Climate and vegetation history of western Portugal inferred from Albian near-shore deposits (Galé Formation, Lusitanian Basin)

Geological Magazine

Volumn 149, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1046-1064

  Heimhofer, Ulrich ^a   Hochuli, Peter A ^b   Burla, Stefan ^c   Oberli, Felix ^d   Adatte, Thierry ^e   Dinis, Jorge L ^f   Weissert, Helmut ^c  

^a LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY HANNOVER   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^d ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^f UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Albian Stage; clay mineralogy; palaeoclimate; palynology; Portugal; Sr isotopes

Indexed keywords

CALCITE; ISOTOPES; STRATIGRAPHY; VEGETATION;

CLAY MINERALOGY; PALAEOCLIMATE; PALYNOLOGY; PORTUGAL; SR ISOTOPES;

DEPOSITS;

ALBIAN; BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; CLAY MINERAL; CLIMATE CONDITIONS; CLIMATE VARIATION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT; PALEOCLIMATE; PALYNOLOGY; STRONTIUM ISOTOPE; VEGETATION COVER; VEGETATION HISTORY;

ALGARVE BASIN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; FARO [PORTUGAL]; LISBOA [PORTUGAL]; LUSITANIAN BASIN; PORTUGAL;

OSTREIDAE;

EID: 84869479823     PISSN: 00167568     EISSN: 14695081     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0016756812000118     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. ABBINK, O. A. 1998. Palynological Investigations in the Jurassic of the North Sea region. Ph.D. thesis, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands, 192 pp. Published thesis.
2. ABBINK, O. A., VAN KONIJNENBURG-VAN CITTERT, J. H. A. & VISSCHER, H. 2004. A sporomorph ecogroup model for the Northwest European Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous: concepts and framework. Geologie en Mijnbouw 83, 17-31.
3. ADATTE, T., STINNESBECK, W. & KELLER, G. 1996. Lithostratigraphic and mineralogic correlations of near K/T boundary clastic sediments in northeastern Mexico: implications for origin and nature of deposition. In The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History (eds G. Ryder, D. E. Fastovsky & S. Gartner), 211-26. Geological Society of America, Special Paper no. 307.
4. BALME, B. E. 1957. Spores and Pollen Grains From the Mesozoic of Western Australia. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Resarch Organisation, Australia, Coal Research Section, Reference T.C. 25, 48 pp.
5. BARRÓN, E., COMAS-RENGIFO, M. J. & ELORZA, I. 2001. Contribuciones al estudio palinológico del Cretácico Inferior de la Cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica: los afloramientos ambarígenos de Peñacerrada (España). Coloquios de Paleontología 52, 135-56.
6. BERTHOU, P. Y., BLANC, P. & CHAMLEY, H. 1982. Sédimentation argileuse comparée au Crétacé moyen et supérieur dans le bassin occidental portugais et sur la marge voisine (site 398 DSDP): enseignements paléogéographiques et tectoniques. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 24, 461-72.
7. BERTHOU, P.-Y. & LEEREVELD, H. 1990. Stratigraphic implications of palynological studies on Berriasian to Albian deposits from western and southern Portugal. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 66, 313-44.
8. BERTHOU, P. Y. & SCHROEDER, R. 1979. Découverte d'un niveau à Simplorbitolina CIRY et RAT dans l'Albien de Guincho (région de Lisbonne, Portugal). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Serie D: Sciences Naturelles 288, 591-4.
9. BICE, K. L., BIRGEL, D., MEYERS, P. A., DAHL, K. A., HINRICHS, K.-U. & NORRIS, R. D. 2006. A multiple proxy and model study of Cretaceous upper ocean temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Paleoceanography 21, PA2002, doi:10.1029/2005PA001203, 17 pp. (Pubitemid 44794615)
10. BRALOWER, T. J., ARTHUR, M. A., LECKIE, R. M., SLITER, W. V., ALLARD, D. J.&SCHLANGER, S.O. 1994. Timing and paleoceanography of oceanic dysoxia/anoxia in the Late Barremian to Early Aptian (Early Cretaceous). Palaios 9, 335-69.
