Late Wisconsinan ice advances, ice extent, and glacial regimes interpreted from seismic data, sediment physical properties, and Foraminifera: Halibut Channel, Grand Banks of Newfoundland

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 351, Issue , 2001, Pages 51-107

  Miller, Ann A L ^a,c   Fader, Gordon B J ^b   Moran, Kathryn ^b,d  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^c Marine GEOS   (Canada)

^d University of Rhode Island   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLACIAL GEOLOGY; SEISMIC WAVES; SEISMOLOGY;

BOREHOLE DRILLING; FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES; GLACIAL ADVANCES; GLACIOMARINE SEDIMENT; LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS; PLEISTOCENE SEDIMENTS; SEISMIC REFLECTIONS; YOUNGER DRYAS CHRONOZONE;

SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS;

FORAMINIFERA; GLACIAL REBOUND; GLACIAL SEDIMENTATION; ICE MOVEMENT; MELTWATER; PALEOZOIC; PLEISTOCENE; SEISMIC DATA; SEISMIC REFLECTION; WISCONSINAN; YOUNGER DRYAS;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; CANADA; GRAND BANKS; NEWFOUNDLAND; NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR;

EID: 84871345508     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2351-5.51     Document Type: Article

References (187)

1. Alley, R.B., Blankenship, D.D., Rooney, S.T., and Bentley, C.R., 1989, Sedimentation beneath ice shelves - The view from ice stream B, in Powell, R.D., and Elverhøi, A., eds., Modern glacimarine environments: Glacial and marine controls of modern lithofacies and biofacies: Marine Geology, v. 85, p. 101-120.
2. Alve, E., 1990, Variations in estuarine foraminiferal biofacies with diminishing oxygen conditions in Drammensfjord, SE Norway, in Hembleben, C., et al., eds., Paleoecology, biostratigraphy, paleoceanography and taxonomy of agglutinated foraminifera: NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 327, p. 661-694.
3. Alve, E., 1994, Opportunistic features of the foraminifer Stainforthia fusiformis (Williamson): Evidence from Frierfjord, Norway: Journal of Micropalaeontology, v. 13, p. 24.
4. Alve, E., 1995, Benthic foraminiferal distribution and recolonization of formerly anoxic environments in Drammensfjord, southern Norway: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 25, p. 169-186.
5. Alve, E., and Murray, J.W., 1995, Benthic foraminiferal distribution and abundance changes in Skagerrak surface sediments: 1937 (Höglund) and 1992/ 1993 data compared: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 25, p. 269-288.
6. Amos, C.L., and Miller, A.A.L., 1990, The Quaternary stratigraphy of southwest Sable Island Bank: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, p. 915-934.
7. Ashley, G.M., Wellner, R.W., Esker, D., and Sheridan, R.E., 1991, Clastic sequences developed during late Quaternary glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations on a passive margin: Example from the inner continental shelf near Barnegat Inlet, New Jersey: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 1607-1621.
8. Austin, W.E.N., and McCarroll, D., 1992, Foraminifera from the Irish Sea glacigenic deposits at Aberdaron, western Lleyn, North Wales: Paleoenvironmental implications: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 7, p. 311-317.
9. Austin, W.E.N., and Sejrup, H.P., 1994, Recent shallow water benthonic foraminifera from western Norway: Ecology and paleoecological significance, in Sejrup, H.P., and Knudsen, K.L., eds., Late Cenozoic benthonic foraminifera: Taxonomy, ecology and stratigraphy: Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication 32, p. 103-125.
10. Batterson, M.J., and Janes, J., 1997, Stratigraphy of Late Quaternary sediments exposed in coastal cliffs, west of Stephenville, in Current Research, 1997: Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 97-1, p. 151-165.
11. Bell, R.A., 1884, Observations on the geology, mineralogy, zoology and botany of the Labrador coast, Hudson's Strait and Bay: Geological Survey of Canada Annual Reports 1882-1884, v. DD, p. 5-62.
12. Bergsten, H., and Dennega°rd, B., 1988, Late Weichselian-Holocene foraminiferal stratigraphy and paleohydrodynamic changes in Gothenburg area, southwestern Sweden: Boreas, v. 17, p. 229-242.
13. Bond, C.G., and Lotti, R., 1995, Iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic on millennial time scales during the last glaciation: Science, v. 267, p. 1005-1010.
14. Bonifay, D., and Piper, D.J.W., 1988, Probable Late Wisconsinan ice margin on the upper continental slope off St. Pierre Bank, eastern Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 25, p. 853-865.
15. Boulton, G.S., 1970, On the deposition of subglacial and melt-out tills at the margin of certain Svalbard glaciers: Journal of Glaciology, v. 9, p. 231-245.
16. Boulton, G.S., 1979, Processes of glacier erosion on different substrata: Journal of Glaciology, v. 23, p. 15-38.
17. Boulton, G.S., 1987, A theory of drumlin formation by subglacial sediment deformation, in Menzies, J., and Rose, J., eds., Drumlin symposium: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 25-80.
18. Boulton, G.S., 1990, Sedimentary and sea level changes during glacial cycles and their control on glacimarine facies architecture, in Dowdeswell, J.A., and Scourse, J.D., eds., Glacimarine environments, processes and sediments: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 53, p. 15-52.
