Challenges in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in Children Exposed to High Prevalence of Infections

PLoS ONE

Volumn 7, Issue 11, 2012, Pages

  Aguilar, Ruth ^a,b,c   Moraleda, Cinta ^a,c   Quintó, Llorenç ^a   Renom, Montse ^a,c   Mussacate, Lázaro ^c   Macete, Eusebio ^c   Aguilar, Josep L ^a   Alonso, Pedro L ^a,c   Menéndez, Clara ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b CIBER EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Y SALUD PÚBLICA CIBERESP   (Spain)

^c Ministérioda Saúde   (Mozambique)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; HEMOGLOBIN; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR;

ALPHA THALASSEMIA; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BONE MARROW BIOPSY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS INFECTION; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN TISSUE; INFANT; INFECTION; IRON DEFICIENCY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALARIA; MALARIA FALCIPARUM; MALE; PREVALENCE; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; AREA UNDER CURVE; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BONE MARROW EXAMINATION; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; FERRITINS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MOZAMBIQUE; PREVALENCE; RECEPTORS, TRANSFERRIN;

EID: 84870262485     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050584     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. WHO/CDC (2005) Assessing the Iron Status of Populations: report of a joint WHO/CDC technical consultation on the assessment of iron status at the populational level. Geneva, World Health Organization.
2. WHO (2008) Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993-2005: WHO global database on anaemia. Geneva, World Health Organization.
3. Stoltzfus R, Dreyfus ML (1998) Guidelines for the use of iron supplements to prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia. Edited by INACG, WHO and UNICEF IUNACG Washington.
4. FAO/WHO (2005) Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Human Vitamin, Mineral Requirements. Iron. Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition. 2nd Edition. Geneva, World Health Organization, 246-278.
5. Lind T, Lonnerdal B, Persson LA, Stenlund H, Tennefors C, et al. (2003) Effects of weaning cereals with different phytate contents on hemoglobin, iron stores, and serum zinc: a randomized intervention in infants from 6 to 12 mo of age. Am J Clin Nutr 78: 168-175.
6. Crompton DW, Nesheim MC, (2002) Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu Rev Nutr 22: 35-59.
7. Menendez C, Schellenberg D, Quinto L, Kahigwa E, Alvarez L, et al. (2004) The effects of short-term iron supplementation on iron status in infants in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 434-440.
8. Lozoff B, (2007) Iron deficiency and child development. Food Nutr Bull 28: S560-571.
9. Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Hirt R, Vounatsou P, Aponte JJ, et al. (1997) Randomised placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis for prevention of severe anaemia and malaria in Tanzanian infants. Lancet 350: 844-850.
10. Sazawal S, Black RE, Ramsan M, Chwaya HM, Stoltzfus RJ, et al. (2006) Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 367: 133-143.
11. Okebe JU, Yahav D, Shbita R, Paul M (2011) Oral iron supplements for children in malaria-endemic areas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD006589.
12. WHO UNICEF (2006) Iron supplementation of young children in regions where malaria transmission is intense and infectious disease highly prevalent. Joint Statement WHO UNICEF.
13. WHO (2007) Conclusions and recommendations of the WHO Consultation on prevention and control of iron deficiency in infants and young children in malaria endemic areas. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28: 621-631.
14. Nyakeriga AM, Troye-Blomberg M, Dorfman JR, Alexander ND, Back R, et al. (2004) Iron deficiency and malaria among children living on the coast of Kenya. J Infect Dis 190: 439-447.
15. Zimmermann MB, Molinari L, Staubli-Asobayire F, Hess SY, Chaouki N, et al. (2005) Serum transferrin receptor and zinc protoporphyrin as indicators of iron status in African children. Am J Clin Nutr 81: 615-623.
16. Menendez C, Quinto LL, Kahigwa E, Alvarez L, Fernandez R, et al. (2001) Effect of malaria on soluble transferrin receptor levels in Tanzanian infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 138-142.
17. Williams TN, Maitland K, Rees DC, Peto TE, Bowden DK, et al. (1999) Reduced soluble transferrin receptor concentrations in acute malaria in Vanuatu. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 875-878.
18. Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamaki A, (1997) Serum transferrin receptor and its ratio to serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood 89: 1052-1057.
19. Konijn AM, (1994) Iron metabolism in inflammation. Baillieres Clin Haematol 7: 829-849.
20. Cook JD, Skikne BS, Baynes RD, (1993) Serum transferrin receptor. Annu Rev Med 44: 63-74.
21. Phiri KS, Calis JC, Kachala D, Borgstein E, Waluza J, et al. (2009) Improved method for assessing iron stores in the bone marrow. J Clin Pathol 62: 685-689.
22. Phiri KS, Calis JC, Siyasiya A, Bates I, Brabin B, et al. (2009) New cut-off values for ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor for the assessment of iron deficiency in children in a high infection pressure area. J Clin Pathol 62: 1103-1106.
23. Alonso P, Saute F, Aponte JJ, Gomez-Olive FX, Nhacolo A, et al. (2001) Manhica DSS, Mozambique. Population, Health and Survival at INDEPTH Sites 1.
