Continuous energy efficient exfoliation of vermiculite through microwave heating

International Journal of Mineral Processing

Volumn 114-117, Issue , 2012, Pages 69-79

  Folorunso, Olaosebikan ^a   Dodds, Christopher ^a   Dimitrakis, Georgios ^a   Kingman, Samuel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Interlayer water; Microwave energy; Microwave exfoliation; Vermiculite; Vermiculite exfoliation

Indexed keywords

BULK DENSITY; BULK MATERIALS HANDLING; CONTINUOUS ENERGY; DESIGN METHODOLOGY; HIGH THROUGHPUT; INTERLAYER WATERS; MICROWAVE ENERGIES; MICROWAVE PROCESSING; VERMICULITE; VERMICULITE EXFOLIATION;

DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ENERGY EFFICIENCY;

CLAY MINERALS;

EID: 84869876878     PISSN: 03017516     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.minpro.2012.10.003     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. V.I. Andronova A study of the crystalline structure of vermiculite from the Tebinbulak deposit Refract. Ind. Ceram. 48 2 2007 91 95
2. M. Arai, and J.G.P. Binner Comparison of techniques for measuring high-temperature microwave complex permittivity: measurements on an alumina/zircona systsem Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy 31 1 1996 12 18
3. W.A. Basset The geology of vermiculite occurrences Clay Clay Miner. 10 1963 61 93
4. W.A. Bassett Origin of the vermiculite deposit at Libby, Montana Am. Miner. 44 1959 282 299
5. G.D. Carrera, and A. Mack Sustainability assessment of energy technologies via social indicators: result of a survey among European experts Energy Policy 38 2010 1030 1039
6. D.J. Cordier Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010 U. S. D. O. T. Interior and U. S. G. Survey 2010 United States Government Printing Office Washington 193
7. Philip Crowson Statistics and Analyses of the World's Minerals Industry 2001 Mining Journal Books Ltd. Kent, UK
8. C. Dodds, and G. Dimitrakis Microwave processing of feedstock Such as Exfoliating Vermiculite and other Minerlas, and Treating Contaminated Materials 2010 W.I.P. Organization (WO 2010/070357)
9. Y. El Mouzdahir, and A. Elmchaouri Synthesis of nano-layered vermiculite of low density by thermal treatment Powder Technol. 189 1 2009 2 5
10. Greenacre N. R (1996). Measurement of the high temperature dielectric properties of ceramic at microwave frequencies. Electrical and Electronics department. Nottingham, University of Notiingham. PhD.
11. R.E. Grim Clay Mineralogy 1968 McGraw-Hill New York
12. J.W. Gruner Vermiculite and hydrobiotite structure Am. Mineral. 19 1934 557 575
13. H.Z. Harraz, and M.M. Hamdy Interstratified vermiculite-mica in the gneiss-metapelite-serpentinite rocks at Hafafit area, Southern Eastern Desert, Egypt: from metasomatism to weathering J. Afr. Earth Sci. 58 2 2010 305 320
14. S.B. Hendrick, and M.E. Jefferson Crystal structure of vermiculites and mixed veermiculite-chlorites Am. Miner. 23 1938 851 863
15. M.A. Hilhorst, C. Dirsken, F.W.H. Kampers, and R.A. Feddes New dielectric mixture equation for porous materials based on depolarization factors Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64 2000 1581 1587
16. A.R.V. Hippel Dielectrics and Waves 1954 John Wiley and Sons Massachusetts
17. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 Ghz) Health Phys. 74 4 1998 494 523
18. D.A. Jones, T.P. Lelyveld, S.D. Mavrofidis, S.W. Kingman, and N.J. Miles Microwave heating applications in environmental engineering - a review Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 34 2 2002 75 90
19. A. Justo, C. Maqueda, J.L. Perez-Rodríguez, and E. Morillo Expansibility of some vermiculites Appl. Clay Sci. 4 5-6 1989 509 519
20. A. Justo, J.L. Pe'rez-Rodri'guez, and P.J. Sanchez-Soto Thermal study of vermiculite and mica-vermiculite interstratifications J. Therm. Anal. 40 1993 59 65
21. S.W. Kingman, and N.A. Rowson Microwave treatment of minerals - a review Miner. Eng. 11 11 1998 1081 1087
22. S.W. Kingman, W. Vorster, and N.A. Rowson The influence of mineralogy on microwave assisted grinding Miner. Eng. 13 3 2000 313 327
23. H.S. Ku, and Siores Elias Microwave processing of materials: part 1 The Hong Kong Inst. Eng. 8 3 2001 31 37
24. K. Kupfer Electromagnetic Aquametry 2005 Weimar Germany, Springer
25. P.Q. Mantas Dielectric response of materials: extension to the Debye model J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19 12 1999 2079 2086