19. Boulton, G.S., 1996, Theory of glacial erosion, transport and deposition as a consequence of subglacial sediment deformation: Journal of Glaciology, v. 42, p. 43-62.
20. Boulton, G.S., and Dobbie, K.E., 1993, Consolidation of sediments by glaciers: Relations between sediment geotechnics, soft-bed glacier dynamics and subglacial ground-water flow: Journal of Glaciology, v. 39, p. 26-44.
21. Boulton, G.S., and Hindemarsh, R.C.A., 1987, Sediment deformation beneath glaciers: Rheology and geological consequences: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 9059-9082.
22. Boulton, G.S., and Jones, A.S., 1979, Stability of temperate ice caps and ice sheets resting on beds of deformable sediment: Journal of Glaciology, v. 24, p. 29-43.
23. Boulton, G.S., Caban, P.E., and Van Gijssel, J., 1995, Groundwater flow beneath ice sheets: Part I - Large scale patterns: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 14, p. 545-562.
24. Boyd, R., Scott, D.B., and Douma, M., 1988, Glacial tunnel valleys and Quaternary history of the outer Scotian Shelf: Nature [London], v. 333, p. 61-64.
25. Brookes, I.A., 1969, Late-glacial marine overlap in western Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, p. 1397-1404.
26. Brookes, I.A., 1977, Radiocarbon age of the Robinson's Head moraine, west Newfoundland, and its significance for post-glacial sea level changes: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 2121-2126.
27. Brookes, I.A., 1982, Ice marks in Newfoundland: A history of ideas: Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 36, p. 139-163.
28. Budd, W.F., and Smith, I.N., 1987, Conditions for growth and retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet: Géographie et Physique Quaternaire, v. 41, p. 279-280.
29. Buzas, M.A., 1990, Another look at species confidence limits for species proportions: Journal of Paleontology, v. 64, p. 842-843.
30. Casagrande, A., 1936, The determination of pre-consolidation load and its practical significance, in Proceedings, Annual Engineering Geology and Soils Engineering Symposium, International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Volume 1: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Graduate School of Engineering, p. 60-64.
31. Catto, N., 1998, The patterns of glaciation on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland: Géographie Physique et Quarternaire, v. 52, p. 23-45.
32. Catto, N., Hamlyn, C., and Catto, G., 1995, Eastern Avalon Field Trip Guide: Canadian Quaternary Association-Canadian Geomorphological Research Group, Programme, Abstracts, Field guides, St. John's, Newfoundland, Geography Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, p. EC1-EC9.
33. Chamberlain, T.C., 1895, Recent glacial studies in Greenland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 6, p. 199-220.
34. CLIMAP Project Members, 1976, The surface of the Ice Age Earth: Science, v. 191, p. 1131-1137.
35. Cole, F.E., 1981, Taxonomic notes on bathyal zone foraminiferal species off north-east Newfoundland: Bedford Institute of Oceanography Report Series BI-R-81-7, 122 p.
36. Conolly, J.R., Needham, H.D., and Heezen, B.C., 1967, Late Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentation in the Laurentian Channel: Journal of Geology, v. 75, p. 131-147.
37. Conradsen, K., 1993, Recent benthic foraminifera in the southern Kattegat, Scandanavia: Distributional pattern and controlling parameters: Boreas, v. 22, p. 367-382.
38. Conradsen, K., Bergsten, H., Knudsen, K.L., Nordberg, K., and Seidenkrantz, M.-S., 1994, Recent benthic foraminiferal distribution in the Kattegat and the Skagerrak, Scandinavia, in Sejrup, H.P., and Knudsen, K.L., eds., Late Cenozoic benthonic foraminifera: Taxonomy, ecology and stratigraphy: Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication 32, p. 53-67.
39. Culver, S.J., Woo, H.J., Oertel, G.F., and Buzas, M.A., 1996, Foraminifera of coastal depositional environments, Virginia, U.S.A.: Distribution, and taphonomy: Palaios, v. 11, p. 459-486.
40. Cushman, J.A., 1944, Foraminifera from the shallow water of the New England Coast: Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication 12, 37 p.
41. Dalrymple, R.W., LeGresley, E.M., Fader, G.B.J., and Petrie, B.D., 1992, The western Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Transgressive Holocene sedimentation under the combined influence of waves and currents: Marine Geology, v. 105, p. 95-118.
42. Davies, T.A., and Austin, J.A., Jr., 1997, High-resolution seismic reflection and coring techniques applied to late Quaternary deposits on the New Jersey Shelf, in Syvitski, J.P.M., et al., eds., COLDSEIS (seismic facies of glacigenic deposits): Marine Geology, v. 143, p. 137-149.
43. Denton, G.H., and Hughes, T.J., 1981, The Arctic Ice Sheet: An outrageous hypothesis, in Denton, G.H., and Hughes, T.J., eds., The last great ice sheets: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 437-467.
44. Dreimanis, A., 1982,Work group (1) - Genetic classification of tills and criteria for their differentiation: Progress report on activities 1977-1982, and definitions of glaciogenic terms, in Schlüchter, C., ed., INQUA Commission on genesis and lithology of Quaternary deposits: Report on activities 1977-1982: Zurich, Switzerland, International Union for Quaternary Research, p. 12-31.