24. Guinovart C, Bassat Q, Sigauque B, Aide P, Sacarlal J, et al. (2008) Malaria in rural Mozambique. Part I: children attending the outpatient clinic. Malar J 7: 36.
25. Bassat Q, Guinovart C, Sigauque B, Aide P, Sacarlal J, et al. (2008) Malaria in rural Mozambique. Part II: children admitted to hospital. Malar J 7: 37.
26. Alonso PL, Sacarlal J, Aponte JJ, Leach A, Macete E, et al. (2004) Efficacy of the RTS,S/AS02A vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease in young African children: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364: 1411-1420.
27. Roca A, Sigauque B, Quinto L, Morais L, Berenguera A, et al. (2010) Estimating the vaccine-preventable burden of hospitalized pneumonia among young Mozambican children. Vaccine 28: 4851-4857.
28. Gonzalez R, Munguambe K, Aponte J, Bavo C, Nhalungo D, et al. (2012) High HIV prevalence in a southern semi-rural area of Mozambique: a community-based survey. HIV Med [Epub ahead of print].
29. Priestley SJ, Taylor J, McAdam CM, Francis P, (2001) Ketamine sedation for children in the emergency department. Emerg Med (Fremantle) 13: 82-90.
30. Migita RT, Klein EJ, Garrison MM, (2006) Sedation and analgesia for pediatric fracture reduction in the emergency department: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160: 46-51.
31. Parker RI, Mahan RA, Giugliano D, Parker MM, (1997) Efficacy and safety of intravenous midazolam and ketamine as sedation for therapeutic and diagnostic procedures in children. Pediatrics 99: 427-431.
32. Alonso PL, Smith T, Schellenberg JR, Masanja H, Mwankusye S, et al. (1994) Randomised trial of efficacy of SPf66 vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in southern Tanzania. Lancet 344: 1175-1181.
33. Mayor A, Serra-Casas E, Bardaji A, Sanz S, Puyol L, et al. (2009) Sub-microscopic infections and long-term recrudescence of Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican pregnant women. Malar J 8: 9.
34. Sigauque B, Roca A, Bassat Q, Morais L, Quinto L, et al. (2009) Severe pneumonia in Mozambican young children: clinical and radiological characteristics and risk factors. J Trop Pediatr 55: 379-387.
35. WHO (2007) Case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children.
36. Roca A, Sigauque B, Quinto L, Mandomando I, Valles X, et al. (2006) Invasive pneumococcal disease in children<5 years of age in rural Mozambique. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1422-1431.
37. Valles X, Flannery B, Roca A, Mandomando I, Sigauque B, et al. (2006) Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of invasive and nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in rural Mozambique. Trop Med Int Health 11: 358-366.
38. Dode C, Krishnamoorthy R, Lamb J, Rochette J, (1993) Rapid analysis of-alpha 3.7 thalassaemia and alpha alpha alpha anti 3.7 triplication by enzymatic amplification analysis. Br J Haematol 83: 105-111.
39. Gambino R, Desvarieux E, Orth M, Matan H, Ackattupathil T, et al. (1997) The relation between chemically measured total iron-binding capacity concentrations and immunologically measured transferrin concentrations in human serum. Clin Chem 43: 2408-2412.
40. Beutler E, Robson MJ, Buttenwieser E, (1958) A comparison of the plasma iron, iron-binding capacity, sternal marrow iron and other methods in the clinical evaluation of iron, stores. Ann Intern Med 48: 60-82.
41. Gabay C, Kushner I, (1999) Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 340: 448-454.
42. WHO UNICEF, UNU (2003) Iron Deficiency Anaemia Assessment, Prevention and Control. A guide for programme managers. WHO/NHD/0101 WHO Geneva.
43. Nicholson JF, Pesce MA (2004) Pruebas de laboratorio en lactantes y niños. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, eds Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 17th ed Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier chap 709.
44. Thomas C, Thomas L, (2002) Biochemical markers and hematologic indices in the diagnosis of functional iron deficiency. Clin Chem 48: 1066-1076.
45. Brugnara C, Oski FA, Nathan DG (2009) Diagnostic approach to anemic patient. In: Orkin SH, Nathan DG, Ginsburg D, Look AT, Fisher DE, Lux SE Nathan and Oski's Hematology of infancy and childhood 7th ed Saunders Elsevier chap 10.
46. Armitage P, Berry G (1994) Statistical methods in epidemiology. Diagnostic tests and screening procedures. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, Third edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
47. DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL, (1988) Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics 44: 837-845.
48. Skikne BS, Flowers CH, Cook JD, (1990) Serum transferrin receptor: a quantitative measure of tissue iron deficiency. Blood 75: 1870-1876.
49. Thurnham DI, McCabe LD, Haldar S, Wieringa FT, Northrop-Clewes CA, et al. (2010) Adjusting plasma ferritin concentrations to remove the effects of subclinical inflammation in the assessment of iron deficiency: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 92: 546-555.
50. Northrop-Clewes CA, (2008) Interpreting indicators of iron status during an acute phase response-lessons from malaria and human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Clin Biochem 45: 18-32.
51. Vaya A, Suescun M, Hernandez JL, Perez ML, Palanca S, et al. (2011) Rheological red blood cell behaviour in minor alpha-thalassaemia carriers. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 48: 241-246.
52. Boele van Hensbroek M, Calis JC, Phiri KS, Vet R, Munthali F, et al. (2010) Pathophysiological mechanisms of severe anaemia in Malawian children. PLoS One 5(9): e12589.