002, 81:161-179.
90. Patrick D., Martin J.E., Parris D.C., Grandstaff D.E. Palaeoenvironmental interpretations of rare earth element signatures in mosasaurs (Reptilia) from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, Central South Dakota USA. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2004, 212:277-294.
91. Patrick D., Martin J. E., Parris D. C. and Grandstaff D. E. (2007) Rare earth element determination of the stratigraphic position of the holotype of Mosasaurus missouriensis (Harlan), the first named fossil reptile from the American West. In The Geology and Palaeontology of the Late Cretaceous Marine Deposits of the Dakotas (eds. J. E. Martin and D. C. Parris). Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper, vol. 427, pp. 155-165.
92. Pfretzschner H.U. Frühdiagenetische Prozesse bei der Fosilisation von Knochen. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 1998, 210(3):369-397.
93. Pfretzschner H.U. Fossilisation of Haversian bone in aquatic environments. C. R. Palevol 2004, 3:605-616.
94. Picard S., Lécuyer C., Barrat J.A., Garcia J.P., Dromart G., Sheppard S.M.F. Rare earth element contents of Jurassic fish and reptile teeth and their potential relation to seawater composition (Anglo-Paris Basin, France and England). Chem. Geol. 2002, 186:1-16.
95. Pourret O., Davranche M., Gruau G., Dia A. New insights into cerium anomalies in organic rich alkaline waters. Chem. Geol. 2008, 251:120-127.
96. Pourret O., Gruau G., Dia A., Davranche M., Molénat J. Colloidal control on the distribution of rare earth elements in shallow groundwaters. Aquat. Geochem. 2010, 16:31-59.
97. Quinn K.A., Byrne R.H., Schijf J. Sorption of yttrium and rare earth elements by amorphous ferric hydroxide: influence of solution complexation with carbonate. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:4151-4165.
98. Rao V.P., Hegner E., Naqvi S.W.A., Kessarkar P.M., Ahmad S.M., Raju D.S. Miocene phosphorites from the Murray Ridge, northwestern Arabian Sea. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 260:347-358.
99. Reynard B., Lécuyer C., Grandjean P. Crystal-chemical controls on rare-earth element concentrations in fossil biogenic apatites and implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Chem. Geol. 1999, 155:233-241.
100. Samoilov V.S., Benjamini C., Smirnova E.V. Early diagenetic stabilization of trace elements in reptile bone remains as an indicator of Maastrichtian-Late Paleocene climatic changes: evidence from the Naran Bulak locality, the Gobi Desert (South Mongolia). Sed. Geol. 2001, 143:15-39.
101. Schijf J., Byrne R.H. Determination of stability constants for the mono- and difluoro-complexes of Y and the REE, using a cation-exchange resin and ICP-MS. Polyhedon 1999, 18:2839-2844.
102. Shields G., Stille P. Diagenetic constraints on the use of Ce anomalies as paleoseawater redox proxies: an isotopic and REE study of Cambrian phosphorites. Chem. Geol. 2001, 175:29-48.
103. Shields G.A., Webb G.E. Has the REE composition of seawater changed over geological time?. Chem. Geol. 2004, 204:103-107.
104. Sholkovitz E.R. Chemical evolution of rare earth elements: fractionation between colloidal and solution phases of filtered river water. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1992, 114:77-84.
105. Sholkovitz E.R. The aquatic chemistry of rare earth elements in rivers and estuaries. Aquat. Geochem. 1995, 1:1-34.
106. Staron R.M., Grandstaff B.S., Gallagher W.B., Grandstaff D.E. REE signatures in vertebrate fossils from Sewell, NJ; implications for location of the K-T boundary. Palaios 2001, 16:255-265.
107. Staudigel H., Doyle P., Zindler A. Sr and Nd isotope systematics in fish teeth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1985, 76:45-56.
108. Suarez C.A., Suarez M.B., Terry D.O., Grandstaff D.E. Rare earth element geochemistry and taphonomy of the Early Cretaceous Crystal Geyser Dinosaur Quarry, east-central Utah. Palaios 2007, 22:500-512.