45. Dreimanis, A., 1989, Tills: Their genetic terminology and classification, in Goldthwait, R.P., and Matsch, C.L., eds., Genetic classification of glacigenic deposits: Final report of the Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Glacial Quaternary Deposits of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA): Rotterdam, Balkema Publishers, p. 17-84.
46. Dreimanis, A., and Lundqvist, J., 1984, What should be called till?, in Königsson, L.K., ed., Ten years of Nordic till research: Striae, v. 20, p. 5-10.
47. Elson, J.A., 1957, Striated boulder pavements of southern Manitoba: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 68, p. 1722.
48. Elverhøi, A., Liestøl, O., and Nagy, J., 1980, Glacial erosion, sediments and microfauna in the inner part of Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen: Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter 172, p. 33-61.
49. Eyles, N., and McCabe, A.M., 1989, Glaciomarine facies within subglacial tunnel valleys: The sedimentary record of glaciostatic downwarping in the Irish Sea Basin: Sedimentology, v. 36, p. 431-448.
50. Fader, G.B.J., 1986, Cruise Report 86-017, CSS Hudson: Geological Survey of Canada, Atlantic Geoscience Centre, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 32 p.
51. Fader, G.B.J., 1989, A Late Pleistocene low sea level stand of the south-east Canadian offshore, in Scott, D.B., et al., eds., Late Quaternary sea level correlation and applications: NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 256, p. 71-104.
52. Fader, G.B.J., and Miller, R.O., 1986, A reconnaissance of the surficial and shallow bedrock geology of the southeastern Grand Banks of Newfoundland, in Current research, Part B: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 86-1B, p. 591-604.
53. Fader, G.B.J., and Moran, K., 1988, A preliminary interpretation of the results of boreholes through a till tongue succession on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 20, no. 1, p. 17.
54. Fader, G.B.J., King, L.H., and Josenhans, H.J., 1982, Surficial geology of the Laurentian Channel and western Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Marine Sciences Paper 21: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 81-22, 37 p.
55. Gibson, T.G., and Walker, D.W., 1967, Flotation methods for obtaining foraminifera from sediment samples: Journal of Paleontology, v. 41, p. 1294-1297.
56. Grant, D.R., 1969, Late Pleistocene re-advance of piedmont glaciers in western Newfoundland: Maritime Sediments, v. 5, p. 123-125.
57. Grant, D.R., 1975, Glacial features of the Hermitage-Burin Peninsula area, Newfoundland, in Report of activities, Part C: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 75-1C, p. 333-334.
58. Grant, D.R., 1989, Quaternary geology of the Atlantic Appalachian region of Canada, in Fulton, R.J., ed., Quaternary geology of Canada and Greenland: Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, no. 1, p. 393-440.
59. Grant, D.R., 1992, Quaternary geology of St. Anthony-Blanc Sablon area, Newfoundland: Geological Survey of Canada Map 1664A, scale 1:250 000.
60. Grant, D.R., 1994a, Quaternary geology of Port Saunders map area, Newfoundland: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 91-20, 59 p.
61. Grant, D.R., 1994b, Quaternary geology, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 482, 159 p.
62. Grant, D.R., and King, L.H., 1984, A stratigraphic framework of the Quaternary history of the Atlantic Provinces, in Fulton, R.J., ed., Quaternary stratigraphy of Canada - A Canadian contribution to IGCP Project 24: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 84-10, p. 173-191.
63. Gravenor, C.P., Von Brunn, V., and Dreimanis, A., 1984, Nature and classification of waterlain glaciogenic sediments, exemplified by Pleistocene, late Paleozoic and late Precambrian deposits: Earth Science Reviews, v. 20, p. 105-166.
64. Guilbault, J.P., 1989, Foraminiferal distribution in the central and western parts of the Late Pleistocene Champlain Sea basin, eastern Canada: Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 43, p. 3-26.
65. Guilbault, J.P., 1993, Quaternary foraminiferal stratigraphy in sediments of the eastern Champlain Sea basin, Québec: Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 47, p. 43-68.
66. Haake, F.-W., 1962, Untersuchungen an der Foraminiferen-Fauna im Wattgebiet zwischen Lageoog und dem Festland: Meyniana, Veroffentlichugen aus dem Geologischen Institut der Universität Kiel, v. 12, p. 25-64.
67. Hald, M., and Korsen, S., 1997, Distribution of modern benthic foraminifera from fjords of Svalbard, European Arctic: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 27, p. 101-122.
68. Hald, M., and Vorren, T.O., 1987, Foraminiferal stratigraphy and environments of Late Weichselian deposits on the continental shelf off Troms, northern Norway: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 12, p. 129-160.
69. Hald, M., Sættem, J., and Nesse, E., 1990, Middle and Late Weichselian stratigraphy in shallow drillings from southwestern Barents Sea: Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, v. 70, p. 241-270.
70. Hald, M., Vorren, T.O., Danielson, T.K., Nesse, E., Lorentzen, S., Poole, D., and Steinsund, P.I., 1991, Quaternary benthic foraminiferal distributions in the western Barents Sea: Striae, v. 34, p. 153-157.
71. Hald, M., Steinsund, P.I., Dokken, T., Korsun, S., Polyak, L., and Aspeli, R., 1994, Recent and late Quaternary distribution of Elphidium excavatum f. clavatum in arctic seas, in Sejrup, H.P., and Knudsen, K.L., eds., Late Cenozoic benthonic foraminifera: Taxonomy, ecology and stratigraphy: Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication 32, p. 141-154.