11. BRALOWER, T. J., FULLAGAR, P. D., PAULL, C. K., DWYER, G. S. & LECKIE, R. M. 1997. Mid-Cretaceous strontiumisotope stratigraphy of deep-sea sections. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, 1421-42.
12. BRENNER, G. J. 1963. The Spores and Pollen of the Potomac Group of Maryland. Maryland Department of Geology, Mines and Water Resources Bulletin no. 27, 215 pp.
13. BRENNER, G. 1976. Middle Cretaceous floral provinces and early migrations of angiosperms. In Origin and Early Evolution of Angiosperms (ed. C. B. Beck), pp. 23-44. New York: Columbia University Press.
14. BURLA, S., OBERLI, F., HEIMHOFER, U., WIECHERT, U. & WEISSERT, H. 2009. Improved time control on Cretaceous coastal deposits: new results from Sr isotope measurements using laser ablation. Terra Nova 21, 401-9.
15. CARTER, J. G. 1990. Shell microstructural data for the Bivalvia. Part IV. Order Ostreoida. In Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends (ed. J. Carter), pp. 347-62. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
16. CHAMLEY, H. 1989. Clay Mineralogy. Berlin: Springer, 623 pp.
17. CHRISTENSEN, J. N., HALLIDAY, A. N., LEE, D.-C. & HALL, C. M. 1995. In situ Sr isotopic analysis by laser ablation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 136, 79-85. (Pubitemid 26459926)
18. CHUMAKOV, N. M., ZHARKOV, M. A., HERMAN, A. B., DOLUDENKO, M. P., KALANDADZE, N. M., LEBEDEV, E. L., PONOMARENKO, A. G. & RAUTIAN, A. S. 1995. Climatic belts of the mid-Cretaceous time. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 3, 241-60.
19. CLARKE, L. J. & JENKYNS, H. C. 1999. New oxygen isotope evidence for long-termCretaceous climate change in the Southern Hemisphere. Geology 27, 699-702. (Pubitemid 30005575)
20. COIFFARD, C., GOMEZ, B. & THEVENARD, F. 2007. Early Cretaceous angiosperm invasion of western Europe and major environmental changes. Annals of Botany 100, 545-53. (Pubitemid 47327705)
21. COOKSON, I. C. 1947. Plant microfossils from the lignites of Kerguelen Archipelago. British and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1929-1931, Reports, series A 2, 127-42.
22. CRANE, P. R., FRIIS, E. M. & PEDERSEN, K. R. 1995. The origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Nature 374, 27-33.
23. CRANE, P. R. & LIDGARD, S. 1989. Angiosperm diversification and paleolatitudinal gradients in Cretaceous floristic diversity. Science 246, 675-8. (Pubitemid 20411450)
24. DAVIES, E. H. 1985. The Anemiacean, Schizaeacean and related spores: an index to genera and species. Canadian Technical Report of Hydrography and Ocean Sciences 67. Bedford Institute of Oceanography.
25. DEÁK, M. H. 1962. Két új spóra gensuz az apti agyag márga sorozatbol. Földtani Közlöny 92, 230-5.
26. DEÁK, M.H. 1963. Quelques spores striées de l'étage Aptien. Revue de Micropaléontologie 5, 251-6.
27. DECONINCK, J.-F.&CHAMLEY, B. 1995. Diversity of smectite origins in Late Cretaceous sediments: examples of chalks from northern France. Clay Minerals 30, 365-79.
28. DELCOURT, A. F. & SPRUMONT, G. 1955. Les spores et grains de pollen du Wealdien du Hainaut. Mémories de la Société Belge de Géologie, de Paléontologie et d'Hydrologie, Nouvelle Série 5, 1-73.
29. DENISON, R. E., MILLER, N. R., SCOTT, R.W.&REASER, D. F. 2003. Strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Comanchean Series in north Texas and southern Oklahoma. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115, 669-82. (Pubitemid 36844917)
30. DIÉGUEZ, C., PEYROT, D. & BARRÓN, E. 2010. Floristic and vegetational changes in the Iberian Peninsula during Jurassic and Cretaceous. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 162, 325-40.
31. DINIS, J. L., REY, J., CUNHA, P. P., CALLAPEZ, P. & PENA DOS REIS, R. 2008. Stratigraphy and allogenic controls of the western Portugal Cretaceous: an updated synthesis. Cretaceous Research 29, 772-80.
