Perceived Stigmatization, Ingroup Pride, and Immune and Endocrine Activity: Evidence From a Community Sample of Black and Latina Women

Social Psychological and Personality Science

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 82-91

  Ratner, Kyle G ^a   Halim, May Ling ^a   Amodio, David M ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

cortisol; DHEA; IL 6; ingroup pride; perceived stigmatization; racial and ethnic health disparities

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870921641     PISSN: 19485506     EISSN: 19485514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1948550612443715     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Adam E. K.,Kumari M.Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:1423-1436.
2. Cancer facts & figures for African Americans 2011-2012. Atlanta, GA: Author; 2011:.
3. Amodio D. M.Intergroup anxiety effects on the control of racial stereotypes: A psychoneuroendocrine analysis.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2009;45:60-67.
4. Armenta B. E.,Hunt J. S.Responding to societal devaluation: Effects of perceived personal and group discrimination on the ethnic group identification and personal self-esteem of Latino/Latina adolescents.Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 2009;12:23-39.
5. Baldwin J. A.African self-consciousness and the mental health of African-Americans.Journal of Black Studies. 1984;15:177.
6. Barrett-Connor E.,Khaw K. T.,Yen S. S. C.A prospective study of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, mortality, and cardiovascular disease.New England Journal of Medicine. 1986;315:1519-1524.
7. Branscombe N. R.,Schmitt M. T.,Harvey R. D.Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;77:135-149.
8. Cannon W. B.The wisdom of the body. New York, NY: W. W. Norton; 1932:.
9. CDC health disparities and inequalities report-United States. Atlanta, GA: B. I. Truman; 2011:.
10. Clark KDark ghetto. New York, NY: Harper & Row; 1965:.
11. Clark R.,Anderson N. B.,Clark V. R.,Williams D. R.Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.American Psychologist. 1999;54:805-816.
12. Cohen S,Kamarck T.,Mermelstein R.A global measure of perceived stress.Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983;24:385-396.
13. Cohen S.,Schwartz J. E.,Epel E.,Kirschbaum C.,Sidney S.,Seeman T.Socioeconomic status, race, and diurnal cortisol decline in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.Psychosomatic Medicine. 2006;68:41-50.
14. Crocker J.,Luhtanen R.Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990;58:60-67.
15. Crocker J.,Luhtanen R.,Blaine B.,Broadnax S.Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1994;20:502-513.
16. Crocker J.,Voelkl K.,Testa M.,Major B.Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;60:218-228.
17. Cross Jr. W. E. Shades of black: Diversity in African-American identity. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press; 1991:.
18. Danesh J.,Kaptoge S.,Mann A. G.,Sarwar N.,Wood A.,Angleman S. B.Long-term interleukin-6 levels and subsequent risk of coronary heart disease: Two new prospective studies and a systematic review.PLoS Medicine. 2008;5:e78.
19. DeSantis A. S.,Adam E. K.,Doane L. D.,Mineka S.,Zinbarg R. E.,Craske M. G.Racial/ethnic differences in cortisol diurnal rhythms in a community sample of adolescents.Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007;41:3-13.
20. Dickerson S. S.,Kemeny M. E.Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research.Psychological Bulletin. 2004;130:355-391.
21. Dixon T. L.Network news and racial beliefs: Exploring the connection between national television news exposure and stereotypical perceptions of African Americans.Journal of Communication. 2008;58:321-337.
22. Dixon T. L.,Linz D.Race and the misrepresentation of victimization on local television news.Communication Research. 2000;27:547-573.
23. Du Bois W. E.The souls of black folk. New York, NY: Bantam Classic; 1903:.
24. Eccleston C. P.The psychological and physical health effects of stigma: The role of self-threats.Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2008;2:1345-1361.
25. Epel E. S.Psychological and metabolic stress: A recipe for accelerated cellular aging.Hormones. 2009;8:7-22.
26. Fava M.,Rosenbaum J. F.,MacLaughlin R. A.,Tesar G. E.,Pollack M. H.,Cohen L. S.,Hirsch M.Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate/cortisol ratio in panic disorder.Psychiatry Research. 1989;28:345-350.
27. Friedman E. M.,Karlamangla A. S.,Almeida D. M.,Seeman T. E.Social strain and cortisol regulation in midlife in the US.Social Science & Medicine. 2012;74:607-615.
