Incidence and magnitude of bacteraemia caused by flossing and by scaling and root planing

Journal of Clinical Periodontology

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 41-52

  Zhang, William ^a   Daly, Christopher G ^a   Mitchell, David ^b   Curtis, Brad ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b WESTMEAD HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

antibiotic prophylaxis; bacteraemia; flossing; infective endocarditis; oral hygiene; scaling and root planing; viridans streptococci

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BLOOD; CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DENTAL DEVICE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; MOUTH HYGIENE; PERIODONTICS; PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY; REPRODUCIBILITY; TOOTH PLAQUE;

ADULT; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; BACTEREMIA; CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DENTAL DEVICES, HOME CARE; DENTAL PLAQUE INDEX; DENTAL SCALING; ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORAL HYGIENE; PERIODONTAL INDEX; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI;

EID: 84870878851     PISSN: 03036979     EISSN: 1600051X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12029     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Armitage, G. C., (1999) Development of a Classification System for Periodontal Diseases and Conditions. Annals of Periodontology 4, 1-6.
2. Bahrani-Mougeot, F. K., Paster, B. J., Coleman, S., Ashar, J., Knost, S., Sautter, R. L., &, Lockhart, P. B., (2008) Identification of oral bacteria in blood cultures by conventional versus molecular methods. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology 105, 720-724.
3. Bayliss, R., Clarke, C., Oakley, C., Somerville, W., Whitfield, A. G. W., &, Young, S. E. J., (1983) The microbiology and pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. British Heart Journal 50, 513-519.
4. Carroll, G. C., &, Sebor, R. J., (1980) Dental flossing and its relationship to transient bacteremia. Journal of Periodontology 51, 691-692.
5. Carter, H. G., &, Barnes, G. P., (1974) The Gingival Bleeding Index. Journal of Periodontology 45, 801-805.
6. Carter, H. G., Barnes, G. P., Radentz, W. H., Levin, M. P., &, Bhaskar, S. N., (1975) Effects of using various types of dental floss on gingival sulcular bleeding. Virginia Dental Journal 52, 18-32.
7. Castillo, D., Sanchez-Beltrain, M., Castellanos, J., Sanz, I., Mayorga-Fayad, I., Sanz, M., &, Lafaurie, G., (2011) Detection of specific periodontal microorganisms from bacteraemia samples after periodontal therapy using molecular-based diagnostics. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38, 418-427.
8. Cherry, M., Daly, C. G., Mitchell, D., &, Highfield, J., (2007) Effect of rinsing with povidone-iodine on bacteraemia due to scaling: a randomized-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 34, 148-155.
9. Cockerill, F. R., Hughes, J. G., Vetter, E. A., Mueller, R. A., Weaver, A. L., Ilstrup, D. M., Rosenblatt, J. E., &, Wilson, W. R., (1997) Analysis of 281,797 consecutive blood cultures performed over an eight-year period: trends in microorganisms isolated and the value of anaerobic culture of blood. Clinical Infectious Diseases 24, 403-418.
10. Cohen, E., Bishara, J., Medalion, B., Sagie, A., &, Garty, M., (2007) Infective endocarditis due to Actinomyces neuii. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 39, 180-183.
11. Conner, H. D., Haberman, S., Collings, C. K., &, Winford, T. E., (1967) Bacteremias following periodontal scaling in patients with healthy appearing gingiva. Journal of Periodontology 38, 466-472.
12. Crasta, K., Daly, C. G., Mitchell, D., Curtis, B., Stewart, D., &, Heitz-Mayfield, L. J., (2009) Bacteraemia due to dental flossing. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 323-332.