32. DINIS, J. L., REY, J. & DE GRACIANSKY, P. C. 2002. The Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) during the late Aptian-Albian: sequential arrangement, proposal of correlations, evolution. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 334, 757-64.
33. DINIS, J. L. & TRINCÃO, P. 1995. Recognition and stratigraphical significance of the Aptian unconformity in the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal. Cretaceous Research 16, 171-86.
34. DOYLE, J. A., JARDINÉ, S. & DOERENKAMP, A. 1982. Afropollis, a new genus of early angiosperm pollen, with notes on the Cretaceous palynostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of northern Gondwana. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine 6, 39-117.
35. DOYLE, J. A. & ROBBINS, E. I. 1977. Angiosperm pollen zonation of the continental Cretaceous of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and its application to deep wells in the Salisbury Embayment. Palynology 1, 43-78.
36. ERBACHER, J., FRIEDRICH, O., WILSON, P. A., LEHMANN, J. & WEISS, W. 2011. Short-term warming events during the boreal Albian (mid-Cretaceous). Geology 39, 223-6.
37. ERBACHER, J., HUBER, B. T., NORRIS, R. D. & MARKEY, M. 2001. Increased thermohaline stratification as a possible cause for an ocean anoxic event in the Cretaceous period. Nature 409, 325-7. (Pubitemid 32151233)
38. ERBACHER, J., THUROW, J. & LITTKE, R. 1996. Evolution patterns of radiolaria and organic matter variations: a new approach to identify sea-level changes in Mid-Cretaceous pelagic environments. Geology 24, 499-502.
39. FEILD, T. S., CHATELET, D. S. & BRODRIBB, T. J. 2009. Ancestral xerophobia: a hypothesis on the whole plant ecophysiology of early angiosperms. Geobiology 7, 237-64.
40. FORSTER, A., SCHOUTEN, S., BAAS, M. & SINNINGHE DAMSTÉ, J. 2007. Mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Santonian) sea surface temperature record of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Geology 35, 919-22. (Pubitemid 47617596)
41. FRIIS, E. M., PEDERSEN, K. R. & CRANE, P. R. 2010. Cretaceous diversification of angiosperms in thewestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 162, 341-61.
42. GAUCHER, G. 1981. Les Facteurs de la Pédogenèse.Brussels, Belgium: Dison, 730 pp.
43. GRADE, J. & MOURA, A. C. 1992. Estudo das formações gresosas cretácicas (Aptiano-Albiano) do flanco sul do anticlinal de Alpedriz-Porto Carro. Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos da Direcção Geral de Geologia e Minas 34, 85-94.
44. GRADSTEIN, F. M., OGG, J. G. & SMITH, A. G. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 610 pp.
45. GROOT, J. J. & GROOT, C. R. 1962. Plant microfossils from Aptian, Albian and Cenomanian deposits of Portugal. Comunicações dos Serviços Geológicos de Portugal 44, 133-76.
46. HAWORTH, M., HESSELBO, S. P., MCELWAIN, J. C., ROBINSON, S. A.&BRUNT, J.W. 2005. Mid-Cretaceous pCO2 based on stomata of the extinct conifer Pseudofrenelopsis (Cheirolepidaceae). Geology 33, 749-52. (Pubitemid 41269228)
47. HAY, W. W., DECONTO, R. M., WOLD, C. N., WILSON, K. M., VOIGT, S., SCHULZ, M., ROSSBY WOLD, A., DULLO, W.-C., RONOV, A. B., BALUKHOVSKY, A. N. & SÖDING, E. 1999. Alternative global Cretaceous paleogeography. In Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean-Climate System (eds E. Barrera & C. C. Johnson), pp. 1-47. Geological Society of America, Special Paper no. 332.
48. HEIMHOFER, U., ADATTE, T., HOCHULI, P. A., BURLA, S. & WEISSERT, H. 2008. Coastal sediments from the Algarve: low-latitude climate archive for the Aptian-Albian. International Journal of Earth Sciences 97, 785-97.
49. HEIMHOFER, U., HOCHULI, P. A., BURLA, S., DINIS, J. M. L. & WEISSERT, H. 2005. Timing of Early Cretaceous angiosperm diversification and possible links to major paleoenvironmental change. Geology 33, 141-4. (Pubitemid 40273857)
50. HEIMHOFER, U., HOCHULI, P. A., BURLA, S. & WEISSERT, H. 2007. New records of Early Cretaceous angiosperm pollen from Portuguese coastal deposits: implications for the timing of the early angiosperm radiation. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 144, 39-76. (Pubitemid 46371401)