28. Fuller-Rowell T. E.,Doan S. N.,Eccles J. S.Differential effects of perceived discrimination on the diurnal cortisol rhythm of African Americans and Whites.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37:107-118.
29. Gameiro C. M.,Romão F.,Castelo-Branco C.Menopause and aging: Changes in the immune system-A review.Maturitas. 2010;67:316-320.
30. Glaser R.,Kiecolt-Glaser J. K.Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health.Nature Reviews Immunology. 2005;5:243-251.
31. Goodyer I. M.,Herbert J.,Altham P. M.Adrenal steroid secretion and major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, III. Influence of cortisol/DHEA ratio at presentation on subsequent rates of disappointing life events and persistent major depression.Psychological Medicine. 1998;28:265-273.
32. Granger D. A.,Schwartz E. B.,Booth A.,Curran M.,Zakaria D.Assessing dehydroepiandrosterone in saliva: A simple radioimmunoassay for use in studies of children, adolescents and adults.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1999;24:567-579.
33. Gurin P.,Epps E.Black consciousness, identity, and achievement. New York, NY: John Wiley; 1975:.
34. Halim M. L.,Yoshikawa H.,Amodio D. M.Cross-generational effects of discrimination in immigrant mothers: Perceptions of bias predict child's healthcare visits for illness.Health Psychology. in press;:.
35. Herrington D. M.,Gordon G. B.,Achuff S. C.,Trejo J. F.,Weisman H. F.,Kwiterovich P. O.,Pearson T. A.Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography.Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1990;16:862-870.
36. Hodge D. R.,Hurt E. M.,Farrar W. L.The role of IL-6 and STAT3 in inflammation and cancer.European Journal of Cancer. 2005;41:2502-2512.
37. Hucklebridge F.,Hussain T.,Evans P.,Clow A.The diurnal patterns of the adrenal steroids cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in relation to awakening.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005;30:51-57.
38. Kardiner A.,Ovesey L.The mark of oppression: A psychosocial study of the American Negro. New York, NY: W. W. Norton; 1951:.
39. Kirschbaum C.,Hellhammer D. H.Neuropsychobiology. 1989:150-169.
40. Kivlighan K. T.,Granger D. A.,Schwartz E. B.,Nelson V.,Curran M.,Shirtcliff E. A.Quantifying blood leakage into the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva.Hormones and Behavior. 2004;46:39-46.
41. Krieger N.,Sidney S.Racial discrimination and blood pressure: The CARDIA Study of young black and white adults.American Journal of Public Health. 1996;86:1370-1378.
42. Kroboth P.,Salek F.,Pittenger A.,Fabian T.,Frye R.DHEA and DHEA-S: A review.Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999;39:327-348.
43. Labrie F.,Martel C.,Balser J.Wide distribution of the serum levels of DHEA and sex steroids in postmenopausal women-Role of the ovary?.Menopause. 2011;18:30-43.
44. Landrine H.,Klonoff E. A.The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences.Journal of Black Psychology. 1996;22:144-168.
45. Leonardelli G. J.,Tormala Z. L.The negative impact of perceiving discrimination on collective well-being: The mediating role of perceived ingroup status.European Journal of Social Psychology. 2003;33:507-514.
46. Luhtanen R.,Crocker J.A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1992;18:302-318.
47. Maier S. F.,Watkins L. R.Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition.Psychological Review. 1998;105:83-107.
48. Major B.,O'Brien L. T.The social psychology of stigma.Annual Review of Psychology. 2005;56:393-421.
49. Mays V. M.,Cochran S. D.,Barnes N. W.Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans.Annual Review of Psychology. 2007;58:201-225.
50. McEwen B. S.Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1998;840:33-44.
51. Mendes W. B.,Gray H. M.,Mendoza-Denton R.,Major B.,Epel E. S.Why egalitarianism might be good for your health.Psychological Science. 2007;18:991-998.
52. Michael A.,Jenaway A.,Paykel E. S.,Herbert J.Altered salivary dehydroepiandrosterone levels in major depression in adults.Biological Psychiatry. 2000;48:989-995.
53. Miller G. E.,Cohen S.,Ritchey A. K.Chronic psychological stress and the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines: A glucocorticoid-resistance model.Health Psychology. 2002;21:531-541.
54. Morgan C. A.,Rasmusson A.,Pietrzak R. H.,Coric V.,Southwick S. M.Relationships among plasma dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, cortisol, symptoms of dissociation, and objective performance in humans exposed to underwater navigation stress.Biological Psychiatry. 2009;66:334-340.
