High ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in rectal cancer surgery

Surgery Today

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 8-19

  Hida, Jin Ichi ^a   Okuno, Kiyotaka ^a  

^a KINKI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

High ligation; Inferior mesenteric artery; Low ligation; Rectal cancer

Indexed keywords

ANASTOMOSIS; ANASTOMOSIS LEAKAGE; ARTERY LIGATION; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; HYPOGASTRIC NERVE; INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; PATIENT SAFETY; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECTUM ANTERIOR RESECTION; RECTUM CANCER; REVIEW; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURVIVAL RATE; SURVIVAL TIME; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

HUMANS; LIGATION; MESENTERIC ARTERY, INFERIOR; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; RECTAL NEOPLASMS; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 84871345795     PISSN: 09411291     EISSN: 14362813     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0359-6     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Dworkin MJ, Allen-Mersh TG. Effect of inferior mesenteric artery ligation on blood flow in the marginal artery-dependent sigmoid colon. J Am Coll Surg. 1996;183:357-60.
2. Sugihara K, Moriya Y, Akasu Y, Fujita S. Pelvic autonomic nerve preservation for patients with rectal carcinoma: oncologic and functional outcome. Cancer. 1996;78:1871-80.
3. Masui H, Ike H, Yamaguchi S, Oki S, Shimada H. Male sexual function after autonomic nerve-preserving operation for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:1140-5.
4. Rosi PA, Cahill WJ, Carey J. A ten year study of hemicolectomy in the treatment of carcinoma of the left half of the colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1962;114:15-24.
5. Grinnell RS. Results of ligation of inferior mesenteric artery at the aorta in resections of carcinoma of the descending and sigmoid colon and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1965;120:1031-6.
6. Bacon HE, Pezzutti JE, Smith WD, Gutierrez RR, Diamante FM. A critical analysis of aortoiliopelvic lymphadenectomy and high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery for carcinoma of the left colon and rectum. Bull Soc Int Chir. 1966;25:114-21.
7. Pezim ME, Nicholls RJ. Survival after high or low ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery during curative surgery for rectal cancer. Ann Surg. 1984;200:729-33.
8. Surtees P, Ritchie JK, Phillips RKS. High versus low ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1990;77:618-21.
9. Miles WE. A method of performing abdomino-perineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of the pelvic colon. Lancet. 1908;2:1812-3.
10. Moynihan BG. The surgical treatment of cancer of the sigmoid flexure and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1908;6:463.
11. Dukes CE. The spread of cancer of the rectum (subsection in a paper by Gordon Watson C & Dukes CE). Br J Surg. 1930;17:643-8.
12. Ault GW, Castro AF, Smith RS. Carcinoma of upper rectum and rectosigmoid: clinical report on high inferior mesenteric ligation. Postgrad Med. 1950;8:176-83.
13. State D. Combined abdominoperineal excision of the rectum: a plan for standardization of the proximal extent of dissection. Surgery. 1951;30:349-54.
14. McElwain JW, Bacon HE, Trimpi HD. Lymph node metastases: experience with aortic ligation of inferior mesenteric artery in cancer of the rectum. Surgery. 1954;35:513-31.
15. Gabriel WB, Dukes CE, Bussey HJR. Lymphatic spread in cancer of the rectum. Br J Surg. 1935;23:395-413.
16. Morgan CN, Griffiths JD. High ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery during operations for carcinoma of the distal colon and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1959;108:641-50.
17. Dunphy JE, Pikula JV. Sphincter-saving procedures: the anterior resection. In: Turell R, editor. Diseases of the Colon and Anorectum, vol. 1. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1959. p. 491-502.
18. Bland KI, Polk HC. Therapeutic measures applied for the curative and palliative control of colorectal carcinoma. Surg Ann. 1983;15:123-61.
19. Rothenberger DA, Wong WD. Abdominoperineal resection for adenocarcinoma of the low rectum. World J Surg. 1992;16:478-85.
20. Schrock TR. Abdominoperineal resection-technique and complications. In: Cohen AM, Winawer SJ, editors. Cancer of the colon, rectum, and anus. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.; 1995. p. 595-604.
21. Heald RJ, Ryall RD. Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet. 1986;1:1479-82.
22. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Shindoh K, Kitaoka M, Fujimoto K, Ieda S, et al. Second-look operation for recurrent colorectal cancer based on carcinoembryonic antigen and imaging techniques. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39:74-9.