51. HERMAN, A. B. & SPICER, R. A. 2010. Mid-Cretaceous floras and climate of the Russian high Arctic (Novosibirsk Islands, Northern Yakutiya). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 295, 409-22.
52. HERNGREEN, G. F. W. 1973. Palynology of Albian-Cenomanian strata of borehole 1-Qs-1-Ma, State of Maranhao, Brazil. Pollen et Spores 15, 515-55.
53. HERRLE, J. O., PROSS, J., FRIEDRICH, O. & HEMLEBEN, CH. 2003. Short-term environmental changes in the Cretaceous Tethyan Ocean: micropalaeontological evidence from the Early Albian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1b. Terra Nova 15, 14-19. (Pubitemid 36242599)
54. HEUSSER, L. & BALSAM, W. L. 1977. Pollen distribution in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Quaternary Research 7, 45-62.
55. HOCHULI, P. A. 1981. North Gondwanan floral elements in Lower to Middle Cretaceous sediments of the Southern Alps (Southern Switzerland, Northern Italy). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 35, 337-58.
56. HOCHULI, P. A., HEIMHOFER, U. & WEISSERT, H. 2006. Timing of early angiosperm radiation: recalibrating the classical succession. Journal of the Geological Society, London 163, 587-94. (Pubitemid 43986141)
57. HOCHULI, P. A., OS VIGRAN, J., HERMANN, E. & BUCHER, H. 2010. Multiple climatic changes around the Permian-Triassic boundary event revealed by an expanded palynological record from mid-Norway. Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, 884-96.
58. HOFMANN, P., STUESSER, I., WAGNER, T., SCHOUTEN, S. & SINNINGHE DAMSTÉ, J. 2008. Climate-ocean coupling off North-West Africa during the Lower Albian: the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1b. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 262, 157-65.
59. HOTTON, C. L. & BAGHAI-RIDING, N. L. 2010. Palynological evidence for conifer dominance within a heterogeneous landscape in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, U.S.A. In Plants in Mesozoic Time: Morphological Innovations, Phylogeny, Ecosystems (ed. C. T. Gee), pp. 295-328. Bloomington: Indianan University Press.
60. HOWARTH, R. J. & MCARTHUR, J. M. 1997. Statistics for strontium isotope stratigraphy. A robust LOWESS fit to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0-206 Ma, with look-up table for the derivation of numerical age. Geology 105, 441-56.
61. HUBER, B. T., HODELL, D. A. & HAMILTON, C. P. 1995. Middle-Late Cretaceous climate of the southern high latitudes: stable isotopic evidence for minimal equator-to-pole thermal gradients. Geological Society of America Bulletin 107, 1164-91. (Pubitemid 26457368)
62. HUBER, B. T. & LECKIE, R. M. 2011. Planktic foraminiferal species turnover across deep-sea Aptian/Albian boundary sections. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 41, 53-95.
63. HUCK, S., HEIMHOFER, U., RAMEIL, N., BODIN, S. & IMMENHAUSER, A. 2011. Strontium and carbon-isotope chronostratigraphy of Barremian-Aptian shoal-water carbonates: Northern Tethyan platform drowning predates OAE 1a. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 304, 547-58.
64. INGRAM, B. L. & SLOAN, D. 1992. Strontium isotopic composition of estuarine sediments as paleosalinitypaleoclimate indicator. Science 255, 68-72.
65. JONES, C. E., JENKYNS, H. C., COE, A. L. & HESSELBO, S. P. 1994. Strontium isotopic variations in Jurassic and Cretaceous seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 3061-74.
66. KORTE, C., KOZUR, H. W., BRUCKSCHEN, P. & VEIZER, J. 2003. Strontium isotope evolution of Late Permian and Triassic seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67, 47-62. (Pubitemid 36022257)
67. MCARTHUR, J. M., HOWARTH, R. J. & BAILEY, T. R. 2001. Strontium isotope stratigraphy: LOWESS Version 3. Best-fit line to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0 to 509 Ma and accompanying look-up table for deriving numerical age. Geology 109, 155-69.
68. MEDUS, J. 1982. Palynofloristic correlations of two Albian sections of Portugal. Cuadernos Geología Ibérica 8, 781-809.