13. Daly, C. G., Currie, B. J., Jeyasingham, M. S., Moulds, R. F. W., Smith, J. A., Strathmore, N. F., Street, A. C., &, Goss, A. N., (2008) A change of heart: the new infective endocarditis prophylaxis guidelines. Australian Dental Journal 53, 196-200.
14. Daly, C. G., Mitchell, D. H., Highfield, J. E., Grossberg, D. E., &, Stewart, D., (2001) Bacteremia due to periodontal probing: a clinical and microbiological investigation. Journal of Periodontology 72, 210-214.
15. Dwyer, D., Chen, S., Wright, E., Crimmins, D., Collignon, P., &, Sorrell, T., (1994) Hospital practices influence the pattern of infective endocarditis. The Medical Journal of Australia 160, 709-714.
16. Fine, D., Furgang, D., McKiernan, M., Tereski-Bischio, D., Ricci-Nittel, D., Zhang, P., &, Araujo, M., (2010) An investigation of the effect of an essential oil mouthrinse on induced bacteraemia: a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 840-847.
17. Forner, L., Larsen, T., Kilian, M., &, Holmstrup, P., (2006) Incidence of bacteremia after chewing, tooth brushing and scaling in individuals with periodontal inflammation. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33, 401-407.
18. Fowler, V. G., Scheld, W. M., &, Bayer, A. S,. (2005). Endocarditis and intravascular infections. In:, Mandell, G.L., Bennett, J.E., &, Dolin, R,. (eds). Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases, pp. 975-1021, Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
19. Franklin, C. D., (1992) The aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and changing pattern of infective endocarditis, with a note on prophylaxis. British Dental Journal 172, 369-373.
20. Grundmann, S., Huebner, J., Stuplich, J., Koch, A., Wu, K., Geibel-Zehender, A., Bode, C., &, Brunner, M., (2010) Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Actinomyces neuii successfully treated with antibiotic therapy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48, 1008-1011.
21. Habib, G., Hoen, B., Tornos, P., Thuny, F., Prendergast, B., Vilacosta, I., Moreillon, P., de Jesus Antunes, M., Thilen, U., Lekakis, J., Lengyel, M., Muller, L., Naber, C. K., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Moritz, A., Zamorano, J. L., Vahanian, A., Auricchio, A., Bax, J., Ceconi, C., Dean, V., Filippatos, G., Funck-Brentano, C., Hobbs, R., Kearney, P., McDonagh, T., McGregor, K., Popescu, B. A., Reiner, Z., Sechtem, U., Sirnes, P. A., Tendera, M., Vardas, P., &, Widimsky, P., (2009) Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal 30, 2369-2413.
22. Heimdahl, A., Hall, G., Hedberg, M., Sandberg, H., Soder, P. O., Tuner, K., &, Nord, C. E., (1990) Detection and quantification by lysis-filtration of bacteremia after different oral surgical procedures. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28, 2205-2209.
23. Henry, N. K., McLimans, C. A., Wright, A. J., Thompson, R. L., Wilson, W. R., &, Washington, J. A. II, (1983) Microbiological and clinical evaluation of the Isolator lysis-centrifugation blood culture tube. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 17, 864-869.
24. Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis Expert Group (2008). Prevention of endocarditis. 2008 update from Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic Version 13, and Therapeutic Guidelines: Oral and Dental version 2. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Limited.
25. Kinane, D. F., Riggio, M. P., Walker, K. F., MacKenzie, D., &, Shearer, B., (2005) Bacteraemia following periodontal procedures. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32, 708-713.
26. Lafaurie, G. I., Mayorga-Fayad, I., Torres, M. F., Castillo, D. M., Aya, M. R., Baron, A., &, Hurtado, P. A., (2007) Periodontopathic microorganisms in peripheric blood after scaling and root planing. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 34, 873-879.
27. Lam, S., Samraj, J., Rahman, S., &, Hilton, E., (1993) Primary actinomycotic endocarditis: case report and review. Clinical Infectious Diseases 16, 481-485.