72. Hall, F.R., Miller, A.A.L., and Moran, K., 1998, Deglaciation of the central Scotian Shelf: Foraminifera, physical properties and acoustic records from Emerald Basin: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 30, no. 1, p. 23.
73. Hambrey, M.J., Barrett, P.J., Ehrmann, W.U., and Larsen, B., 1992, Cenozoic sedimentary processes on the Antarctic continental margin and record from deep drilling: Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, supplimentband, v. 86, p. 77-103.
74. Hansen, A., and Knudsen, K.L., 1992, Recent foraminifera in Freemansundet, eastern Svalbard, in Møller, P., Hjort, C., and Ingolfsson, Q., eds., Weichselian and Holocene glacial and marine history of east Svalbard: Preliminary report on the PONNAM fieldwork in 1991: LUNDQUA, Report 35: Lund, Norway, Lund University, Department of Quaternary Geology, p. 177-189.
75. Haynes, J.R., 1981, Foraminifera: London, Macmillian Publishers Ltd., 433 p.
76. Haynes, J.R., McCabe, A.M., and Eyles, N., 1995, Microfaunas from Late Devensian glaciomarine deposits in the Irish Sea basin: Irish Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 81-103.
77. Hutchins, R.W., McKeown, D.L., and King, L.H., 1976, A deep towed high resolution seismic system for continental shelf mapping: Geoscience Canada, v. 3, p. 95-100.
78. Jenness, S.E., 1960, Late Pleistocene glaciations of eastern Newfoundland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 71, p. 161-180.
79. Jennings, A.E., and Helgadóttir, G., 1994, Foraminiferal assemblages from the Greenland fjords and shelf of Eastern Greenland: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 24, p. 123-144.
80. Jensen, K.A., and Knudsen, K.L., 1988, Quaternary foraminiferal stratigraphy in boring 81/29 from the central North Sea: Boreas, v. 17, p. 273-287.
81. Jones, G.A., and Keigwin, L.D., 1988, Evidence from Fram Strait (78° N) for early deglaciation: Nature [London], v. 336, p. 56-59.
82. Josenhans, H., 1997, Simultaneous use of multiple seismic reflection systems for high resolution and deep penetration, in Davies, T.A., et al., eds., Glaciated continental margins: An atlas of acoustic images: New York, Chapman and Hall, p. 31-32.
83. King, L.H., 1980, Aspects of regional surficial geology related to site investigation requirements - Eastern Canadian Shelf, in Ardus, D.A., ed., Offshore site investigation: London, Graham and Trottman, p. 37-59.
84. King, L.H., 1993, Till in the marine environment: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 8, p. 347-358.
85. King, L.H., 1994, Proposed Younger Dryas of the eastern Scotian Shelf: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 31, p. 401-417.
86. King, L.H., 1996, Ice retreat from the Scotian Shelf: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 1056-1067.
87. King, L.H., and Fader, G.B., 1976, Application of the Huntec deep tow highresolution seismic system to surficial and bedrock studies - Grand Banks of Newfoundland, in Report of activities, Part C: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 76-1C, p. 5-7.
88. King, L.H., and Fader, G.B.J., 1986, Wisconsinan glaciation of the continental shelf, southeast Atlantic Canada: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 363, 72 p.
89. King, L.H., Fader, G.B.J., Jenkins, W.A.M., and King, E.L., 1986, Occurrence and regional geological setting of Paleozoic rocks on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 23, p. 504-526.
90. King, L.H., Rokoengen, K., and Gunleiksrud, T., 1987, Quaternary seismostratgraphy of the Mid-Norwegian Shelf, 65°-67°30′ N - A till tongue stratigraphy: Trondheim, Norway, Continental Shelf and Petroleum Technology Research Institute Publication 114, 58 p.
91. King, L.H., Rokoengen, K., Fader, G.B.J., and Gunleiksrud, T., 1991, Tilltongue stratigraphy: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 637-659.
92. Knebel, H.J., Wood, S.A., and Spiker, E.C., 1979, Hudson River: Evidence for extensive migration on the exposed continental shelf during Pleistocene time: Geology, v. 7, p. 254-258.
93. Knudsen, K.L., 1978, Middle and Late Weichselian marine deposits at Nørre Lyngby, northern Jutland, Denmark, and their foraminiferal faunas: Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse II, Raekke 112, 44 p.
94. Knudsen, K.L., 1982, Foraminifers, in Olausson, E., ed., The Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in southwestern Sweden: Sveriges Geologiska Ündersökning, ser. C, Ayhandlingar och Ündersökning 794, p. 148-177.
95. Knudsen, K.L., 1993, Late Elsterian-Holsteinian foraminiferal stratigraphy in boreholes in the lower Elbe area, NW Germany: Geologisches Jahrbuch, ser. A, v. 138, p. 97-119.
96. Knudsen, K.L., and Asbjörnsdóttir, L., 1991, Plio-Pleistocene foraminiferal stratigraphy and correlation in the central North Sea: Marine Geology, v. 101, p. 113-124.