109. Suarez C.A., Macpherson G.L., González L.A., Grandstaff D.E. Heterogeneous rare earth element (REE) patterns and concentrations in a fossil bone: implications for the use of REE in vertebrate taphonomy and fossilisation history. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:2970-2988.
110. Tang J., Johannesson K.H. Adsorption of rare earth elements onto Carrizo sand: Experimental investigations and modeling with surface complexation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:5247-5261.
111. Tang J., Johannesson K.H. Ligand extraction of rare earth elements from aquifer sediments: implications for rare earth element complexation with organic matter in natural waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2010, 74:6690-6705.
112. Trueman C.N. Rare earth element geochemistry and taphonomy of terrestrial vertebrate assemblages. Palaios 1999, 14:555-568.
113. Trueman C.N., Benton M.J. A geochemical method to trace the taphonomic history of reworked bones in sedimentary settings. Geology 1997, 25:263-266.
114. Trueman C. N. and Tuross N. (2002) Trace elements in recent and fossil bone apatite. In Phosphates: Geochemical, Geobiological, and Materials Importance (eds. M. J. Kohn, J. Rakovan and J. M. Hughes). Rev. Mineral. Geochem., vol. 48. pp. 489-521.
115. Trueman C.N.G., Behrensmeyer A.K., Tuross N., Weiner S. Mineralogical and compositional changes in bones exposed on soil surfaces in Amboseli National Park, Kenya: diagenetic mechanisms and the role of sediment pore fluids. J. Arch. Sci. 2004, 31:721-739.
116. Trueman C.N.G., Field J.H., Dortch J., Charles B., Wroe S. Prolonged coexistence of humans and megafauna in Pleistocene Australia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:8383-8385.
117. Trueman C.N., Behrensmeyer A.K., Potts R., Tuross N. High-resolution records of location and stratigraphic provenance from the rare earth element composition of fossil bones. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:4343-4355.
118. Trueman C.N., Palmer M.R., Field J., Privat K., Ludgate N., Chavagnac V., Eberth D.A., Cifelli R., Rogers R.R. Comparing rates of recrystallisation and the potential for preservation of biomolecules from the distribution of trace elements in fossil bones. C. R. Palevol 2008, 7:145-158.
119. Trueman C.N., Privat K., Field J. Why do crystallinity values fail to predict the extent of diagenetic alteration of bone mineral?. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 266:160-167.
120. Trueman C.N., Kocsis L., Palmer M.R., Dewdney C. Fractionation of rare earth elements within bone mineral: a natural cation exchange system. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2011, 310:124-132.
121. Tütken T., Vennemann T.W. Fossil bones and teeth: preservation or alteration of biogenic compositions? Preface. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2011, 310:1-8.
122. Tütken T., Vennemann T.W., Pfretzschner H.-U. Early diagenesis of bone and tooth apatite in fluvial and marine settings: constraints from combined oxygen isotope, nitrogen and REE analysis. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 266:254-268.
123. Tütken T., Vennemann T.W., Pfretzschner H.-U. Nd and Sr isotope compositions in modern and fossil bones - Proxies for vertebrate provenance and taphonomy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75:5951-5970.
124. Webb G.E., Kamber B. Rare earth elements in Holocene reefal microbialites: A new shallow seawater proxy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64:1557-1565.
125. Williams C.T., Henderson P., Marlow C.A., Molleson T.I. The environment of deposition indicated by the distribution of rare earth elements in fossil bones from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Appl. Geochem. 1997, 12:531-547.
126. Wood S.A. The aqueous geochemistry of the rare-earth elements and yttrium. Chem. Geol. 1990, 82:159-186.
127. Wright J., Seymour R. S. and Shaw H. F. (1984) REE and Nd isotopes in conodont apatite: variations with geological age and depositional environment. In Conodont Biofacies and Provincialism (eds. D. L. Clarck). Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 196. pp. 325-340.
128. Wright J., Schrader H., Holser W.T. Palaeoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51:631-644.