Prescription and illicit psychoactive drugs in oral fluid-LC-MS/MS method development and analysis of samples from Brazilian drivers

Forensic Science International

Volumn 223, Issue 1-3, 2012, Pages 208-216

  Zancanaro, Ivomar ^a   Limberger, Renata Pereira ^b   Bohel, Paula O ^b   dos Santos, Maíra Kerpel ^b   De Boni, Raquel B ^b   Pechansky, Flavio ^b   Caldas, Eloisa Dutra ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRASILIA   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Brazil; Drivers; LC MS MS; Oral fluid; Psychoactive drugs

Indexed keywords

ACETIC ACID ETHYL ESTER; AMFEPRAMONE; AMPHETAMINE; BENZODIAZEPINE; BENZOYLECGONINE; CANNABINOID; CANNABIS; CLONAZEPAM; COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE; ECGONINE METHYL ESTER; FLUNITRAZEPAM; HEXANE; ILLICIT DRUG; KETAMINE; OPIATE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DRIVER; FRAGMENTATION REACTION; IONIZATION; LIMIT OF DETECTION; LIMIT OF QUANTITATION; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METABOLITE; PRESCRIPTION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESS OPTIMIZATION; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 84870292517     PISSN: 03790738     EISSN: 18726283     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.048     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. UNODC World Drug Report 2010, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. United Nations, New York, 2010. ISBN: 978-92-1-148256-0.
2. Alvarez F.J., Fierro I., Del Rio M.C. Cannabis and driving: results from a general population survey. Forensic Sci. Int. 2007, 170:111-116.
3. Bernhoft I.M., Steentoft A., Johansen S.S., Klitgaard N.A., Larsen L.B., Hansen L.B. Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark. Forensic Sci. Int. 2005, 150:181-189.
4. Drummer O.H., Gerostamoulos J., Batziris H., Chu M., Caplehorn J., Robertson M.D., Swann P. The involvement of drugs in drivers of motor vehicles killed in Australian road traffic crashes. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2004, 36:239-248.
5. Gjerde H., Normann P.T., Christophersen A.S., Samuelsen S.O., Morland J. Alcohol, psychoactive drugs and fatal road traffic accidents in Norway: a case-control study. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2011, 43:1197-1203.
6. Senna M.C., Augsburger M., Aebi B., Briellmann T.A., Donze N., Dubugnon J.L., Iten P.X., Staub C., Sturm W., Sutter K. First nationwide study on driving under the influence of drugs in Switzerland. Forensic Sci. Int. 2010, 198:11-16.
7. De Boni R., Bozzetti M.C., Hilgert J., Sousa T., Von Diemen L., Benzano D., Menegon G., Holmer B., Duarte P.d.C.A.V., Pechansky F. Factors associated with alcohol and drug use among traffic crash victims in southern Brazil. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2011, 43:1408-1413.
8. Souza J.C.P., Reimão T.R. Sleep habits, sleepiness and accidents among truck drivers. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 2005, 63:925-930.
9. Nascimento E.C.N., Silva E.J.P. Uso de álcool e anfetaminas entre caminhoneiros de estrada. Rev. Saude Publica 2007, 41:290-293.
10. Silva O.A., Greve J.M.D., Yonamine M., Leyton V. Drug use by truck drivers in Brazil. Drugs: Educ. Prev. Policy 2003, 10:135-139.
11. M. Yonamine, The Oral Fluid as a Biological Specimen to Monitor the Use of Alcohol, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, cocaine and Marijuana by Professional Drivers, Doctorate Thesis, University of São Paulo, 2004. Biblioteca Digital USP, Brazil. Available from http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-03072008-093347/pt-br.php.
12. Leyton V., Sinagawa D.M., Oliveira K.C.B.G., Schmitz W., Andreuccetti G., De Martinis B.S., Yonamine M., Munoz D.R. Amphetamine, cocaine and cannabinoids use among truck drivers on the roads in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Forensic Sci. Int. 2012, 215:25-27.
13. IBGE Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - Sustainable Development Indicators - Brazil 2010 January 7, 2010, Available from:. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1703&id_pagina=1.
14. Vindenes V., Lund H.M.E., Andresen W., Gjerde H., Ikdahl S.E., Christophersen A.S., Øiestad E.L. Detection of drugs of abuse in simultaneously collected oral fluid, urine and blood from Norwegian drug drivers. Forensic Sci. Int. 2012, 219:165-171.
15. Samyn N., De Boeck G., Verstraete A.G. The use of oral fluid and sweat wipes for the detection of drugs of abuse in drivers. J. Forensic Sci. 2002, 47:1380-1387.
16. Toennes S.W., Kauert G.F., Steinmeyer S., Moeller M.R. Driving under the influence of drugs - evaluation of analytical data of drugs in oral fluid, serum and urine, and correlation with impairment symptoms. Forensic Sci. Int. 2005, 152:149-155.
17. Wylie F.M., Torrance H., Seymour A., Buttress S., Oliver J.S. Drugs in oral fluid: part II. Investigation of drugs in drivers. Forensic Sci. Int. 2005, 150:199-204.
18. Drummer O.H., Gerostamoulos D., Chu M., Swann P., Boorman M., Cairns I. Drugs in oral fluid in randomly selected drivers. Forensic Sci. Int. 2007, 170:105-110.
