A Review of Single-Case Research in Sport Psychology 1997-2012: Research Trends and Future Directions

Journal of Applied Sport Psychology

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 4-32

  Barker, Jamie B ^a   Mellalieu, Stephen D ^b   McCarthy, Paul J ^c   Jones, Marc V ^a   Moran, Aidan ^d  

^a STAFFORDSHIRE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870879656     PISSN: 10413200     EISSN: 15331571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10413200.2012.709579     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Allen, K. D. 1998. The use of an enhanced simplified habit-reversal procedure to reduce disruptive outburst during athletic performance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31: 489-492.
2. Allport, G. W. 1962. The general and the unique in psychological science. Journal of Personality, 30: 405-422.
3. Anderson, G. and Kirkpatrick, M. A. 2002. Variable effects of a behavioural treatment package on the performance of inline roller speed skaters. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35: 195-198.
4. Annesi, J. L. 1998. Applications of the individual zones of optimal functioning model for the multimodal treatment of precompetitive anxiety. The Sport Psychologist, 12: 300-316.
5. Barker, J. B. and Jones, M. V. 2005. Using hypnosis to increase self-efficacy: A case study in elite judo. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 1: 36-42.
6. Barker, J. B. and Jones, M. V. 2006. Using hypnosis, technique refinement, and self-modelling to enhance self-efficacy: A case study in cricket. The Sport Psychologist, 20: 94-110.
7. Barker, J. B. and Jones, M. V. 2008. The effects of hypnosis on self-efficacy, positive and negative affect and sport performance: A case study from professional English soccer. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 2: 127-147.
8. Barker, J. B., McCarthy, P. J., Jones, M. V. and Moran, A. 2011. Single-case research methods in sport and exercise psychology, Hove: London.
9. Barlow, D. H., Nock, M. K. and Hersen, M. 2009. Single-case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behaviour change (3rd ed.), New York: Pearson.
10. Bell, R. J., Skinner, C. H. and Fisher, L. A. 2009. Decreasing putting yips in accomplished golfers via solution-focused guided imagery: A single-subject research design. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21: 1-14.
11. Bloom, M., Fischer, J. and Orme, J. G. 2009. Evaluating practice: Guidelines for the accountable professional (6th ed.), New York: Allyn & Bacon.
12. Bordieri, J., Dixon, M., Loukus, A. and Bordieri, M. 2013. The effect of financial contingencies on golf performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25: 92-105. this issue
13. Brobst, B. and Ward, P. 2002. Effects of public posting, goal setting and oral feedback on the skills of female soccer players. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35: 247-257.
14. Bryan, A. J. 1987. Single-subject designs for evaluation of sport psychology interventions. The Sport Psychologist, 1: 283-292.
15. Callow, N., Hardy, L. and Hall, C. 2001. The effects of a motivational general-mastery imagery intervention on the sport confidence of high-level badminton players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72: 389-400.
16. Callow, N. and Waters, A. 2005. The effect of kinaesthetic imagery on the sport confidence of flat-race horse jockeys. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6: 443-459.
17. Calmels, C., Berthoumieux, C. and d'Arripe-Longueville, F. 2004. Effects of an imagery training program on selective attention of national softball players. The Sport Psychologist, 18: 272-296.
18. Calmels, C., Holmes, P., Berthoumieux, C. and Singer, R. N. 2004. The development of movement imagery vividness through a structured intervention in softball. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27: 307-322.
19. Clark-Carter, D. 2009. Quantitative psychological research: The complete student's companion, Hove: Psychology Press.
20. Collins, D., Morriss, C. and Trower, J. 1999. Getting it back: A case study of skill recovery in an elite athlete. The Sport Psychologist, 13: 288-298.
21. Crosbie, J. 1993. Interrupted time-series analysis with brief single-subject data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61,: 966-974.
22. Freeman, P., Rees, T. and Hardy, L. 2009. An intervention to increase social support and improve performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21: 186-200.
23. Freud, S. 1933/1964. New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis, Edited by: Strachey, J. New York: Norton. (Ed. and Trans.)
24. Gage, N. and Lewis, T. 2013. Analysis of effect for single-case design research. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25: 46-60. /this issue
25. Galloway, S. M. 2011. The effect of biofeedback on tennis service accuracy. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9: 251-266.
