Funding disparities and the inequitable distribution of teachers: Evaluating sources and solutions;Disparidades de financiamiento y la distribución desigual del personal docente: Evaluando fuentes y soluciones

Education Policy Analysis Archives

Volumn 20, Issue , 2012, Pages 1-46

  Adamson, Frank ^a   Darling Hammond, Linda ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Inequality; School funding; Teacher distribution; Teacher qualifications; Teacher salaries

Indexed keywords

EID: 84869752585     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10682341     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.14507/epaa.v20n37.2012     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Accomplished California Teachers (forthcoming). Redesigning teacher compensation. Stanford, CA: National Board Resource Center, Stanford University.
2. Akiba M., LeTendre G., & Scriber, J. (2007). Teacher quality, opportunity gap, and national achievement in 46 countries. Educational Researcher, 36, 369-387.
3. Baker, B., Sciarra D., & Farrie, D. (2010). Is school funding fair? A national report card. Newark: NJ: Education Law Center.
4. Baron, J. B. (1999). Exploring high and improving reading achievement in Connecticut. Washington: National Educational Goals Panel.
5. Beaudin, B. (1995). Former teachers who return to public schools: District and teacher characteristics of teachers who return to the districts they left. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 17(4), 462-475.
6. Berry, B. (2009a). Children of Poverty Deserve Great Teachers: One Union's Commitment to Changing the Status Quo. Raleigh, NC: Center for Teaching Quality.
7. Berry, B. (2009b). Recruiting and Retaining Quality Teachers for High-Needs Schools: Insights from NBCT Summits and Other Policy Initiatives. Raleigh, NC: Center for Teaching Quality and the National Education Association.
8. Betts, J.R., Rueben, K.S., & Danenberg, A. (2000). Equal resources, equal outcomes? The distribution of school resources and student achievement in California. San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California.
9. Boyd, D., Grossman, P., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, J. (2006). How changes in entry requirements alter the teacher workforce and affect student achievement. Education Finance & Policy, 1(2), 176-216.
10. Boyd, D., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., Rockoff, J., & Wyckoff, J. (2008, June). The narrowing gap in New York City teacher qualifications and its implications for student achievement in high-poverty schools (National Bureau of Economic Research: Working Paper 14021). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
11. Brewer, D.J. (1996). Career paths and quit decisions: Evidence from teaching. Journal of Labor Economics, 14(2), 313-339.
12. Carroll, S., Reichardt, R. & Guarino, C. (2000). The distribution of teachers among California's school districts and schools. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
13. California Basic Educational Data System. (2009). File structure: Staff demographics 2008. Retrieved from:
14. Clotfelter, C.T., Ladd, H.F., & Vigdor, J.L. (2007). How and why do teacher credentials matter for student achievement? (National Bureau of Economic Research: Working Paper 12828). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
15. Connecticut. (1996). Sheff v. O'Neill, 238 Conn. 1, 678 A.2d 1267.
16. Connecticut State Department of Education (1990). Impact of education enhancement act. Research Bulletin, School Year 1990, No. 1.
17. Connecticut State Board of Education. (1992). The other side of the equation: Impact of the teacher standards provisions of the education enhancement Act. Hartford, CT: Author.
18. Darling-Hammond, L. (1997). The right to learn: A blueprint for creating schools that work. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
19. Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence. Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 8(1). Retrieved from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v8n1.
20. Darling-Hammond, L. (2002). Access to quality teaching: An analysis of inequality in California's public schools. Los Angeles: UCLA's Institute for Democracy, Education, and Access, UCLA.
21. Darling-Hammond, L. (2009). Educational opportunity and alternative certification: New evidence and new questions. Stanford, CA: Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education.
22. Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). The flat world and education: How America's commitment to equity will determine our future. NY: Teachers College Press.
23. Darling-Hammond, L., Holtzman, D., Gatlin, S.J., & Heilig, J.V. (2005). Does teacher preparation matter? Evidence about teacher certification, Teach for America, and teacher effectiveness. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 13(42). Retrieved from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v13n42/.
24. Darling-Hammond, L., & Sykes, G. (2003). Wanted: A national teacher supply policy for education: The right way to meet the "Highly Qualified Teacher" challenge. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 11(33). Retrieved 5/5/11 from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v11n33/.
25. DeAngelis, K.J. (2000). The relationship between teachers' salaries and the quality of the supply of recent college graduates to teaching. Unpublished dissertation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
26. Dolton, P.J., & Makepeace, G.H. (1993). Female labour force participation and the choice of occupation. European Economic Review, 37, 1393-1411.
27. EdSource. (2006). 2005-06 K-12 Education Funding. Retrieved from http://www.edsource.org/data_k-12_fundingsources05-06.html.
28. EdSource. (2011). Average daily attendance. Retrieved from http://www.edsource.org/1077.html.
29. Education Data Partnership (2009). State of California Education Profile. Retrieved from http://www.ed-data.k12.ca.us/fiscal/TeacherSalary.asp.
30. Fetler, M. (1999). High school staff characteristics and mathematics test results. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 7. Retrieved from http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/544
31. Ferguson, R.F. (1991). Paying for public education: New evidence on how and why money matters. Harvard Journal on Legislation, 28(2), 465-498.
32. Figlio, D.N. (1997). Teacher salaries and teacher quality. Economics Letters, 55(2), 267-271.
