Pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 6, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 597-613

  Weiss, Curtis H ^a   Glassroth, Jeffrey ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

diagnosis; epidemiology; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; macrolide; mycobacteria; Mycobacterium abscessus; Mycobacterium avium complex; nodular bronchiectasis; nontuberculous mycobacteria; treatment

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; CEFOXITIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ETHAMBUTOL; IMIPENEM; ISONIAZID; LINEZOLID; MACROLIDE; MINOCYCLINE; MOXIFLOXACIN; PYRAZINAMIDE; PYRIDOXINE; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAMYCIN; STREPTOMYCIN; SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; TOBRAMYCIN; TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR;

ACCURACY; ALLERGIC PNEUMONITIS; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIOSIS; ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIUM; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BRONCHIECTASIS; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COMORBIDITY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; LUNG BIOPSY; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG INFECTION; LUNG SURGERY; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; MYCOBACTERIUM INTRACELLULARE AVIUM; NODULAR BRONCHIECTASIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SPUTUM ANALYSIS;

EID: 84870999064     PISSN: 17476348     EISSN: 17476356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.58     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Stout JE. Evaluation and management of patients with pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 4(6), 981-993 (2006). (Pubitemid 46040351)
2. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA et al.; ATS Mycobacterial Diseases Subcommittee; American Thoracic Society; Infectious Disease Society of America. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 175(4), 367-416 (2007).
3. Jones D, Havlir DV. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the HIV infected patient. Clin. Chest Med. 23(3), 665-674 (2002).
4. Wolinsky E. Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 119(1), 107-159 (1979). (Pubitemid 9116316)
5. Tortoli E. Impact of genotypic studies on mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16(2), 319-354 (2003). (Pubitemid 36519815)
6. von Reyn CF, Waddell RD, Eaton T et al. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from water in the United States, Finland, Zaire, and Kenya. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31(12), 3227-3230 (1993). (Pubitemid 23335614)
7. Kankya C, Muwonge A, Djoønne B et al. Isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from pastoral ecosystems of Uganda: public health significance. BMC Public Health 11, 320 (2011).
8. Thomson RM; NTM working group at Queensland TB Control Centre and Queensland Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory. Changing epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections. Emerging Infect. Dis. 16(10), 1576-1583 (2010).
9. Falkinham JO 3rd. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the environment. Clin. Chest Med. 23(3), 529-551 (2002).
10. Meissner G, Anz W. Sources of Mycobacterium avium complex infection resulting in human diseases. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 116(6), 1057-1064 (1977). (Pubitemid 8247256)
11. Covert TC, Rodgers MR, Reyes AL, Stelma GN Jr. Occurrence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(6), 2492-2496 (1999).
12. Falkinham JO 3rd. Nontuberculous mycobacteria from household plumbing of patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria disease. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17(3), 419-424 (2011).
13. Olivier KN, Weber DJ, Wallace RJ Jr et al.; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Cystic Fibrosis Study Group. Nontuberculous mycobacteria. I: multicenter prevalence study in cystic fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167(6), 828-834 (2003). (Pubitemid 36801769)
14. Aitken ML, Limaye A, Pottinger P et al. Respiratory outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies massiliense in a lung transplant and cystic fibrosis center. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 185(2), 231-232 (2012).
15. Khan K, Wang J, Marras TK. Nontuberculous mycobacterial sensitization in the United States: national trends over three decades. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176(3), 306-313 (2007). (Pubitemid 47195882)
16. Ostroff S, Hutwagner L, Collin S. Mycobacterial species and drug resistance patterns reported by state laboratories-1992. Presented at 93rd American Society for Microbiology General Meeting. Atlanta, GA, USA, 16-20 May 1993 (abstract U-9).
17. Good RC, Snider DE Jr. Isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the United States, 1980. J. Infect. Dis. 146(6), 829-833 (1982). (Pubitemid 13211885)
18. Marras TK, Chedore P, Ying AM, Jamieson F. Isolation prevalence of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteria in Ontario, 1997 2003. Thorax 62(8), 661-666 (2007). (Pubitemid 47235003)
19. Prevots DR, Shaw PA, Strickland D et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease prevalence at four integrated health care delivery systems. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 182(7), 970-976 (2010).