69. MEDUS, J. & BERTHOU, P. Y. 1980. Palynoflores dans la coupe de l'Albien de Foz do Folcao (Portugal). Geobios 13, 263-9.
70. MENDES, M. M., DINIS, J. L., GOMEZ, B. & PAIS, J. 2010. Reassessment of the cheirolepidiaceous conifer Frenelopsis teixeirae Alvin et Pais from the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian) of Portugal and palaeoenvironmental considerations. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 161, 30-42.
71. MOORE, D. & REYNOLDS, R. 1997. X-Ray-Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay-Minerals. New York: Oxford University Press, 378 pp.
72. PELZER, G. 1984. Cross section through fluvial environment in the Wealden of Northwest Germany. In Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Tübingen, 1984, pp. 181-6.
73. PELZER, G., RIEGEL, W. & WILDE, V. 1992. Depositional controls on the Lower Cretaceous Wealden coals of northwest Germany. In Controls on the Distribution and Quality of Cretaceous Coals (eds P. J. McCabe & J. T. Parrish), pp. 227-43. Geological Society of America, Special Paper no. 267.
74. PEYROT, D., RODRIGUEZ-LOPEZ, J. P., LASSALETTA, L., MELÉNDEZ, N. & BARRÓN, E. 2007. Contributions to the palaeoenvironmental knowledge of the Escucha Formation in the Lower Cretaceous Oliete Sub-basin, Teruel, Spain. Comptes Rendus Palevol 6, 469-81. (Pubitemid 350217129)
75. PIERCE, R. L. 1961. Lower-Upper Cretaceous plant microfossils from Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Bulletin 42, 1-86.
76. POULSEN, C. J., GENDASZEK, A. S.&JACOB, R. L. 2003. Did the rifting of the Atlantic Ocean cause the Cretaceous thermal maximum? Geology 31, 115-18. (Pubitemid 36290429)
77. PRICE, G.D. 1999. The evidence and implications of polar ice during the Mesozoic. Earth-Science Reviews 48, 183-210. (Pubitemid 30116041)
78. PUCÉAT, E., LÉCUYER, C., SHEPPARD, S. M. F., DROMART, G., REBOULET, S. & GRANDJEAN, P. 2003. Thermal evolution of Cretaceous Tethyan marine waters inferred from oxygen isotope composition of fish tooth enamels. Paleoceanography 18, 7.1-7.12.
79. REY, J. 1992. Les unités lithostratigraphiques du Crétacé inférieur de la région de Lisbonne. Comunicações dos Serviços Geológicos de Portugal 78, 103-24.
80. REY, J. 2006. Stratigraphie séquentielle et séquences de dépôt dans le Crétacé inférieur du Basin Lusitanien. Ciências da Terra, Volume Especial 6, 1-120.
81. REY, J., BILOTTE, M. & PEYBERNES, B. 1977. Analyse biostratigraphique et paléontologique de l'Albien marin d'Estremadura (Portugal). Géobios 10, 369-93.
82. REY, J. & CUGNY, P. 1978. Écoséquences et paléoenvironments de l'Albien. Bulletin de la Sociéte d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 113, 374-86.
83. REY, J., DE GRACIANSKY, P. C. & JACQUIN, T. 2003. Les séquences de dépôt dans le Crétacé inférieur du Bassin Lusitanien. Comunicações do Instituto Geológico e Mineiro 90, 15-42.
84. ROCHA, F. & GOMES, C. 1995. Palaeoenvironment of the Aveiro region of Portugal during the Cretaceous, based on clay mineralogy. Cretaceous Research 16, 187-94.
85. RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZ, J. P., MELÉNDEZ, N., DE BOER, P. L. & SORIA, A. R. 2008. Aeolian sand sea development along the mid-Cretaceous western Tethyan margin (Spain): erg sedimentology and palaeoclimate implications. Sedimentology 55, 1253-92.
86. RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZ, J. P., MELÉNDEZ, N., DE BOER, P. L. & SORIA, A. R. 2010. The action of wind and water in a mid-Cretaceous subtropical erg-margin system close to the Variscan Iberian Massif, Spain. Sedimentology 57, 1315-56.
87. ROSS, N. E. 1949. On a Cretaceous pollen and spore bearing clay deposit of Scania. Bulletin of theGeological Institute, University of Upsala 34, 25-43.
88. RUFFELL, A. H. & BATTEN, D. J. 1990. The Barremian-Aptian arid phase in western Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 80, 197-212.