33. Goe, L. (2002). Legislating equity: The distribution of emergency permit teachers in California. Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 10(42). http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v10n42/
34. Goldhaber, D.D. & Brewer, D.J. (2000). Does teacher certification matter? High school certification status and student achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 22, 129-145.
35. Greenwald, R. Hedges. L, & Laine. R. (1996). The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement. Review of Educational Research, 66, 361-396.
36. Gritz, R. M. & Theobald, N.D. (1996). The effects of school district spending priorities on length of stay in teaching. Journal of Human Resources, 31(3), 477-512.
37. Hanushek, E.A., Kain, J.F., & Rivkin, S.G. (1999). Do higher salaries buy better teachers? (Working Paper 7082). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
38. Hanushek, E. & Pace, R. (1995). Who chooses to teach (and why)? Economics of Education Review. 14(2), 101-17.
39. Hawk, P., Coble, C. R., & Swanson M. (1985). Certification: It does matter. Journal of Teacher Education, 36(3), 13-15.
40. Haycock, K. (2000). No more settling for less. Thinking K-16, 4(1), 11. Washington DC: Education Trust.
41. st, 2001. Retrieved from: http://www.sptimes.com/News/012101/news_pf/TampaBay/Newcomers_find_toll_o.sht ml.
42. Henke, R.R., Chen, X., Geis, S. & Knepper, P. (2000). Progress through the teacher pipeline: 1992-93 college graduates and elementary/secondary school teaching as of 1997. NCES 2000-152. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
43. Kozol, J. (2005). The shame of the nation: The restoration of apartheid schooling in America. New York, NY; Three Rivers Press.
44. Lankford, H., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, J. (2002). Teacher sorting and the plight of urban schools: A descriptive analysis. Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24(1), 37-62.
45. Loeb, S., & Page, M. (2000). Examining the link between teacher wages and student outcomes: The importance of alternative labor market opportunities and non-pecuniary variation. Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(3), 393-408.
46. Monk, D. H. (1994). Subject matter preparation of secondary mathematics and science teachers and student achievement. Economics of Education Review, 13(2). 125-145.
47. Loeb, S., Author, L., & Luczak, J. (2005). How teaching conditions predict teacher turnover in California schools. Peabody Journal of Education, 80(3), pp. 44-70.
48. Manski, C.F. (1987). Academic ability, earnings, and the decision to become a teacher: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972. In D.A. Wise (Ed.), Public sector payrolls (pp. 291-312). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
49. Mont, D. & Rees, D.I. (1996). The influence of classroom characteristics on high school teacher turnover. Economic Inquiry, 34, 152.
50. Murnane, R.J. & Olsen, R. J. (1990). The effects of salaries and opportunity costs on length of stay in teaching: Evidence from North Carolina. The Journal of Human Resources, 25(1), 106-124.
51. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (1995). Schools and staffing surveys, teacher followup survey (1994-95). (Tabulations conducted by the National Commission on Teaching and America's Future). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
52. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (1997). America's Teachers: Profile of a Profession, 1993-94. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education.
53. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2002). National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) State Data, Table 42 (2001). Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/statedata.
54. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2008). National Assessment of Education Progress, 2007. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/states.
55. National Commission on Teaching and America's Future [NCTAF]. (1996). What matters most: Teaching for America's future. New York: Author.
56. National Education Goals Panel [NEGP]. (1999). Reading achievement state by state, 1999. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
57. New York State Education Department (2009). New York state school report cards for the 2008-09 school year. Retrieved from: http://www.p12.nysed.gov/irs/reportcard/2009/home.html.
58. New York State Education Department (2010). Fiscal analysis and research unit. Retrieved from http://www.oms.nysed.gov/faru/Profiles/18th/revisedAppendix.html.
59. Pogodzinski, J. M. (2000). The teacher shortage: Causes and recommendations for change. San Jose: Department of Economics, San Jose State University.
60. Renee v. Duncan, 623 F.3d 787, 796 (9th Cir. 2010).
61. Socias, M., Chambers, J., Esra, P., & Shambaugh, L. (2007). The distribution of teaching and learning resources in California's middle and high schools (Issues & Answers Report, REL 2007-No. 023). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory West. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs.
62. Shaker, P. (2010). A review of great teachers and great leaders. In Mathis, W. J., & Welner, K. G. (Eds.). The Obama education blueprint: Researchers examine the evidence. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
63. Stinebrickner, T.R. (1999). Estimation of a duration model in the presence of missing data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 81(3), 529-542.
64. Stinebrickner, T.R. (2000). An analysis of occupational change and departure from the labor force: Evidence of the reasons that teachers quit. Working paper. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
65. Strauss, R.P. and Sawyer, E.A. (1986). Some New Evidence on Teacher and Student Competencies. Economics of Education Review, 5(1), 41-48.
66. th Congress (Referred to Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary, and Secondary Education). (2011).
67. Theobald, N.D. (1990). An examination of the influences of personal, professional, and school district characteristics on public school teacher retention. Economics of Education Review, 9(3), 241-250.
68. Theobald, N.D., & Gritz, R.M. (1996). The effects of school district spending priorities on the exit paths of beginning teachers leaving the district. Economics of Education Review, 15(1), 11-22.