20. O'Brien DP, Currie BJ, Krause VL. Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in northern Australia: a case series and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31(4), 958-967 (2000). (Pubitemid 32299354)
21. Kennedy MP, O'Connor TM, Ryan C, Sheehan S, Cryan B, Bredin C. Nontuberculous mycobacteria: incidence in southwest Ireland from 1987 to 2000. Respir. Med. 97(3), 257-263 (2003). (Pubitemid 36266882)
22. Ding LW, Lai CC, Lee LN, Hsueh PR. Disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria in a university hospital in Taiwan, 1997-2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 134(5), 1060-1067 (2006). (Pubitemid 44336383)
23. Lai CC, Tan CK, Chou CH et al. Increasing incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria, Taiwan, 2000-2008. Emerging Infect. Dis. 16(2), 294-296 (2010).
24. Freeman J, Morris A, Blackmore T, Hammer D, Munroe S, McKnight L. Incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in New Zealand, 2004. N. Z. Med. J. 120(1256), U2580 (2007).
25. Adjemian J, Olivier KN, Seitz AE, Holland SM, Prevots DR. Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in U.S. Medicare beneficiaries. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 185(8), 881-886 (2012).
26. O'Brien RJ, Geiter LJ, Snider DE Jr. The epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases in the United States. Results from a national survey. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135(5), 1007-1014 (1987). (Pubitemid 18021482)
27. Winthrop KL, McNelley E, Kendall B et al. Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease prevalence and clinical features: an emerging public health disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 182(7), 977-982 (2010).
28. Adjemian J, Olivier KN, Seitz AE, Falkinham JO 3rd, Holland SM, Prevots DR. Spatial clusters of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in the United States. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 186(6), 553-558 (2012).
29. Hernández-Garduño E, Rodrigues M, Elwood RK. The incidence of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteria in British Columbia, Canada. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 13(9), 1086-1093 (2009).
30. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI reference document M48A: Laboratory Detection and Identification of Mycobacteriai Approved Guideline. PA, USA (2011).
31. Marras TK, Daley CL. Epidemiology of human pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria. Clin. Chest Med. 23(3), 553-567 (2002).
32. Leao SC, Tortoli E, Viana-Niero C et al. Characterization of mycobacteria from a major Brazilian outbreak suggests that revision of the taxonomic status of members of the Mycobacterium chelonae -M. abscessus group is needed. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47(9), 2691-2698 (2009).
33. Bodle EE, Cunningham JA, Della-Latta P, Schluger NW, Saiman L. Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients without HIV infection, New York City. Emerging Infect. Dis. 14(3), 390-396 (2008). (Pubitemid 351451385)
34. Simons S, van Ingen J, Hsueh PR et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in respiratory tract infections, eastern Asia. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17(3), 343-349 (2011).
35. Moore JE, Kruijshaar ME, Ormerod LP, Drobniewski F, Abubakar I. Increasing reports of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 1995-2006. BMC Public Health 10, 612 (2010).
36. Han XY, Tarrand JJ, Infante R, Jacobson KL, Truong M. Clinical significance and epidemiologic analyses of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare among patients without AIDS. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(9), 4407-4412 (2005). (Pubitemid 41298220)
37. Tateishi Y, Hirayama Y, Ozeki Y et al. Virulence of Mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from immunocompetent patients. Microb. Pathog. 46(1), 6-12 (2009).
38. Koh WJ, Jeong BH, Jeon K et al. Clinical significance of the differentiation between Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in M. avium complex lung disease. Chest doi:10.1378/chest.12-0494 (2012) (Epub ahead of print).
39. McGarvey J, Bermudez LE. Pathogenesis of nontuberculous mycobacteria infections. Clin. Chest Med. 23(3), 569-583 (2002).
40. Sexton P, Harrison AC. Susceptibility to nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. Eur. Respir. J. 31(6), 1322-1333 (2008).