23. Galandiuk S, Wieand HS, Moertel CG, Cha SS, Fitzgibbons RJ, Pemberton JH, et al. Patterns of recurrence after curative resection of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992;174:27-32.
24. Japanese Research Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. Multi-Institutional Registry of Large Bowel Cancer in Japan, vol. 5 (in Japanese). Tochigi, Japan: Japanese Research Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum; 1990. p. 56-7.
25. MacFarlane JK, Ryall RDH, Heald RJ. Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet. 1993;341:457-60.
26. Arbman G, Nilsson E, Hallböök O, Sjödahl R. Local recurrence following total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1996;83:375-9.
27. Enker WE, Thaler HT, Cranor ML, Polyak T. Total mesorectal excision in the operative treatment of carcinoma of the rectum. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;181:335-46.
28. Leo E, Belli F, Andreola S, Gallino G, Bonfanti G, Ferro F, et al. Total rectal resection and complete mesorectum excision followed by coloendoanal anastomosis as the optimal treatment for low rectal cancer: the experience of the National Cancer Institute of Milano. Ann Surg Oncol. 2000;7:125-32.
29. Law WL, Chu KW. Impact of total mesorectal excision on the results of surgery of distal rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2001;88:1607-12.
30. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Putter H, Steup WH, Wiggers T, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:638-46.
31. Tocchi A, Mazzoni G, Lepre L, Liotta G, Costa G, Agostini N, et al. Total mesorectal excision and low rectal anastomosis for the treatment of rectal cancer and prevention of pelvic recurrences. Arch Surg. 2001;136:216-20.
32. Vironen JH, Halme L, Sainio P, Kyllonen LE, Scheinin T, Husa AI, et al. New approaches in the management of rectal carcinoma result in reduced local recurrence rate and improved survival. Eur J Surg. 2002;168:158-64.
33. Bülow S, Christensen IJ, Harling H, Kronborg O, Fenger C, Nielsen HJ. Recurrence and survival after mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2003;90:974-80.
34. Wibe A, Syse A, Andersen E, Tretli S, Myrvold HE, Soreide O. Oncological outcomes after total mesorectal excision for cure for cancer of the lower rectum: anterior vs. abdominoperineal resection. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:48-58.
35. Krook JE, Moertel CG, Gunderson LL, Wieand HS, Collins RT, Beart RW, et al. Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:709-15.
36. Adam IJ, Mohamdee MO, Martin IG, Scott N, Finan PJ, Johnston D, et al. Role of circumferential margin involvement in the local recurrence of rectal cancer. Lancet. 1994;344:707-11.
37. Dahlberg M, Glimelius B, Påhlman L. Changing strategy for rectal cancer is associated with improved outcome. Br J Surg. 1999;86:379-84.
38. Havenga K, Enker WE, McDermott K, Cohen AM, Minsky BD, Guillem J. Male and female sexual and urinary function after total mesorectal excision with autonomic nerve preservation for carcinoma of the rectum. J Am Coll Surg. 1996;182:495-502.
39. Jatzko G, Lisborg P, Wette V. Improving survival rates for patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1992;79:588-91.
40. Scott N, Jackson P, Al-Jaberi T, Dixon MF, Quirke P, Finan PJ. Total mesorectal excision and local recurrence: a study of tumor spread in the mesorectum distal to rectal carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1995;82:1031-3.
41. Aitken RJ. Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1996;83:214-6.
42. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Maruyama T, Fujimoto K, Uchida T, Okuno K. Lymph node metastases detected in the mesorectum distal to carcinoma of the rectum by the clearing method: justification of total mesorectal excision. J Am Coll Surg. 1997;184:584-8.
43. Wexner SD. Invited editorial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:987-9.
44. Hartly JE, Mehigan BJ, Qureshi AE, Duthie GS, Lee PW, Monson JR. Total mesorectal excision: assessment of the laparoscopic approach. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:315-21.
45. Pikarsky AJ, Rosenthal R, Weiss EG, Wexner SD. Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:558-62.
46. Morino M, Parini U, Giraudo G, Salval M, Brachet CR, Garrone C. Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision: a consecutive series of 100 patients. Ann Surg. 2003;237:335-42.
47. Leroy J, Jamari F, Forbes L, Smith M, Rubino F, Mutter D, et al. Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer surgery: long-term outcomes. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:281-9.