55. Morgan C. A.,Southwick S.,Hazlett G.,Rasmusson A.,Hoyt G.,Zimolo Z.,Charney D.Relationships among plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and cortisol levels, symptoms of dissociation, and objective performance in humans exposed to acute stress.Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004;61:819-825.
56. Page-Gould E.,Mendes W. B.,Major B.Intergroup contact facilitates physiological recovery following stressful intergroup interactions.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010;46:854-858.
57. Panter A. T.,Daye C. E.,Allen W. R.,Wightman L. F.,Deo M.Everyday discrimination in a national sample of incoming law students.Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. 2008;1:67-79.
58. Parham T. A.,Helms J. E.The influence of Black students' racial identity attitudes on preferences for counselor's race.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1981;28:250-257.
59. Pascoe E. A.,Smart Richman L.Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin. 2009;135:531-554.
60. Pérez D. J.,Fortuna L.,Alegría M.Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among U.S. Latinos.Journal of Community Psychology. 2008;36:421-433.
61. Porter J. R.,Washington R. E.Black Identity and self-esteem: A review of studies of black self-concept, 1968-1978.Annual Review of Sociology. 1979;5:53-74.
62. Rivas-Drake D.,Hughes D.,Way N.A preliminary analysis of associations among ethnic-racial socialization, ethnic discrimination, and ethnic identity among urban sixth graders.Journal of Research on Adolescence. 2009;19:558-584.
63. Rowley S. J.,Sellers R. M.,Chavous T. M.,Smith M. A.The relationship between racial identity and self-esteem in African American college and high school students.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998;74:715-724.
64. Scott L. V.,Salahuddin F.,Cooney J.,Svec F.,Dinan T. G.Differences in adrenal steroid profile in chronic fatigue syndrome, in depression and in health.Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999;54:129-137.
65. Sellers R. M.,Shelton J. N.The role of racial identity in perceived racial discrimination.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;84:1079-1092.
66. Sellers R. M.,Smith M. A.,Shelton J. N.,Rowley S. A. J.,Chavous T. M.Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity.Personality and Social Psychology Review. 1998;2:18-39.
67. Sjögren E.,Leanderson P.,Kristenson M.,Ernerudh J.Interleukin-6 levels in relation to psychosocial factors: Studies on serum, saliva, and in vitro production by blood mononuclear cells.Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2006;20:270-278.
68. Slavich G. M.,Way B. M.,Eisenberger N. I.,Taylor S. E.Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010;107:14817-14822.
69. Smart Richman L.,Jonassaint C.The effects of race-related stress on cortisol reactivity in the laboratory: Implications of the Duke Lacrosse scandal.Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2008;35:105-110.
70. Spencer-Rodgers J.,Collins N. L.Risk and resilience: Dual effects of perceptions of group disadvantage among Latinos.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2006;42:729-737.
71. Swim J. K.,Hyers L. L.,Cohen L. L.,Fitzgerald D. C.,Bylsma W. H.African American college students' experiences with everyday racism: Characteristics of and responses to these incidents.Journal of Black Psychology. 2003;29:38-67.
72. Taylor D. M.,Wright S. C.,Moghaddam F. M.,Lalonde R. N.The personal/group discrimination discrepancy.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1990;16:254-262.
73. Townsend S. S. M.,Major B.,Gangi C. E.,Mendes W. B.From "In the Air" to "Under the Skin": Cortisol responses to social identity threat.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2011;37:151-164.
74. Van Snick J.Interleukin-6: An overview.Annual Review of Immunology. 1990;8:253-278.
75. Vining R. F.,McGinley R. A.,Symons R. G.Hormones in saliva: mode of entry and consequent implications for clinical interpretation.Clinical Chemistry. 1983;29:1752-1756.
76. Wiley S.,Perkins K.,Deaux K.Through the looking glass: Ethnic and generational patterns of immigrant identity.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2008;32:385-398.
77. Weiner B.An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.Psychological Review. 1985;92:548-573.
78. Weitzman E. D.,Fukushima D.,Nogeire C.,Roffwarg H.,Gallagher T. F.,Hellman L.Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1971;33:14-22.
79. Williams D. R.,Collins C.US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations.Annual Review of Sociology. 1995;21:349-386.
80. Williams D. R.,Yan Y.,Jackson J. S.,Anderson N. B.Racial differences in physical and mental health.Journal of Health Psychology. 1997;2:335-351.