41. September SM, Brözel VS, Venter SN. Diversity of nontuberculoid Mycobacterium species in biofilms of urban and semiurban drinking water distribution systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70(12), 7571-7573 (2004). (Pubitemid 39643828)
42. Collins FM. Bactericidal activity of alkaline glutaraldehyde solution against a number of atypical mycobacterial species. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 61(3), 247-251 (1986).
43. Steingrube VA, Wallace RJ Jr, Steele LC, Pang YJ. Mercuric reductase activity and evidence of broad-spectrum mercury resistance among clinical isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35(5), 819-823 (1991).
44. Lowry PW, Jarvis WR, Oberle AD et al. Mycobacterium chelonae causing otitis media in an ear-nose-and-throat practice. N. Engl. J. Med. 319(15), 978-982 (1988).
45. Wenger JD, Spika JS, Smithwick RW et al. Outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae infection associated with use of jet injectors. JAMA 264(3), 373-376 (1990). (Pubitemid 20219286)
46. Schorey JS, Carroll MC, Brown EJ. A macrophage invasion mechanism of pathogenic mycobacteria. Science 277(5329), 1091-1093 (1997). (Pubitemid 27371629)
47. Ripoll F, Pasek S, Schenowitz C et al. Non-mycobacterial virulence genes in the genome of the emerging pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus. PLoS ONE 4(6), e5660 (2009).
48. Fowler SJ, French J, Screaton NJ et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in bronchiectasis: prevalence and patient characteristics. Eur. Respir. J. 28(6), 1204-1210 (2006). (Pubitemid 44883857)
49. Hadjiliadis D, Adlakha A, Prakash UB. Rapidly growing mycobacterial lung infection in association with esophageal disorders. Mayo Clin. Proc. 74(1), 45-51 (1999). (Pubitemid 29042675)
50. Simmon KE, Brown-Elliott BA, Ridge PG et al. Mycobacterium chelonae -abscessus complex associated with sinopulmonary disease, Northeastern USA. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17(9), 1692-1700 (2011).
51. McCarthy KD, Cain KP, Winthrop KL et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in patients with HIV in Southeast Asia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 185(9), 981-988 (2012).
52. O'Connell ML, Birkenkamp KE, Kleiner DE, Folio LR, Holland SM, Olivier KN. Lung manifestations in an autopsy-based series of pulmonary or disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Chest 141(5), 1203-1209 (2012).
53. Prince DS, Peterson DD, Steiner RM et al. Infection with Mycobacterium avium complex in patients without predisposing conditions. N. Engl. J. Med. 321(13), 863-868 (1989). (Pubitemid 19238618)
54. Kim RD, Greenberg DE, Ehrmantraut ME et al. Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease: prospective study of a distinct preexisting syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178(10), 1066-1074 (2008).
55. Colombo RE, Hill SC, Claypool RJ, Holland SM, Olivier KN. Familial clustering of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Chest 137(3), 629-634 (2010).
56. Marras TK, Wallace RJ Jr, Koth LL, Stulbarg MS, Cowl CT, Daley CL. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis reaction to Mycobacterium avium in household water. Chest 127(2), 664-671 (2005). (Pubitemid 40229334)
57. Tillie-Leblond I, Grenouillet F, Reboux G et al. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and metalworking fluids contaminated by mycobacteria. Eur. Respir. J. 37(3), 640-647 (2011).
58. Falkinham JO 3rd. Mycobacterial aerosols and respiratory disease. Emerging Infect. Dis. 9(7), 763-767 (2003).
59. Griffith DE, Girard WM, Wallace RJ Jr. Clinical features of pulmonary disease caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. An analysis of 154 patients. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147(5), 1271-1278 (1993). (Pubitemid 23149890)
60. Doucette K, Fishman JA. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(10), 1428-1439 (2004). (Pubitemid 38678611)
61. Novick RJ, Moreno-Cabral CE, Stinson EB et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in heart transplant recipients: a seventeen-year experience. J. Heart Transplant. 9(4), 357-363 (1990). (Pubitemid 20279761)
62. Weinstock DM, Feinstein MB, Sepkowitz KA, Jakubowski A. High rates of infection and colonization by nontuberculous mycobacteria after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 31(11), 1015-1021 (2003). (Pubitemid 36722414)
63. Winthrop KL, Chang E, Yamashita S et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections and antitumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15, 1556-1561 (2009).