26. Galvan, Z. J. and Ward, P. 1998. Effects of public posting on inappropriate on-court behaviours by collegiate tennis players. The Sport Psychologist, 12: 419-426.
27. Gardner, F. and Moore, Z. 2006. Clinical sport psychology, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
28. Gorczynski, P. this issue. The use of single-case experimental research to examine physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness interventions: A review. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25: 148-156. 2013
29. Haddad, K. and Tremayne, P. 2009. The effects of centering on the free-throw shooting performance of young athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 23: 118-136.
30. Hamilton, R. A., Scott, D. and MacDougall, M. P. 2007. Assessing the effectiveness of self-talk interventions on endurance performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19: 226-239.
31. Hanton, S. and Jones, G. 1999. The effects of a multimodal intervention program on performers: II. Training the butterflies to fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13: 22-41.
32. Harwood, C. and Steptoe, K. 2013. The integration of single case designs in coaching contexts: A commentary for applied sport psychologists. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25: 167-174. this issue
33. Hemmings, B. and Holder, T. 2009. Applied sport psychology: A case-based approach, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
34. Heyman, S. R. 1987. Research interventions in sport psychology: Issues encountered in working with an amateur boxer. The Sport Psychologist, 1: 208-223.
35. Horner, R. D. and Baer, D. M. 1978. Multiple-probe technique: A variation of the multiple-baseline. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 11: 189-196.
36. Hrycaiko, D. W. and Martin, G. L. 1996. Applied research studies with single-subject designs: Why so few?. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8: 183-199.
37. Huitema, B. E. 2004. Analysis of interrupted time-series experiments using ITSE: A critique. Understanding Statistics, 3: 27-46.
38. Johnson, J. J. M., Hrycaiko, D. W., Johnson, G. V. and Halas, J. M. 2004. Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. The Sport Psychologist, 18: 44-59.
39. Jones, M. I., Lavallee, D. and Tod, D. 2011. Developing communication and organization skills: The ELITE life skills reflective practice intervention. The Sport Psychologist, 25: 35-52.
40. Jordet, G. 2005. Perceptual training in soccer: An imagery intervention study with elite players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17: 140-156.
41. Kazdin, A. E. 1982. Single-Case research designs: Method for clinical and applied settings, New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Kazdin, A. E. 2011. Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings (2nd ed.), New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Kinugasa, T. 2013/this issue. The application of single-case research designs to study elite athletes' conditioning: An update. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25: 157-166.
44. Kinugasa, T., Cerin, E. and Hooper, S. 2004. Single-subject research designs and data analyses for assessing elite athletes' conditioning. Sports Medicine, 34: 1035-1050.
45. Kladopoulos, C. N. and McComas, J. J. 2001. The effects of form training on foul-shooting performance in members of a women's college basketball team. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34: 329-332.
46. Lambert, S., Moore, D. W. and Dixon, R. S. 1999. Effects of locus of control on performance under individual-set and coach-determined goal conditions in gymnastics. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11: 72-82.
47. Landin, D. and Herbert, E. P. 1999. The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11: 263-282.
48. Lauer, L. and Paiement, C. 2009. The playing tough and clean hockey program. The Sport Psychologist, 23: 543-561.
49. Lindsay, P., Maynard, I. and Thomas, O. 2005. Effects of hypnosis on flow states and cycling performance. The Sport Psychologist, 19: 164-177.
50. Macmillan, M. 2000. Restoring Phineas Gage: A 150th retrospective. Journal of the History of Neurosciences, 9: 46-66.
51. Marlow, C., Bull, S., Heath, B. and Shambrook, C. J. 1998. The use of a single case design to investigate the effect of a pre-performance routine on the water polo penalty shot. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 1: 143-155.
52. Martin, G. L., Thomson, K. and Regehr, K. 2004. Studies using single-subject designs in sport psychology: 30 years of research. The Behavior Analyst, 27: 263-280.
53. McCarthy, P. J., Jones, M. V., Harwood, C. G. and Davenport, L. 2010. Using goal setting to enhance positive affect among junior multievent athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4: 53-68.
54. McDougall, D. 2005. The range-bound changing-criterion design. Behavioral Interventions, 20: 129-137.
55. McDougall, D. 2006. The distributed criterion design. Journal of Behavioral Education, 15: 236-246.
56. McDougall, D. 2013. Applying single-case design innovations to research in sport and exercise psychology. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25: 33-45. this issue
57. McDougall, D., Hawkins, J., Brady, M. and Jenkins, A. 2006. Recent innovations in the changing criterion design: Implications for research and practice in special education. Journal of Special Education, 40: 2-15.