97. Knudsen, K.L., and Sejrup, H.-P., 1993, Pleistocene stratigraphy in the Devils Hole area, central North Sea: Foraminiferal and amino-acid evidence: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 8, p. 1-14.
98. Korsen, S.A., Pogodina, I.A., Forman, S.L., and Lubinski, D.J., 1995, Recent foraminifera in glaciomarine sediments from three arctic fjords of Novaja Zemlja and Svalbard: Polar Research, new series, v. 14, p. 15-31.
99. Lagoe, M.B., Eyles, C.H., and Eyles, N., 1994, Foraminiferal biofacies and paleoenvironments in a Pliocene megachannel of the glaciomarine Yakataga Formation, Gulf of Alaska, in Sejrup, H.P., and Knudsen, K.L., eds., Late Cenozoic benthonic foraminifera: Taxonomy, ecology and stratigraphy: Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication 32, p. 127-140.
100. Lagoe, M.B., Davies, T.A., Austin, J.A., Jr., and Olson, H.C., 1997, Foraminiferal constraints on very high-resolution seismic stratigraphy and Late Quaternary glacial history, New Jersey continental shelf: Palaios, v. 12, p. 249-266.
101. Liverman, D.G.E., 1994, Relative sea-level history and isostatic rebound in Newfoundland: Boreas, v. 23, p. 217-230.
102. Liverman, D., and Batterson, M., 1995, West Coast Newfoundland Field Trip Guide: Canadian Quaternary Association-Canadian Geomorphological Research Group, Programme, Abstracts, Field guides, St. John's, Newfoundland, Geography Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, p. WC1-WC78.
103. Liverman, D., and Bell, T., 1996, Late Quaternary glacial and glaciomarine sediments in southern St. George's Bay, in Current Research, 1996: Newfoundland Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Branch Report 96-1, p. 29-40.
104. Loeblich, A.R., Jr., and Tappan, H., 1964, Sarcodina, chiefly "Thecamoebians" and foraminifera, in Moore, R.C., ed., Treatiste on invertebrate paleontology, Part C, Protista 2: Lawrence, Kansas University Press, 899 p.
105. Loeblich, A.R., Jr., and Tappan, H., 1988, Foraminifera genera and their classification: New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 970 p.
106. Long, D., Bent, A., Harland, R., Gregory, D.M., Graham, D.K., and Morten, A.C., 1986, Late Quaternary paleontology, sedimentology and geochemistry of a vibrocore from the Witch Ground Basin, central North Sea: Marine Geology, v. 73, p. 109-123.
107. Loring, D.H., and Nota, D.J.G., 1973, Morphology and sediments of the Gulf of St. Lawrence: Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 182, 147 p.
108. Lutze, G., 1965, Zur Foraminiferen-Fauna der Ostsee: Meyniana, Veroffentlichugen aus dem Geologischen Institut der Universität Kiel, v. 15, p. 75-147.
109. Lutze, G., 1974, Foraminiferin der Kieker Bucht (Westiche Ostsee): 1. "Haugartengebeit" des Sonderforschungbereiches 95 der Universität Kiel: Meyniana, Veroffentlichugen aus dem Geologischen Institut der Universität Kiel, v. 26, p. 9-22.
110. MacLean, B., Sonnichsen, G., Vilks, G., Powell, C., Moran, K., Jennings, A., Hodgson, D., and Deonarine, B., 1989, Marine geological and geotechnical investigations in Wellington, Byam Martin, Austin, and adjacent channels, Canadian Arctic Archipeligo: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 89-11, 69 p.
111. Mangerud, J., Sønstegaard, E., Sejrup, H.-P., and Haldorsen, S., 1981, A continuous Eemian-Early Weichselian sequence containing pollen and marine fossils at Fjøsanger, western Norway: Boreas, v. 10, p. 137-208.
112. Miller, A.A.L., 1993, Quaternary foraminiferal biostratigraphy of three shallow geotechnical boreholes, Balmoral, Cohasset and Panuke wellsites, western Sable Island Bank: marine g.e.o.s. Technical Report 6: Geological Survey of Canada Open-File Report 2710, 87 p.
113. Miller, A.A.L., 1996, Late Quaternary foraminiferal biostratigraphy of three shallow geotechnical boreholes in Halibut Channel, western Grand Banks of Newfoundland: marine g.e.o.s. Technical Report 8: Geological Survey of Canada Open-File Report 3369, 131 p.
114. Miller, A.A.L., 1998a, All deglaciations are not alike: Insights into deglacial marine environments from indicator foraminiferal species, Atlantic Canada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 30, no. 1, p. 62.
115. Miller, A.A.L., 1998b, All deglaciations are not alike: Insights into deglacial marine environments from indicator foraminiferal species, Atlantic Canada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 30, no. 7, Late breaking abstract no. 60012.
116. Miller, A.A.L., 1999, The Quaternary sediments and seismostratigraphy of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and the Northeast Newfoundland Shelf: Foraminiferal refinements and constraints [Ph.D. dissertation]: Washington, D.C., Columbian School of Arts and Sciences, The George Washington University, 972 p.
117. Miller, A.A.L., Mudie, P.J., and Scott, D.B., 1982a, Holocene history of Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia: Foraminifera, dinoflagellate and pollen records: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 19, p. 2342-2367.
118. Miller, A.A.L., Scott, D.B., and Medioli, F.S., 1982b, Elphidium excavatum (Terquem): Ecophenotypic versus subspecific variation: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 12, p. 116-144.