48. Zhou ZG, Hu M, Li Y, Lei WZ, Yu YY, Cheng Z, et al. Laparoscopic versus open total mesorectal excision with anal sphincter preservation for low rectal cancer. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1211-5.
49. National Health and Medical Research Council. The prevention, early detection and management of colorectal caner. http://www.health.gov.au/nhmrc/. March 1999; accessed 8 April 2003.
50. Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A, Couture J, Fleshman J, Guillem J, et al. Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:583-96.
51. Titu LV, Tweedle E, Rooney PS. High tie of the inferior mesenteric artery in curative surgery for left colonic and rectal cancers: a systematic review. Dig Surg. 2008;25:148-57.
52. Lange MM, Buunen M, van de Velde CJH, Lange JF. Level of arterial ligation in rectal cancer surgery: low tie preferred over high tie. A review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:1139-45.
53. Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. Japanese Classification of Colorectal Carcinoma, Second English edition. Tokyo: Kanehara; 2009. p. 7-10.
54. Uehara K, Yamamoto S, Fujita S, Akasu T, Moriya Y. Impact of upward lymph node dissection on survival rates in advanced lower rectal carcinoma. Dig Surg. 2007;24:375-81.
55. Kawamura YJ, Umetani N, Sunami E, Watanabe T, Masaki T, Muto T. Effect of ligation on the long-term result of patients with operable colon cancer, particularly those with limited nodal involvement. Eur J Surg. 2000;166:803-7.
56. Feinstein AR, Sosin DM, Wells CK. The Will Rogers phenomenon. Stage migration and new diagnostic techniques as a source of misleading statistics for survival in cancer. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:1604-8.
57. Rouffet F, Hay JM, Vacher B, Fingerhut A, Elhadad A, Flamant Y, et al. Curative resection for left colonic carcinoma: hemicolectomy vs. segmental colectomy. A prospective, controlled, multicenter trial. French Association for Surgical Research. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37:651-9.
58. Leggeri A, Roseano M, Balani A, Turoldo A. Lumboaortic and iliac lymphadenectomy: what is the role today? Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37(Suppl 2):S54-61.
59. Slanetz CA Jr, Grimson R. Effect of high and intermediate ligation on survival and recurrence rates following curative resection of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:1205-19.
60. Read TE, Mutch MG, Chang BW, McNevin MS, Fleshman JW, Birnbaum EH, et al. Locoregional recurrence and survival after curative resection of adenocarcinoma of the colon. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;195:33-40.
61. Steup WH, Moriya Y, van de Velde CJ. Patterns of lymphatic spread in rectal cancer: a topographical analysis on lymph node metastases. Eur J Cancer. 2002;38:911-8.
62. Adachi Y, Inomata M, Miyazaki N, Sato K, Shiraishi N, Kitano S. Distribution of lymph node metastases and level of inferior mesenteric artery ligation in colorectal cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;26:179-82.
63. Dworak O. Morphology of lymph nodes in the resected rectum of patients with rectal carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract. 1991;187:1020-4.
64. Kanemitsu Y, Hirai T, Komori K, Kato T. Survival benefit of high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in sigmoid colon or rectal cancer surgery. Br J Surg. 2006;93:609-15.
65. Chin CC, Yeh CY, Tan R, Changchien CR, Huang WS, Wang JY. The oncologic benefit of high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in the surgical treatment of rectal or sigmoid colon cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23:783-8.
66. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Maruyama T, Fujimoto K, Nakajima A, Uchida T, et al. Indication for using high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in rectal cancer surgery: examination of nodal metastases by the clearing method. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:984-91.
67. Bacon HE, Dirbas F, Myers TB, Ponce De Leon F. Extensive lymphadenectomy and high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery for carcinoma of the left colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 1958;1:457-64.
68. Cosimelli M, Mannella E, Giannarelli D, Casaldi V, Wappner G, Cavaliere F, et al. Nerve-sparing surgery in 302 resectable rectosigmoid cancer patients: genitourinary morbidity and 10-year survival. Dis Colon Rectum. 1994;37(Suppl 2):S42-6.
69. Heald RJ. Total mesorectal excision is optimal surgery for rectal cancer: a Scandinavian consensus. Br J Surg. 1995;82:1297-9.
70. Liang JT, Huang KC, Lai HS, Lee PH, Sun CT. Oncologic results of laparoscopic D3 lymphadenectomy for male sigmoid and upper rectal cancer with clinically positive lymph nodes. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:1980-90.