64. Maimon N, Brunton J, Chan AK, Marras TK. Fatal pulmonary Mycobacterium xenopi in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving etanercept. Thorax 62, 739-740 (2007). (Pubitemid 47235021)
65. Levine B, Chaisson RE. Mycobacterium kansasii: a cause of treatable lung disease associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 114, 861-868 (1991).
66. Huang CT, Tsai YJ, Wu HD et al. Impact of non-tuberculous mycobacteria on pulmonary function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 16(4), 539-545 (2012).
67. Kunst H, Wickremasinghe M, Wells A, Wilson R. Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease and Aspergillus-related lung disease in bronchiectasis. Eur. Respir. J. 28(2), 352-357 (2006). (Pubitemid 44914235)
68. Fujita J, Ohtsuki Y, Suemitsu I et al. Pathological and radiological changes in resected lung specimens in Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex disease. Eur. Respir. J. 13(3), 535-540 (1999). (Pubitemid 29180161)
69. Andréjak C, Thomsen VOø, Johansen IS et al. Nontuberculous pulmonary mycobacteriosis in Denmark: incidence and prognostic factors. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 181(5), 514-521 (2010).
70. Kendall BA, Varley CD, Choi D et al. Distinguishing tuberculosis from nontuberculous mycobacteria lung disease, Oregon, USA. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17(3), 506-509 (2011).
71. Kobashi Y, Obase Y, Fukuda M, Yoshida K, Miyashita N, Oka M. Clinical reevaluation of the QuantiFERON TB-2G test as a diagnostic method for differentiating active tuberculosis from nontuberculous mycobacteriosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43(12), 1540-1546 (2006). (Pubitemid 44901894)
72. Shitrit D, Baum GL, Priess R et al. Pulmonary Mycobacterium kansasii infection in Israel, 1999-2004: clinical features, drug susceptibility, and outcome. Chest 129(3), 771-776 (2006).
73. Levin DL. Radiology of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. Clin. Chest Med. 23(3), 603-612 (2002).
74. The Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Pulmonary disease caused by M. malmoense in HIV negative patients: 5-yr follow-up of patients receiving standardised treatment. Eur. Respir. J. 21, 478-482 (2003).
75. Jeong YJ, Lee KS, Koh WJ, Han J, Kim TS, Kwon OJ. Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infection in immunocompetent patients: comparison of thin-section CT and histopathologic findings. Radiology 231(3), 880-886 (2004). (Pubitemid 38668112)
76. Polverosi R, Guarise A, Balestro E, Carloni A, Dalpiaz G, Feragalli B. High-resolution CT of nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary infection in immunocompetent, non-HIV-positive patients. Radiol. Med. 115(2), 191-204 (2010).
77. Kim TS, Koh WJ, Han J et al. Hypothesis on the evolution of cavitary lesions in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infection: thin-section CT and histopathologic correlation. AJR. Am. J. Roentgenol. 184(4), 1247-1252 (2005). (Pubitemid 43821908)
78. Tsukamura M. Diagnosis of disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. Chest 99(3), 667-669 (1991).
79. Neonakis IK, Gitti Z, Krambovitis E, Spandidos DA. Molecular diagnostic tools in mycobacteriology. J. Microbiol. Methods 75(1), 1-11 (2008).
80. Padilla E, González V, Manterola JM et al. Comparative evaluation of the new version of the INNO-LiPA Mycobacteria and genotype Mycobacterium assays for identification of Mycobacterium species from MB/BacT liquid cultures artificially inoculated with mycobacterial strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(7), 3083-3088 (2004). (Pubitemid 38938062)
81. Tortoli E, Pecorari M, Fabio G, Messinò M, Fabio A. Commercial DNA probes for mycobacteria incorrectly identify a number of less frequently encountered species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(1), 307-310 (2010).
82. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC (Atlanta). Updated guidelines for the use of nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. MMWR 58, 7-10 (2009).
83. Lucke K, Hombach M, Friedel U, Ritter C, Böttger EC. Automated quantitative drug susceptibility testing of non-tuberculous mycobacteria using MGIT 960/EpiCenter TB eXiST. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67(1), 154-158 (2012).
