Comparing electric shock and a fearful screaming face as unconditioned stimuli for fear learning

International Journal of Psychophysiology

Volumn 86, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 214-219

  Glenn, Catherine R ^a   Lieberman, Lynne ^b   Hajcak, Greg ^c  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^c STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Fear conditioning; Fear learning; Fear potentiated startle; Startle reflex; Unconditioned stimuli

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ELECTRIC SHOCK; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; SELF REPORT; SENSORY GATING; STIMULUS;

ADOLESCENT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANXIETY; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ELECTROSHOCK; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PHOTIC STIMULATION; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; STARTLE REACTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84870254845     PISSN: 01678760     EISSN: 18727697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.006     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Badia P., Harley J.P. Habituation and temporal conditioning as related to shock intensity and its judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1970, 84:534-536.
2. Borelli J.L., Sbarra D.A., Crowley M.J., Mayes L.C. Mood symptoms and emotional responsiveness to threat in school-aged children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2011, 40:220-232.
3. Britton J.C., Lissek S., Grillon C., Nocross M.A., Pine D.S. Development of anxiety: the role of threat appraisal and fear learning. Depression and Anxiety 2010, 0:1-13.
4. Brown J.S., Kalish H.I., Farber I.E. Conditioned fear as revealed by the magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1951, 41:317-327.
5. Cook E.W., Hodes R.L., Lang P.J. Preparedness and phobia: effects of stimulus content on human visceral conditioning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1986, 95:195-207.
6. Craske M.G., Waters A.M., Bergman R.L., Naliboff B., Lipp O.V., Negoro H., Ornitz E.M. Is aversive learning a marker of risk for anxiety disorder in children?. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2008, 46:954-967.
7. Davis M., Falls W.A., Campeau S., Kim M. Fear-potentiated startle: a neural and pharmacological analysis. Behavioural Brain Research 1993, 58:175-198.
8. Glenn C.R., Klein D.N., Lissek S., Britton J.C., Pine D.S., Hajcak G. The development of fear learning and generalization in 8 to 13 year-olds. Developmental Psychobiology 2012, 54:675-684.
9. Grillon C. Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology. Biological Psychiatry 2002, 52:958-975.
10. Grillon C., Davis M. Fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: explicit and contextual cue conditioning following paired vs. unpaired training. Psychophysiology 1997, 34:451-458.
11. Grillon C., Dierker L., Merikangas K.R. Fear-potentiated startle in adolescent offspring of parents with anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry 1998, 44:990-997.
12. Grillon C., Merikangas K.R., Dierker L., Snidman N., Arriaga R.I., Kagan J., Donzella B., Dikel T., Nelson C. Startle potentiation by threat of aversive stimuli and darkness in adolescents: a multi-site study. International Journal of Psychophysiology 1999, 32:63-73.
13. Grillon C., Baas J.P., Lissek S., Smith K., Milstein J. Anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable aversive events. Behavioral Neuroscience 2004, 118:916-924.
14. Grillon C., Warner V., Hille J., Merikangas K.R., Bruder G.E., Tenke C.E., Nomura Y., Leite P., Weissman M.M. Families at high and low risk for depression: a three-generation startle study. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:953-960.
15. Grillon C., Lissek S., Rabin S., McDowell D., Dvir S., Pine D. Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable but not predictable aversive stimuli as a psychophysiologic marker of panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:898-904.
16. Hamm A.O., Greenwald M.K., Bradley M.M., Lang P.J. Emotional learning, hedonic changes, and the startle probe. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1993, 102:453-465.
17. Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., Cuthbert B.N. Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review 1990, 97:377-395.
18. Lau J.Y.F., Lissek S., Nelson E.E., Lee Y., Roberson-Nay R., Poeth K., et al. Fear conditioning in adolescents with anxiety disorders: results from a novel experimental paradigm. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Psychiatry 2008, 47:94-102.
19. Liberman L.C., Lipp O.V., Spence S.H., March S. Evidence for retarded extinction of aversive learning in anxious children. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006, 44:1491-1502.
20. Lissek S., Baas J.M., Pine D.S., Orme K., Dvir S., Nugent M., Rosenberger E., Rawson E., Grillon C. Airpuff startle probes: an efficacious and less aversive alternative to white-noise. Biological Psychology 2005, 68:283-297.
21. Lissek S., Powers A.S., McClure E.B., Phelps E.A., Woldehawariat G., Grillon C., Pine D.S. Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2005, 43:1391-1424.
22. Mineka S., Oehlberg K. The relevance of recent developments in classical conditioning to understanding the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Acta Psychologica 2008, 127:567-580.
23. Neumann D.L., Waters A.M., Westbury H.R., Henry J. The use of an unpleasant sound conditional stimulus in an aversive conditioning procedure with 8- to 11-year-old children. Biological Psychology 2008, 79:337-342.
24. Ohman A. Face the beast and fear the face: animal and social fears as prototypes for evolutionary analyses of emotion. Psychophysiology 1986, 23:123-145.
25. Ohman A., Mineka S. Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review 2001, 108:483-522.
26. Reeb-Sutherland B.C., Helfinstein S.M., Degnan K.A., Perez-Edgar K., Henderson H.A., Lissek S., et al. Startle response in behaviorally inhibited adolescents with a lifetime occurrence of anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Psychiatry 2009, 48:610-617.
27. Schmitz A., Merikangas K., Swendsen H., Cui L., Heaton L., Grillon C. Measuring anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable threat in children and adolescents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2011, 110:159-170.
28. Seligman M.E.P. Phobias and preparedness. Behavior Therapy 1971, 2:307-320.
29. Sesti A. State trait anxiety inventory (STAI) in medication clinical trials. Quality of Life Newsletter 2000, 25:16-17.
30. Spielberger C.D., Gorsuch R.L., Lushene R.E. Trait Anxiety Inventory (Self Evaluation Questionnaire) 1970, Consulting Psychologist Press, Palaupo, LA.
31. Tottenham N., Tanaka J.W., Leon A.C., McCarry T., Nurse M., Hare T.A., et al. The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Research 2009, 168:242-249.
32. Waters A.M., Henry J., Neumann D.L. Aversive Pavlovian conditioning in childhood anxiety disorders: impaired response inhibition and resistance to extinction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2009, 118:311-321.