71. Kim JC, Lee KH, Yu CS, Kim HC, Kim JR, Chang HM, et al. The clinicopathological significance of inferior mesenteric lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30:271-9.
72. Hida J, Mori N, Kubo R, Matsuda T, Morikawa E, Kitaoka M, et al. Metastases from carcinoma of the colon and rectum detected in small lymph nodes by the clearing method. J Am Coll Surg. 1994;178:223-8.
73. Gollub MJ, Schwartz LH, Akhurst T. Update on colorectal cancer imaging. Radiol Clin N Am. 2007;45:85-118.
74. Wald C, Scheirey CD, Tran TM, Erbay N. An update on imaging of colorectal cancer. Surg Clin N Am. 2006;86:819-47.
75. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Maruyama T, Fujimoto K, Uchida T, Okuno K. The extent of lymph node dissection for colon carcinoma: the potential impact on laparoscopic surgery. Cancer. 1997;80:188-92.
76. Elsaleh H, Cserni G, Iacopetta B. Extent of nodal involvement in stage III colorectal carcinoma: relationship to clinicopathological variables and genetic alterations. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1218-22.
77. Newland RC, Chapuis PH, Smyth EJ. The prognostic value of substaging colorectal carcinoma. A prospective study of 1,117 cases with standardized pathology. Cancer. 1987;60:852-7.
78. Mallasagne B, Valleur P, Serra J, Sarnacki S, Galian A, Hoang C, et al. Relationship of apical node involvement to survival in resected colon carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum. 1993;36:645-53.
79. Toyota S, Ohta H, Anazawa S. Rationale for extent of lymph node dissection for right colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:705-11.
80. Sanchez-Maldonado W, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Weber TK, Penetrante RB, Petrelli NJ. Utility of mapping lymph nodes cleared from rectal adenocarcinoma specimens. Surg Oncol. 1996;5:123-6.
81. Moormann PS, Thomas C, Pohl C, Söhl R. Patho-anatomical demonstration of lymph node metastases in a surgical specimen. Path Res Pract. 1982;174:403-11.
82. Cohen SM, Wexner SD, Schmitt SL, Nogueras JJ, Lucas F. Effect of xylene clearance of mesenteric fat on harvest of lymph nodes after colonic resection. Eur J Surg. 1994;160:693-7.
83. Cawthorn SJ, Gibbs NM, Marks CG. Clearance technique for the detection of lymph nodes in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1986;73:58-60.
84. Scott KWM, Grace RH. Detection of lymph node metastases in colorectal carcinoma before and after fat clearance. Br J Surg. 1989;76:1165-7.
85. Haboubi NY, Clark P, Kaftan SM, Schofield PF. The importance of combining xylene clearance and immunohistochemistry in the accurate staging of colorectal cancer. J R Soc Med. 1992;85:386-8.
86. Schofield JB, Mounter NA, Mallett R, Haboubi NY. The importance of accurate pathological assessment of lymph node involvement in colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2006;8:460-70.
87. Nano M, Dal Corso H, Ferronato M, Solej M, Hornung JP, Dei PM. Ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in the surgery of rectal cancer: anatomical considerations. Dig Surg. 2004;21:123-6.
88. Goligher HC. The adequacy of the marginal blood supply to the left colon after high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery during excision of the rectum. Br J Surg. 1954;41:351-3.
89. Griffiths JD. The surgical anatomy of the blood supply of the distal colon. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1956;19:241-56.
90. Corder AP, Karanjia ND, Williams JD, Heald RJ. Flush aortic tie versus selective preservation of the ascending left colic artery in low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1992;79:680-2.
91. Hall NR, Finan PJ, Stephenson BM, Lowndes RH, Young HL. High tie of the inferior mesenteric artery in distal colorectal resections: a safe vascular procedure. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1995;10:29-32.
92. Seike K, Koda K, Saito N, Oda K, Kosugi C, Shimizu K, et al. Laser Doppler assessment of the influence of division at the root of the inferior mesenteric artery on anastomotic blood flow in rectosigmoid cancer surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:689-97.
93. Bruch HP, Schwandner O, Schiedeck TH, Roblick UJ. Actual standards and controversies on operative technique and lymph-node dissection in colorectal cancer. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 1999;384:167-75.
94. Hallböök O, Påhlman L, Krog M, Wexner SD, Sjödahl R. Randomized comparison of straight and colonic J pouch anastomosis after low anterior resection. Ann Surg. 1996;224:58-65.