58. McKenzie, A. D. and Howe, B. L. 1997. The effect of imagery on self-efficacy for a motor skill. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 28: 196-210.
59. Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S. and O'Brien, M. 2006. The effects of goal setting on rugby performance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39: 257-261.
60. Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S. and Thomas, O. 2009. The effects of a motivational general-arousal imagery intervention upon preperformance symptoms in male rugby union players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10: 175-185.
61. Mellalieu, S. D. and Shearer, D. 2012. "Mental skills training and strength and conditioning". In Psychology of strength and conditioning: International perspectives, Edited by: Tod, D. and Lavallee, D. 1-37. London: Routledge.
62. Mesagno, C., Marchant, D. and Morris, T. 2008. A pre-performance routine to alleviate choking in "choking-susceptible" athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 22: 439-457.
63. Mesagno, C., Marchant, D. and Morris, T. 2009. Alleviating choking: The sounds of distraction. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21: 131-147.
64. Miltenberger, R. G., Fuqua, R. W. and McKinley, T. 1985. Habit reversal with muscle tics: Replication and component analysis. Behavior Therapy, 16: 39-50.
65. Moran, A. P. 2012. Sport and exercise psychology: A critical introduction (2nd ed.), Hove: Routledge.
66. Morgan, D. L. and Morgan, R. K. 2009. Single-case research methods for the behavioral and health science, London, UK: Sage Publications.
67. Munroe-Chandler, K. J. and Hall, C. R. 2004. Enhancing the collective efficacy of a soccer team through motivational general-mastery imagery. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 24: 51-67.
68. Neil, R., Hanton, S. and Mellalieu, S. D. 2013. Seeing things in a different light: Assessing the effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention upon the further appraisals and performance of golfers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25: 106-130. this issue
69. O'Brien, M., Mellalieu, S. D. and Hanton, S. 2009. Goal-setting effects in elite and nonelite boxers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21: 293-306.
70. Ottenbacher, K. J. 1986. Evaluating clinical change: Strategies for occupational and physical therapists, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
71. Oudejans, R. R. D., Koedijker, J. M., Bleijendaal, I. and Bakker, F. C. 2005. The education of attention in aiming at a target: Training visual control in basketball jump shooting. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3: 197-221.
72. Page, J. and Thelwell, R. 2013. The value of social validation in single-case methods in sport and exercise psychology. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25: 61-71. this issue
73. Pain, M. and Harwood, C. 2009. Team building through mutual sharing and open discussion of team functioning. The Sport Psychologist, 23: 523-542.
74. Pain, M., Harwood, C. and Anderson, R. 2011. Pre-competition imagery and music: The impact on flow and performance in competitive soccer. The Sport Psychologist, 25: 212-232.
75. Parker, R. I. and Brossart, D. F. 2003. Evaluating single-case research data: A comparison of seven statistical methods. Behavior Therapy, 34: 189-211.
76. Pates, J. K., Cummings, A. and Maynard, I. 2002. The effects of hypnosis on flow states and three-point shooting performance in basketball players. The Sport Psychologist, 16: 34-47.
77. Pates, J. K., Maynard, I. and Westbury, A. 2001. The effects of hypnosis on basketball performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13: 84-102.
78. Pates, J. K., Oliver, R. and Maynard, I. 2001. The effects of hypnosis on flow states and golf putting performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13: 341-354.
79. Patrick, T. D. and Hrycaiko, D. W. 1998. Effects of a mental training package on an endurance performance. The Sport Psychologist, 12: 283-299.
80. Polaha, J., Allen, K. and Studley, B. 2004. Self-monitoring as an intervention to decrease swimmers' stroke counts. Behavior Modification,: 261-275.
81. Post, P., Muncie, S. and Simpson, D. 2012. The effects of imagery training on swimming performance: An applied investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 24: 323-337.
82. Ram, N. and McCullagh, P. 2003. Self-modeling: Influence on psychological responses and physical performance. The Sport Psychologist, 17: 220-241.
83. Reeves, C. W., Nicholls, A. R. and McKenna, J. 2011. The effects of a coping intervention on coping self-efficacy, coping effectiveness, and subjective performance among adolescent soccer players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9: 126-142.