119. Miller, A.A.L., Moran, K., and Fader, G.B.J., 1994, Quaternary history of the central Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Foraminiferal content, seismostratigraphy and physical properties of sediments in Halibut Channel: Geological Association of Canada Program with Abstracts, v. 19, p. A76.
120. Miller, A.A.L., Moran, K., and Fader, G.B.J., 1995a, Quaternary history of the central Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Foraminiferal content, seismostratigraphy and physical properties of sediments in Halibut Channel: Halifax, Nova Scotia, Fifth International Conference on Paleoceanography, Program and Abstracts, p. 108.
121. Miller, A.A.L., Moran, K., and Hall, F.R., 1995b, Deglaciation of the central Scotian Shelf: Foraminifera, physical properties and acoustic records from Emerald Basin: Halifax, Nova Scotia, Fifth International Conference on Paleoceanography, Program and Abstracts, p. 107.
122. Miller, A.A.L., Nomura, R., and Osterman, L.E., 1996, Islandiella algida (Cushman, 1944), senior subjective synonym of Islandiella islandica (Nørvang, 1945): Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 26, p. 209-212.
123. Milliman, J.D., Jiezao, Z., and Ewing, J.I., 1990, Late Quaternary sedimentation on the outer and middle New Jersey continental shelf: Results of two local deglaciations?: Journal of Geology, v. 98, p. 966-976.
124. Moran, K., 1987, Cruise Report 87400, M/B Balder Challenger: Dartmouth, Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Atlantic Geoscience Centre, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 26 p.
125. Moran, K., and Fader, G.B.J., 1997, Glacial and glaciomarine sedimentation: Halibut Channel, Grand Banks of Newfoundland, in Davies, T.A., et al., eds., Glaciated continental margins: An atlas of acoustic images: New York, Chapman and Hall, p. 217-220.
126. Mudie, P.J., Piper, D.J.W., Rideout, K., Robertson, K.R., Schafer, C.T., Vilks, G., and Hardy, I.A., 1984, Standard methods for collecting, describing and sampling Quaternary sediments at the Atlantic Geoscience Centre: Geological Survey of Canada Open-File Report 1044, 47 p.
127. Murray, J.W., 1973, Distribution of living benthic Foraminifera: London, Heinemann Educational Books, 274 p.
128. Murray, J.W., 1985, Recent foraminifera from the North Sea (Forties and Ekofisk areas) and the continental shelf west of Scotland: Journal of Micropalaeontology, v. 4, p. 117-125.
129. Murray, J.W., 1991, Ecology and palaeoecology of benthic foraminifera: Harlow, United Kingdom, Longman Scientific and Technical, 397 p.
130. Murray, J.W., 1992, Distribution and population dynamics of benthic foraminifera from the southern North Sea: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 22, p. 114-128.
131. Nagy, J., 1965, Foraminifera in some bottom samples from the shallow waters in Vestspitsbergen: Norsk PolarinstituttA° rbok (1963), p. 109-125.
132. Orheim, O., and Elverhøi, A., 1981, Model for submarine glacial deposition: Annals of Glaciology, v. 2, p. 123-128.
133. Østby, K., and Nagy, J., 1982, Foraminiferal distribution in the western Barents Sea, recent and Quaternary: Polar Research, no. 1, p. 53-96.
134. Osterman, L.E., 1984, Benthic foraminiferal zonation of a glacial/interglacial transition from Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, NorthWest Territories, Canada, in Oertli, H.J., ed., Benthos '83, 2nd International Symposium on Benthic Foraminifera, Pau, 1983: Pau and Bordeaux, France, Elf Aquitaine, Esso REP, and Total CFP, p. 471-476.
135. Osterman, L.E., and Andrews, J.T., 1983, Changes in glaciomarine sedimentation in core HU 77-159, Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, N.W.T.: A record of proximal, distal and ice-rafting glaciomarine environments, in Molnia, B.J., ed., Glaciomarine sedimentation: New York, Plenum Press, p. 451-494.
136. Osterman, L.E., and Nelson, A.R., 1989, Latest Quaternary and Holocene paleoceanography of eastern Baffin Island continental shelf, Canada: Benthic foraminiferal evidence: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, p. 2236-2248.
137. Pawlowski, J., 1991, Distribution and taxonomy of some benthic tiny foraminifers from the Bermuda Rise: Micropaleontology, v. 37, p. 163-172.
138. Pfirman, S.L., and Solheim, A., 1989, Subglacial meltwater discharge in the open marine tidewater glacier environment: Observations from Nordaustlandet, Svalbard Archipelago: Marine Geology, v. 86, p. 265-281.
139. Phleger, F.B, 1960, Ecology and distribution of recent Foraminifera: Baltimore, Maryland, John Hopkins Press, 297 p.
140. Piotrowski, J.A., 1997, Subglacial hydrology in north-western Germany during the last glaciation: Groundwater flow, tunnel valleys and hydrological cycles: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 16, p. 169-185.
141. Piper, D.J.W., Mudie, P.J., Fader, G.B.J., Josenhans, H.W., MacLean, B., and Vilks, G., 1990, Quaternary geology, in Keen, M.J., and Williams, G.L., eds., Geology of the continental margin of eastern Canada: Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, no. 2, p. 475-607.