95. Antonsen HK, Kronborg O. Early complications after low anterior resection for rectal cancer using the EEA stapling device: a prospective trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1987;30:579-83.
96. Bernard D, Morgan S, Tasse D, Wassef R. Preliminary results of coloanal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989;32:580-4.
97. Heald RJ, Karanjia ND. Results of radical surgery for rectal cancer. World J Surg. 1992;16:848-57.
98. Mealy K, Burke P, Hyland J. Anterior resection without a defunctioning colostomy: questions of safety. Br J Surg. 1992;79:305-7.
99. Paty PB, Enker WE, Cohen AM, Lauwers GY. Treatment of rectal cancer by low anterior resection with coloanal anastomosis. Ann Surg. 1994;219:365-73.
100. Taflampas P, Christodoulakis M, Tsiftsis D. Anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection for rectal cancer: facts, obscurity, and fiction. Surg Today. 2009;39:183-8.
101. Law WI, Chu KW, Ho JW, Chan CW. Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision. Am J Surg. 2000;179:92-6.
102. Nesbakken A, Nygaard K, Lunde OC. Outcome and late functional results after anastomotic leakage following mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2001;88:400-4.
103. Moriya Y. Function preservation in rectal cancer surgery. Int J Clin Oncol. 2006;11:339-43.
104. Havenga K, Maas CP, DeRuiter MC, Welvaart K, Trimbos JB. Avoiding long-term disturbance to bladder and sexual function in pelvic surgery, particularly with rectal cancer. Semin Surg Oncol. 2000;18:235-43.
105. Mori T, Takahashi K, Yasuno M. Radical resection with autonomic nerve preservation and lymph node dissection techniques in lower rectal cancer surgery and its results: the impact of lateral lymph node dissection. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 1998;383:409-15.
106. Nesbakken A, Nygaard K, Bull-Njaa T, Carlsen E, Eri LM. Bladder and sexual dysfunction after mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2000;87:206-10.
107. Anderson JE. Grant's atlas of anatomy. 8th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1983. section2 (34 and 114).
108. Pernkopf E. Atlas der topographischen und angewandten Anatomie des Menschen. Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1963. p. 255-6.
109. Sato T, Hashimoto M. Morphological analysis of the fascial lamination of the trunk. Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ. 1984;31:21-32.
110. Bauer JJ, Galernt IM, Salky B, Kreel I. Sexual dysfunction following proctocolectomy for benign disease of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg. 1983;197:363-7.
111. Heald RT, Leicester RJ. The low stapled anastomosis. Br J Surg. 1981;68:333-7.
112. Hoer J, Roegels A, Prescher A, Klosterhalfen B, Tons C, Schumpelick V. Preserving autonomic nerves in rectal surgery. Results of surgical preparation on human cadavers with fixed pelvic sections. Chirurg. 2000;71:1222-9.
113. Havenga K, DeRuiter MC, Enker WE, Welvaart K. Anatomical basis of autonomic nerve-preserving total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1996;83:384-8.
114. Kim NK, Aahn TW, Park JK, Lee KY, Lee WH, Sohn SK, et al. Assessment of sexual and voiding function after total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in males with rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1178-85.
115. Hida J, Yasutomi M, Maruyama T, Uchida T, Nakajima A, Wakano T, et al. High ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery with hypogastric nerve preservation in rectal cancer surgery. Surg Today. 1999;29:482-3.
116. Köckerling F, Gastinger I, Schneider B, Krause W, Gall FP. Laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision of the rectum with high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in the management of rectal carcinoma. Endosc Surg Allied Technol. 1993;1:16-9.
117. Abcarian H, Pearl RK. Simple technique for high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery and vein. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991;34:1138.
118. Delaney CP, Neary PC, Heriot AG, Senagore AJ. Operative procedures: low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection. In: Brown B, Seto J, editors. Operative techniques in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 81-94.
119. Guillou PJ, Quirke P, Thorpe H, Walker J, Jayne DG, Smith AM, et al. MRC CLASICC trial group: short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:1718-26.
120. Scheidbach H, Schneider C, Konradt J, Barlehner E, Kohler L, Wittekind CH, et al. Laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and anterior resection with curative intent for carcinoma of the rectum. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:7-13.
121. Liang JT, Lai HS, Lee PH. Laparoscopic pelvic autonomic nerve-preserving surgery for patients with lower rectal cancer after chemoradiation therapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:1285-7.