84. Robazza, C., Pellizzari, M. and Hanin, Y. 2004. Emotion self-regulation and athletic performance: An application of the IZOF model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5: 379-404.
85. Rogerson, L. J. and Hrycaiko, D. W. 2002. Enhancing competitive performance of ice hockey goaltenders using centering and self-talk. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14: 14-26.
86. Rushall, B. S. and Siedontop, D. 1972. The development and control of behavior in sport and physical education, Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
87. Schwartz, I. S. and Baer, D. M. 1991. Social validation assessments: Is current practice state of the art?. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24: 189-204.
88. Scott, L. M., Scott, D., Bedic, S. P. and Dowd, J. 1999. The effect of associative and dissociative strategies on rowing ergometer performance. The Sport Psychologist, 13: 57-68.
89. Scott, D., Scott, L. M. and Goldwater, B. 1997. A performance improvement program for an international-level track and field athlete. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30: 573-575.
90. Scott, D., Scott, L. M. and Howe, B. L. 1998. Training anticipation for intermediate tennis players. Behavior Modification, 22: 243-261.
91. Shearer, D., Mellalieu, S. D., Thomson, R. and Shearer, K. 2009. The effects of an imagery training program upon individual perceptions of collective efficacy of an elite wheelchair basketball team: A multiple-baseline group case study. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 4: 1-25.
92. Sidman, M. 1960. Tactics of scientific research: Evaluating experimental data in psychology, New York: Basic Books.
93. Skinner, B. F. 1938. The Behavior of Organisms, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
94. Smith, R. E. 1988. The logic and design of case study research. The Sport Psychologist, 2: 1-12.
95. Stokes, J. V., Luiselli, J. K., Reed, D. D. and Fleming, R. K. 2010. Behavioral coaching to improve offensive line pass-blocking skills of high school football athletes. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43: 463-472.
96. Thelwell, R. C. and Greenlees, I. A. 2001. The effects of a mental skills training package on gymnasium triathlon performance. The Sport Psychologist, 15: 127-141.
97. Thelwell, R. C. and Greenlees, I. A. 2003. Developing competitive endurance performance using mental skills training. The Sport Psychologist, 17: 318-337.
98. Thelwell, R. C., Greenlees, I. and Weston, N. J. V. 2006. Using psychological skills training to develop soccer performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18: 254-270.
99. Thelwell, R. C. and Maynard, I. 2003. The effects of a mental skills package on 'repeatable good performance' in cricketers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4: 377-396.
100. Thelwell, R. C., Weston, N. and Greenlees, I. 2010. Examining the use of psychological skills throughout soccer performance. Journal of Sport Behavior, 33: 109-127.
101. Thomas, O., Maynard, I. and Hanton, S. 2007. Intervening with athletes during the time leading up to competition: Theory to practice II. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19: 398-418.
102. Turner, M. and Barker, J. B. 2013. Examining the efficacy of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) on irrational beliefs and anxiety in elite youth cricketers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25: 131-147. this issue
103. Vidoni, C. and Ward, P. 2006. Effects of a dependent group-orientated contingency on middle school physical education students' fair play behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Education, 15: 81-92.
104. Vidoni, C. and Ward, P. 2009. Effects of fair play instruction on student social skills during a middle school sport education unit. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 14: 285-310.
105. Wakefield, C. and Smith, D. 2011. From strength to strength: A single-case design study of PETTLEP imagery frequency. The Sport Psychologist, 25: 305-320.
106. Wanlin, C., Hrycaiko, D., Martin, G. L. and Mahon, M. 1997. The effects of a goal-setting package on the performance of speed skaters. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9: 212-228.
107. Ward, P. and Carnes, M. 2002. Effects of posting self-set goals on collegiate football players' skill execution during practices and games. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35: 1-12.
108. Ward, P., Smith, S. and Sharp, T. 1997. The effects of accountability on task accomplishment in collegiate football. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 17: 40-51.
109. White, O. R. 1971. A glossary of behavioural terminology, Champaign, IL: Research Press.
110. Wollman, N. 1986. Research on imagery and motor performance: Three methodological suggestions. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8: 135-138.
111. Zaichkowsky, L. D. 1980. "Single-case experimental designs and sport psychology research". In Psychology of motor behaviour and sport-1979, Edited by: Nadeau, C. H., Halliwell, W. R., Newell, K. M. and Roberts, G. C. 171-179. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.