142. Piper, D.J.W., Mudie, P.J., Aksu, A.E., and Skene, K.I., 1994, A 1 Ma record of sediment flux south of the Grand Banks used to infer the development of glaciation in southeastern Canada: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 13, p. 23-37.
143. Poag, C.W., 1981, Ecologic atlas of benthic foraminifera of the Gulf of Mexico: Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Marine Sciences International, 174 p.
144. Powell, R.D., 1984, Glacimarine processes and inductive lithofacies modelling of ice shelf and tidewater glacier sediments based on Quaternary examples, in Bornhold, B.D., and Guilcher, A., eds., Sedimentation on highlatitude continental shelves: Marine Geology, v. 57, p. 1-52.
145. Prest, V., 1984, The Late Wisconsinan glacier complex, in Fulton, R.J., ed., Quaternary stratigraphy of Canada - A Canadian contribution to IGCP Project 24: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 84-10, p. 21-36.
146. Quinlan, G., and Beaumont, C., 1982, The deglaciation of Atlantic Canada as reconstructed from the postglacial relative sea-level record: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 19, p. 2232-2246.
147. Rampton, V.N., Gauthier, R.C., Thibault, J., and Seaman, A.A., 1984, Quaternary geology of New Brunswick: Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 416, 77 p.
148. Rodrigues, C., and Hooper, K., 1982, Recent benthonic foraminiferal associations from offshore environments in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 12, p. 327-352.
149. Rodrigues, C.G., Ceman, J.A., and Vilks, G., 1993, Late Quaternary paleoceanography of deep and intermediate water masses off Gaspé Peninsula, Gulf of St. Lawrence: Foraminiferal evidence: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 1390-1403.
150. Rottgardt, D., 1952, Mickropaläontologische wichtige Bestandteile recenter brackische Sedimente an den Kusten Schleswig-Holsteins: Meyniana, Veroffentlichugen aus dem Geologischen Institut der Universität Kiel, v. 1, p. 169-228.
151. Sarnthein, M., Jansen, E., Arnold, M., Duplessy, J.C., Erlenkeuser, H., Flatøy, A., Veum, T., Vogelsang, E., and Weinelt, M.S., 1992, δ18O time-slice reconstruction of melt water anomalies at termination 1 in the North Atlantic between 50° and 80° N, in Bard, E., and Broecker, W.S., eds., The last deglaciation: Absolute and radiocarbon chronologies: NATO ASI Series I: Global Environmental Change, v. 2, p. 184-200.
152. Schafer, C.T., and Cole, F.E., 1978, Distribution of Foraminifera in Chaleur Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 77-30, 55 p.
153. Schafer, C.T., and Cole, F.E., 1986, Reconnaissance survey of benthonic Foraminifera from Baffin Island fiord environments: Journal of the Arctic Institute of North America, v. 39, p. 232-239.
154. Scott, D.B., 1987, Quaternary benthic foraminifers from Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 612 and 613, Leg 95, New Jersey Transect, in Poag, C.W., et al., Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project; Leg 95:Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 313-337.
155. Scott, D.B., Schafer, C.T., and Medioli, F.S., 1980, Eastern Canadian estuarine foraminifera: A framework for comparison: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 10, p. 205-234.
156. Scott, D.B., Mudie, P.J., Vilks, G., and Younger, D.C., 1984, Latest Pleistocene-Holocene paleoceanographic trends on the continental margin of eastern Canada: Foraminiferal, dinoflagellate and pollen evidence: Marine
157. Scott, D.B., Boyd, R., Douma, M., Medioli, F.S., Yuill, S., Leavitt, E., and Lewis, C.F.M., 1989, Holocene relative sea level changes and Quaternary glacial events on a continental shelf edge: Sable Island Bank, in Scott, D.B., et al., eds., Late Quaternary sea level correlation and applications: NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 256, p. 105-120.
158. Scourse, J.D., Austin, W.E.D., Bateman, R.M., Catt, J.A., Evans, C.D.R., Robinson, J.E., and Young, J.R., 1990, Sedimentology and micropaleontology of glacimarine sediments from the central and southwestern Celtic Sea, in Dowdeswell, J.A., and Scourse, J.D., eds., Glacimarine environments, processes and sediments: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 53, p. 329-348.
159. Seidenkrantz, M-S., and Knudsen, K.L., 1993, MiddleWeichselian to Holocene palaeoecology in the eastern Kattegat, Scandinavia: Foraminifera, ostracods and 14C measurements: Boreas, v. 22, p. 299-310.
160. Sejrup, H.-P., Aarseth, I., Ellingsen, K.L., Reither, E., Jansen, E., Løvlie, R., Bent, A., Brigham-Grette, J., Larsen, E., and Stoker, M., 1987, Quaternary stratigraphy of the Fladen area, central North sea: A multidisciplinary study: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 2, p. 35-58.
161. Sen Gupta, B.K., 1971, The benthonic foraminifera of the Tail of the Grand Banks: Micropaleontology, v. 17, p. 69-98.
162. Sen Gupta, B.K., and McMullen, R. M., 1969, Foraminiferal distribution and sedimentary facies on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, p. 475-487.
163. Shaw, J., and Forbes, D.L., 1995, The postglacial relative sea-level lowstand in Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 1308-1330.