84. Inagaki T, Yagi T, Ichikawa K et al. Evaluation of a rapid detection method of clarithromycin resistance genes in Mycobacterium avium complex isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66(4), 722-729 (2011).
85. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: CLSI document M24-A2: Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacteria: Nocardiae, and Other Aerobidc Actinomycetes; approved Standard-second approved guideline (edition M24A2). PA, USA (2011).
86. Koh WJ, Jeon K, Lee NY et al. Clinical significance of differentiation of Mycobacterium massiliense from Mycobacterium abscessus. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 183(3), 405-410 (2011).
87. Kuroishi S, Nakamura Y, Hayakawa H et al. Mycobacterium avium complex disease: prognostic implication of high-resolution computed tomography findings. Eur. Respir. J. 32(1), 147-152 (2008).
88. Lam PK, Griffith DE, Aksamit TR et al. Factors related to response to intermittent treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173(11), 1283-1289 (2006). (Pubitemid 43848401)
89. Kitada S, Uenami T, Yoshimura K et al. Long-term radiographic outcome of nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 16(5), 660-664 (2012).
90. Marchetti N, Criner K, Criner GJ. Characterization of functional, radiologic and lung function recovery post-treatment of hot tub lung. A case report and review of the literature. Lung 182(5), 271-277 (2004). (Pubitemid 40365046)
91. Griffith DE, Brown-Elliott BA, Langsjoen B et al. Clinical and molecular analysis of macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 174(8), 928-934 (2006). (Pubitemid 44564794)
92. Mitchell JD, Bishop A, Cafaro A, Weyant MJ, Pomerantz M. Anatomic lung resection for nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 85(6), 1887-1892; discussion 1892 (2008).
93. Hasegawa N, Nishimura T, Ohtani S et al. Therapeutic effects of various initial combinations of chemotherapy including clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Chest 136(6), 1569-1575 (2009).
94. Kobashi Y, Matsushima T, Oka M. A double-blind randomized study of aminoglycoside infusion with combined therapy for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Respir. Med. 101(1), 130-138 (2007). (Pubitemid 44835234)
95. Watanabe M, Hasegawa N, Ishizaka A et al. Early pulmonary resection for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease treated with macrolides and quinolones. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 81(6), 2026-2030 (2006). (Pubitemid 43775519)
96. Wallace RJ Jr, Zhang Y, Brown-Elliott BA et al. Repeat positive cultures in Mycobacterium intracellulare lung disease after macrolide therapy represent new infections in patients with nodular bronchiectasis. J. Infect. Dis. 186, 266-273 (2002). (Pubitemid 34765517)
97. Griffith DE, Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace RJ Jr. Thrice-weekly clarithromycin-containing regimen for treatment of Mycobacterium kansasii lung disease: results of a preliminary study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37(9), 1178-1182 (2003). (Pubitemid 37372505)
98. De Groote MA, Huitt G. Infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42(12), 1756-1763 (2006). (Pubitemid 43839444)
99. Kim HS, Lee KS, Koh WJ et al. Serial CT findings of Mycobacterium massiliense pulmonary disease compared with Mycobacterium abscessus disease after treatment with antibiotic therapy. Radiology 263(1), 260-270 (2012).
100. Jarand J, Levin A, Zhang L, Huitt G, Mitchell JD, Daley CL. Clinical and microbiologic outcomes in patients receiving treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52(5), 565-571 (2011).
101. Rodriguez Díaz JC, López M, Ruiz M, Royo G. In vitro activity of new fluoroquinolones and linezolid against non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 21(6), 585-588 (2003). (Pubitemid 36668015)
102. Choi GE, Min KN, Won CJ, Jeon K, Shin SJ, Koh WJ. Activities of moxifloxacin in combination with macrolides against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56(7), 3549-3555 (2012).
103. Sanchez-Alarcos JMF, de Miguel-Diez J, Bonilla I, Sicilia JJ, Alvarez-Sala JL. Pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium szulgai. Respiration 70, 533-536 (2003). (Pubitemid 37524122)