19. Wood M., Laloup M., Fernandez M.d.M.R., Jenkins K.M., Young M.S., Ramaekers J.G., Boeck G.D., Samyn N. Quantitative analysis of multiple illicit drugs in preserved oral fluid by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci. Int. 2005, 150:227-238.
20. Kintz P., Villain M., Concheiro M., Cirimele V. Screening and confirmatory method for benzodiazepines and hypnotics in oral fluid by LC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci. Int. 2005, 150:213-220.
21. Øiestad E.L., Johansen U., Christophersen A.S. Drug screening of preserved oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 2007, 53:300-309.
22. Dams R., Choo R.E., Lambert W.E., Jones H., Huestis M.A. Oral fluid as an alternative matrix to monitor opiate and cocaine use in substance-abuse treatment patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007, 87:258-267.
23. Sergi M., Bafile E., Compagnone D., Curini R., D'Ascenzo D., Romolo F.S. Multiclass analysis of illicit drugs in plasma and oral fluids by LC-MS/MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009, 393:709-718.
24. Chu M., Gerostamoulos D., Beyer J., Rodda L., Boorman M., Drummer O.H. The incidence of drugs of impairment in oral fluid from random roadside testing. Forensic Sci. Int. 2012, 215:28-31.
25. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid samples using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci. Int. 2005, 150:205-211.
26. Concheiro M., de Castro A., Quintela Ó., Cruz A., López-Rivadulla M. Confirmation by LC-MS of drugs in oral fluid obtained from roadside testing. Forensic Sci. Int. 2007, 170:156-162.
27. AAFS, SOFT Forensic Toxicology Laboratory Guidelines 2006, Society of Forensic Toxicologists Inc. and the American Academy of Forensic Sciences - Toxicology Section, Available from. http://www.soft-tox.org/files/Guidelines_2006_Final.pdf.
28. Matuszewski B.K., Constanzer M.L., Chavez-Eng C.M. Strategies for the assessment of matrix effect in quantitative bioanalytical methods based on HPLC-MS/MS. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75:3019-3030.
29. Peters F.T., Drummer O.H., Musshoff F. Validation of new methods. Forensic Sci. Int. 2007, 165:216-224.
30. Taverniers I., De Loose M., Van Bockstaele E. Trends in quality in the analytical laboratory. II. Analytical method validation and quality assurance. Trends Anal. Chem. 2004, 23:535-552.
31. Gustavo González A., ángeles Herrador M. A practical guide to analytical method validation, including measurement uncertainty and accuracy profiles. Trends Anal. Chem. 2007, 26:227-238.
32. Dams R., Huestis M.A., Lambert W.E., Murphy C.M. Matrix effect in bio-analysis of illicit drugs with LC-MS/MS: influence of ionization type, sample preparation, and biofluid. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2003, 14:1290-1294.
33. Souza D.Z., Boehl P.O., Comiran E., Prusch D.S., Zancanaro I., Fuentefria A.M., Pechansky F., Duarte P.C.A.V., De Boni R.B., Fröehlich P.E., Limberger R.P. Which amphetamine-type stimulants can be detected by oral fluid immunoassays?. Ther. Drug Monit. 2012, 34:98-109.
34. ® Amphetamine Microplate EIA for the analysis of amphetamines in oral fluid. Forensic Sci. Int. 2006, 159:104-112.
35. United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971, International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), Vienna, Austria.
36. ANVISA, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária Resolução - RDC No. 52, de 6 de outubro de 2011 2011, ANVISA.
37. Cone E.J., Huestis M.A. Interpretation of oral fluid tests for drugs of abuse. Oral Based Diagn. 2007, 1098:51-103.
38. Comiran E., Souza D.Z., Boehl P.O., Cássia Mariotti K.d., Pechansky F., Duarte P.d.C.A.V., De Boni R.B., Fröehlich P.E., Limberger R.P. Fenproporex and amphetamine pharmacokinetics in oral fluid after controlled oral administration of fenproporex. Ther. Drug Monit. 2012, (Epub ahead of print). 10.1097/FTD.1090b1013e318263c318266c318265.
39. Carlini E.A., Galduróz J.C.F., Silva A.A.B., Noto A.R., Fonseca A.M., Carlini C.M., Oliveira L.G.O., Nappo S.A., Moura Y.G., Sanchez Z.V.M. II Levantamento domiciliar sobre o uso de drogas psicotrópicas no Brasil: estudo envolvendo as 108 maiores cidades do país - 2005 2006, CEBRID/UNIFESP, São Paulo, p. 468.
40. Ramaekers J.G., Kuypers K.P.C., Bosker W.M., Brookhuis K.A., Veldstra J.A., Simons R., Martens M., Hjälmdahl M., Forsman Å., Knoche A. Effects of stimulant drugs on actual and simulated driving: perspectives from four experimental studies conducted as part of the DRUID research consortium. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2012, 222:413-418.
41. Compton R., Berning A. Results of the 2007 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers 2009, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Washington, DC.
42. Gjerde H., Normann P.T., Pettersen B.S., Assum T., Aldrin M., Johansen U., Kristoffersen L., Oiestad E.L., Christophersen A.S., Morland J. Prevalence of alcohol and drugs among Norwegian motor vehicle drivers: a roadside survey. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2008, 40:1765-1772.
43. Duailibi L.B., Ribeiro M., Laranjeira R. Profile of cocaine and crack users in Brazil. Cad. Saude Publica 2008, 24:545-557.
44. EMCDDA Cocaine and Crack Cocaine: A Growing Public Health Issue 2007, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.