28. Lineberger, L. T., &, De Marco, T. J., (1973) Evaluation of transient bacteremia following routine periodontal procedures. Journal of Periodontology 44, 757-762.
29. Lobene, R. R., Weatherford, T., Ross, N. M., Lamm, R. A., &, Menaker, L., (1986) A modified gingival index for use in clinical trials. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 8, 3-6.
30. Lockhart, P. B., (2000) The risk for endocarditis in dental practice. Periodontology 2000 23, 127-135.
31. Lockhart, P. B., Brennan, M. T., Thornhill, M., Michalowicz, B. S., Noll, J., Bahrani-Mougeot, F. K., &, Sasser, H. C., (2009) Poor oral hygiene as a risk factor for infective endocarditis-related bacteremia. Journal of the American Dental Association 140, 1238-1244.
32. Lockhart, P. B., &, Durack, D. T., (1999) Oral microflora as a cause of endocarditis and other distant site infections. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 13, 833-850.
33. Lucas, V., Lytra, V., Hassan, T., Tatham, H., Wilson, M., &, Roberts, G., (2002) Comparison of lysis filtration and an automated blood culture system (BACTEC) for detection, quantification and identification of odontogenic bacteremia in children. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40, 3416-3420.
34. Mardis, J. S., &, Many, W. J. Jr, (2001) Endocarditis due to Actinomyces viscosus. Southern Medical Journal 94, 240-243.
35. McBryde, E. S., Tilse, M., &, McCormack, J., (2005) Comparison of contamination rates of catheter-drawn and peripheral blood cultures. Journal of Hospital Infection 60, 118-121.
36. Moreillon, P., &, Que, Y.-A., (2004) Infective endocarditis. The Lancet 363, 139-149.
37. Morozumi, T., Kubota, T., Abe, D., Shimizu, T., Komatsu, Y., &, Yoshie, H., (2010) Effects of irrigation with an antiseptic and oral administration of azithromycin on bacteremia due to scaling and root planing. Journal of Periodontology 81, 1555-1563.
38. Murphy, A.M., Daly, C.G., Mitchell, D.H., Stewart, D., &, Curtis, B.H., (2006) Chewing fails to induce oral bacteraemia in patients with periodontal disease. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33, 730-736.
39. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guideline Development Group (2008). Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: antimicrobial prophylaxis against infective endocarditis in adults and children undergoing interventional procedures. [WWW document]. URL http://www.nice.org. uk/CG064 [accessed on 10th July 2010].
40. Netzer, R. O., Zollinger, E., Seiler, C., &, Cerny, A., (2000) Infective endocarditis: clinical spectrum, presentation and outcome. An analysis of 212 cases 1980-1995. Heart 84, 25-30.
41. Owens, J., Dowsett, S., Eckert, G., Zero, D., &, Kowolik, M., (2003) Partial-mouth assessment of periodontal disease in an adult population of the United States. Journal of Periodontology 74, 1206-1213.
42. Page, R. C., &, Eke, P. I., (2007) Case definitions for use in population-based surveillance of periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 78, 1387-1399.
43. Pallasch, T. J., (2003) Antibiotic prophylaxis: problems in paradise. Dental Clinics of North America 47, 665-679.
44. Perry, D. A,. (1996). Plaque control for the periodontal patient. In:, Newman, M. G., Takei, H. H., &, Carranza, F. A,. (eds). Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 9th edition, pp. 660-661. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.
45. Ramadan, A. E., Zaki, S. A., &, Nour, Z. M., (1975) A study of transient bacteremia following the use of dental floss silk and interdental stimulators. Egyptian Dental Journal 21, 19-28.
46. Reinhardt, R. A., Bolton, R. W., &, Hlava, G., (1982) Effect of nonsterile versus sterile water irrigation with ultrasonic scaling on postoperative bacteremias. Journal of Periodontology 53, 96-100.
47. Roberts, G. J., (1999) Dentists are innocent! "Everyday" bacteremia is the real culprit: a review and assessment of the evidence that dental surgical procedures are a principal cause of bacterial endocarditis in children. Pediatric Cardiology 20, 317-325.