164. Slatt, R.M., 1977, Late Quaternary terrigenous and carbonate sedimentation on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 1357-1367.
165. Stea, R., and Mott, R.J., 1989, Deglaciation environments and evidence for glaciers of Younger Dryas age in Nova Scotia, Canada: Boreas, v. 18, p. 169-187.
166. Stea, R., and Mott, R.J., 1998, Deglaciation of Nova Scotia: Stratigraphy and chronology of lake sediment cores and buried organic sections: Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 52, p. 3-21.
167. Stea, R.R., Piper, D.J.W., Fader, G.B.J., and Boyd, R., 1998, Wisconsinan glacial and sea-level history of Maritime Canada and the adjacent continental shelf: A correlation of land and sea events: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 821-845.
168. Stravers, J.A., and Powell, R.D., 1997, Glacial debris flow deposits on the Baffin Island Shelf: Seismic facies architecture of till-tongue-like deposits, in Syvitski, J.P.M., et al., eds., COLDSEIS (seismic facies of glacigenic deposits): Marine Geology, v. 143, p. 151-168.
169. Sturrock, S., and Murray, J.W., 1981, Comparison of low energy and high energy marine shelf foraminiferal faunas, Celtic Sea and western English Channel, in Neale, J.W., and Braisier, M.D., eds., Microfossils from recent and fossil shelf seas: Chichester, United Kingdom, Ellis Horwood Ltd., p. 250-260.
170. Syvitski, J.P.M., 1991, Towards an understanding of sediment deposition on glaciated continental shelves, in Amos, C.L., and Collins, M., eds., Proceedings of the Canadian continental shelf seabed symposium (C2S3): Continental Shelf Research, v. 11, p. 897-937.
171. Syvitski, J.P.M., 1993, Glaciomarine environments in Canada: An overview: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 354-371.
172. Syvitski, J.P.M., Lewis, C.F.M., and Piper, D.J.W., 1996, Paleoceanographic information derived from acoustic surveys of glaciated continental margins: Examples from eastern Canada, in Andrews, J.T., et al., eds., Late Quaternary palaeoceanography of the North Atlantic margins: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 111, p. 51-76.
173. Syvitski, J.P.M., Stoker, M.S., and Cooper, A.K., 1997, Seismic facies of glacial deposits from marine and lacustrine environments, in Syvitski, J.P.M., et al., eds., COLDSEIS (seismic facies of glacigenic deposits): Marine Geology, v. 143, p. 1-4.
174. Tucker, C.M., and McCann, S.B., 1980, Quaternary events on the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, and the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, France: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 17, p. 1462-1479.
175. Twichell, D.C., McClennen, C.E., and Butman, B., 1981, Morphology and processes associated with the accumulation of the fine-grained sediment deposit on the southern New England Shelf: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology v. 51, p. 269-280.
176. Vilks, G., 1980, Post glacial sedimentation on Labrador Shelf: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 78-28, 28 p.
177. Vilks, G., 1981, Late glacial-postglacial foraminiferal boundary in sediments of eastern Canada, Denmark and Norway: Geoscience Canada, v. 8, p. 48-55.
178. Vilks, G., and Deonarine, B., 1988, Labrador Shelf benthic foraminifera and stable oxygen isotopes of Cibicides lobatulus related to the Labrador Current: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 25, p. 1240-1255.
179. Vilks, G., and Rashid, M.A., 1976, Post-glacial paleo-oceanography of Emerald Basin, Scotian Shelf: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 13, p. 1256-1267.
180. Vilks, G., Deonarine, B., Wagner, F.J., and Winters, G., 1982, Foraminifera and mollusca in surface sediments of southeastern Labrador Shelf: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 93, p. 225-238.
181. Vilks, G., Hardy, I., and Josenhans, H.W., 1984, Late Quaternary stratigraphy of the inner Labrador shelf, in Current research, Part A: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 84-1A, p. 57-65.
182. Vilks, G., MacLean, B., Deonarine, B., Currie, C.G., and Moran, K., 1989, Late Quaternary paleoceanography and sedimentary environments in Hudson Strait: Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, v. 43, p. 161-178.
183. Vorren, T.O., Hald, M., Edvardsen, M., and Lind-Hansen, O.-W., 1983, Glacigenic sediments and sedimentary environments on continental shelves: General principles with a case study from the Norwegian Shelf, in Ehlers, J., ed., Glacial deposits in north-west Europe: Rotterdam, Balkema Publishers, p. 61-73.
184. Vorren, T.O., Lebesbye, E., Andreassen, K., and Larsen, K.B., 1989, Glacigenic sediments on a passive continental margin as exemplified by the Barents Sea, in Powell, R.D., and Elverhøi, A., eds., Modern glacimarine environments: Glacial and marine controls of modern lithofacies and biofacies: Marine Geology, v. 85, p. 251-272.
185. Weiss, L., 1954, Foraminifera and origin of the Gardiners Clay (Pleistocene), eastern Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 254-G, p. 143-163.
186. Williamson, M.A., Keen, C.E., and Mudie, P.J., 1984, Foraminiferal distribution on the continental margin off Nova Scotia: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 9, p. 219-239.
187. Wingfield, R., 1990, The origin of major incisions within the Pleistocene deposits of the North Sea: Marine Geology, v. 91, p. 31-52.