26. C. Marcos, and I. Rodríguez Expansion behaviour of commercial vermiculites at 1000 °C Appl. Clay Sci. 48 3 2010 492 498
27. C. Marcos, and I. Rodríguez Expansibility of vermiculites irradiated with microwaves Appl. Clay Sci. 51 1-2 2010 33 37
28. C. Marcos, Y.C. Arango, and I. Rodriguez X-ray diffraction studies of the thermal behaviour of commercial vermiculites Appl. Clay Sci. 42 3-4 2009 368 378
29. R. Marinshaw Mineral Product Industry: Vermiculite Processing 1995 U. S. E. P. Agency North Carolina (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1: Chapters 11 and 12 of AP-42)
30. A.C. Metaxas, and R.J. Meredith Industrial Microwave Heating 1983 The Institution of Engineering and Technology London
31. R. Meredith Engineers' Handbook of Industrial Microwave Heating 1998 The Institution of Engineering and Technology London
32. Zhao Miao, and Tongjiang Peng Preparation of expanding vermiulite by chemical and microwave methods Adv. Mater. Res. 96 2010 155 160
33. F. Muiambo Hermínio, W. Focke Walter, Atanasova Maria, Westhuizen Isben van der, and R. Tiedt Louwrens Thermal properties of sodium-exchanged palabora vermiculite Appl. Clay Sci. 50 1 2010 51 57
34. National Radiation Protection Board (NRPB) Measurement of Radiation Leakage from Microwave Ovens 2003 H.P. Agency Oxfordshire 177
35. National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), 1993. Restriction on Human Exposure to Static and Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields and Radiation. London. 4: 7-63.
36. National Research Council (NRC) Microwave Processing of Materials C. o. E. a. T. S. National Materials Advisory Board 1994 National Academy Press USA 1 7
37. A. Obut, and I. Girgin Hydrogen peroxide exfoliation of vermiculite and phlogopite Miner. Eng. 15 9 2002 683 687
38. A. Obut, and I. Girgin Microwave exfoliation of vermiculite and phlogopite Clay Clay Miner. 51 4 2003 452 456
39. J. Sheen Study of microwave dielectric properties measurements by various resonance techniques Meas. 37 2 2005 123 130
40. J. Sheen Measurements of microwave dielectric properties by an amended cavity perturbation technique Meas. 42 1 2009 57 61
41. Jyh Sheen, W.L. Mao, and Weihsing Liu Study on the Measurement Techniques of Microwave Dielectric Properties NST 2007 349 352
42. A. Sihvola Electromagnetic Mixing Formulas and Applications 2000 The institution of Electrical Engineers London
43. Sklyarevich, V. and Shevelev, M., 2006. A method of expanding mineral ores using microwave radiation. Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). W. I. P. Organisation. USA. WO 2006/127025 A2: 10.
44. P.R. Strand, and O.F. Stewart Vermiculite: Industrial Rocks and Minerals 1983 Society of Mining Engineers New York
45. M. Sucher, and J. Fox Handbook of Microwave Measurements 1963 Polytechnic press of the Polytechnic Institute of Broklyn Broklyn
46. A. Taflove Computational Electrodynamics: the Finite Difference Time Domain Method 1995 Artech House Boston, Mass
47. The Vermiculite Association The World of Vermiculite Retrieved 20/06/2011, 2011, from http://www.vermiculite.org/ 2011
48. E.T. Thostenson, and T.W. Chou Microwave processing: fundamentals and applications Compos. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 30 9 1999 1055 1071
49. Erol Ucgul, and I. Girgin Chemical exfoliation characteristics of karakoc phlogopite in hydrogen peroxide solution Turk. J. Chem. 26 2002 431 439
50. M.S. Venkatesh, and G.V.S. Raghavan An overview of dielectric properties measuring techniques Can. Biosyst. Eng. 47 7 2005 15 30
51. W. Vorster, N.A. Rowson, and S.W. Kingman The effect of microwave radiation upon the processing of Neves Corvo copper ore Int. J. Miner. Process. 63 1 2001 29 44
52. T. Wada Method for the Expansion of Vermiculite 1973 U.S.P. Office. U.S.A, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. Osaka Japan 8 (3758415)
53. G.F. Walker Water layers in vermiculite J. Nat. 163 1949 726 727
54. J.F. Walker Vermiculite Minerals The X-ray Identification and Crystal Structures of Clay Minerlas 1961 Mineralogical Society of Great Britian London
55. J.F. Walker, and W.G. Garrett Chemical exfoliation of vermiculite and the production of colloidal dispersion Science 156 3773 1967 385 387
56. B.A. Wills, and T.J. Napier-Munn Mineral Processing Technology: an Introduction to the Practical Aspects of Ore Treatment and Mineral Recovery 2006 Elsevier London