48. Roberts, G. J., Simmons, N. B., Longhurst, P., &, Hewitt, P. B., (1998a) Bacteraemia following local anaesthetic injections in children. British Dental Journal 185, 295-298.
49. Roberts, G. J., Watts, R., Longhurst, P., &, Gardner, P., (1998b) Bacteremia of dental origin and antimicrobial sensitivity following oral surgical procedures in children. Pediatric Dentistry 20, 28-36.
50. Ruoff, K., Whiley, R., &, Beighton, D., (2003) Streptococcus. In:, Murray, P., Baron, E., Jorgensen, J., Pfaller, M., &, Yolken, R., (eds). Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th edition, pp. 405-421. Washington: American Society of Microbiology.
51. Salvi, G. E., Lindhe, J., &, Lang, N,. (2008). Treatment planning of patients with periodontal diseases. In:, Lindhe, J., Lang, N. P., &, Karring, T,. (eds). Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, p. 656. Oxford; Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Munksgaard.
52. Sandre, R. M., &, Shafran, S. D., (1996) Infective endocarditis: review of 135 cases over 9 years. Clinical Infectious Diseases 22, 276-286.
53. Shanson, D., (2008) New British and American guidelines for the antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis: do the changes make sense? A critical review Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 21, 191-199.
54. Silness, J., &, Loe, H., (1964) Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontologica Scandinavia 22, 121-135.
55. Smith, B. A., Collier, C. M., &, Caffesse, R. G., (1986) In vitro effectiveness of dental floss in plaque removal. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 13, 211-216.
56. Sonbol, H., Spratt, D., Roberts, G., &, Lucas, V., (2009) Prevalence, intensity and identity of bacteraemia following conservative dental procedures in children. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 24, 177-182.
57. Thompson, W., &, Walter, S., (1988) Kappa and the concept of independent errors. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 41, 969-970.
58. Tleyjeh, I., Abdel-Latif, A., Rahbi, H., Scott, C., Bailey, K., Steckelberg, J., Wilson, W., &, Baddour, L., (2007) A systematic review of population-based studies of infective endocarditis. Chest 132, 1025-1035.
59. Tomas, I., Alvarez, M., Limeres, J., Potel, C., Medina, J., &, Diz, P., (2007) Prevalence, duration and aetiology of bacteraemia following dental extractions. Oral Diseases 13, 56-62.
60. Tomas, I., Diz, P., Tobias, A., Scully, C., &, Donos, N., (2012) Periodontal health status and bacteraemia from daily oral activities: systematic review/meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 39, 213-228.
61. Walsh, T. F., Al-Hokail, O. S., &, Fosam, E. B., (1997) The relationship of bone loss observed on panoramic radiographs with clinical periodontal screening. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 24, 153-157.
62. Wank, H. A., Levison, M. E., Rose, L. F., &, Cohen, D. W., (1976) A quantitative measurement of bacteremia and its relationship to plaque control. Journal of Periodontology 47, 683-686.
63. Westling, K., Lidman, C., &, Thalme, A., (2002) Tricuspid valve endocarditis caused by a new species of actinomyces: actinomyces funkei. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 34, 206-207.
64. Wilson, W., Taubert, K. A., Gewitz, M., Lockhart, P. B., Baddour, L. M., Levison, M., Bolger, A., Cabell, C. H., Takahashi, M., Baltimore, R. S., Newburger, J. W., Strom, B. L., Tani, L. Y., Gerber, M., Bonow, R. O., Pallasch, T., Shulman, S. T., Rowley, A. H., Burns, J. C., Ferrieri, P., Gardner, T., Goff, D., &, Durack, D. T., (2007) Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 116, 1736-1754.
65. Ximenez-Fyvie, L. A., Haffajee, A. D., &, Socransky, S. S., (2000) Comparison of the microbiota of supra- and subgingival plaque in health and periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 27, 648-657.