89. SCHNEIDER, S., FÜRSICH, F. T. & WERNER, W. 2009. Srisotope stratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic of central Portugal (Lusitanian Basin) based on oyster shells. International Journal of Earth Sciences 98, 1949-70.
90. SEWALL, J. O., VAN DE WAL, R. S. W., VAN DER ZWAN, K. J., VAN OOSTERHOUT, C., DIJKSTRA, H. A. & SCOTESE, C. R. 2007. Climate model boundary conditions for four Cretaceous time slices. Climate of the Past 3, 647-57. (Pubitemid 350125433)
91. SOLÉ DA PORTA, N., QUEROL, X., CABANES, R. & SALAS, R. 1994. Nuevas aportaciones a la palinología y paleoclimatología de la Formación Esucha (Albiense inferior-medio) en las Cubetas de Utrillas y Oliete, Cordillera Ibérica Oriental. Cuadernos Geología Ibérica 18, 203-15.
92. SRIVASTAVA, S. K. 1977. Microspores from the Fredericksburg Group (Albian of the southern United States). Paléobiologie Continentale 4, 1-119.
93. STAPLIN, F. L. 1982. Determination of thermal alteration index from color of exinite (pollen, spores). In How to Assess Maturation and Palaeotemperatures (ed. F. L. Staplin), pp. 7-11. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.
94. STEUBER, T., RAUCH, M., MASSE, J.-P., GRAAF, J. & MALKOC, M. 2005. Low-latitude seasonality of Cretaceous temperatures in warm and cold episodes. Nature 437, 1341-4. (Pubitemid 41568677)
95. STOVER, L. E. 1962. Taurocusporites, a new trilete spore genus from the Lower Cretaceous of Maryland. Micropaleontology 8, 55-9.
96. SUKH-DEV 1961. The fossil flora of the Jabalpur Series 3. Spores and pollen grains. The Palaeobotanist 8, 43-56.
97. TAUGOURDEAU-LANTZ, J., AZÉMA, C., HASENBOEHLER, B., MASURE, E. & MORON, J. M. 1982. Évolution des domaines continentaux et marins de la marge portugaise (Leg 47B, site 398 D) au cours du Crétacé: essai d'interpretation par l'analyse palynologique comparée. Bulletin de la Sociéte Géologique de France 24, 447-59.
98. TIRABOSCHI, D., ERBA, E. & JENKYNS, H. C. 2009. Origin of rhythmic Albian black shales (Piobbico core, central Italy): calcareous nannofossil quantitative and statistical analyses and paleoceanographic reconstructions. Paleoceanography 24, 1-21.
99. TRAVERSE, A. 2007. Paleopalynology. Dordrecht: Springer, 813 pp.
100. TRINCÃO, P. 1990. Esporos e pólenes do Cretácico inferior (Berriasiano-Aptiano) de Portugal: paleontologia e estratigrafia. Ph.D. thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Spain, 312 pp. Published thesis.
101. TYSON, R. V. 1995. Sedimentary Organic Matter. London: Chapman & Hall, 615 pp.
102. VAKHRAMEYEV, V. A. 1982. Classopollis pollen as an indicator of Jurassic and Cretaceous climate. International Geology Review 24, 1190-6.
103. VAN KONIJNENBURG-VAN CITTERT, J. H. A. & VAN DER BURGH, J. 1989. The flora from the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Culgower, Sutherland, Scotland. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 61, 1-51.
104. VEIZER, J., ALA, D., AZMY, K., BRUCKSCHEN, P., BUHL, D., BRUHN, F., CARDEN, G. A. F., DIENER, A., EBNETH, S., GODDERIS, Y., JASPER, T., KORTE, C., PAWELLEK, F., PODLAHA, O. G. & STRAUSS, H. 1999. 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical Geology 161, 59-88.
105. VILLANUEVA-AMADOZ, U., PONS, D., DIEZ, J. B., FERRER, J. & SENDER, L. M. 2010. Angiosperm pollen grains of San Just site (Escucha Formation) from the Albian of the Iberian Range (north-eastern Spain). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 162, 362-81.
106. VISSCHER, H. & VAN DER ZWAN, W. A. 1981. Palynology of the circum-Mediterranean Triassic: phytogeographical and palaeoclimatological implications. Geologische Rundschau 70, 625-36.
107. WAGNER, T., WALLMANN, K., HERRLE, J. O., HOFMANN, P. & STUESSER, I. 2007. Consequences of moderate∼25, 000 yr lasting emission of light CO2 into themid-Cretaceous ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 259, 200-11. (Pubitemid 46947904)
108. WATSON, J. 1988. The Cheirolepidiaceae. In Origin and Evolution of the Gymnosperms (ed. C. B. Beck), pp. 382-447. New York: Columbia University Press.
109. WATSON, J. & SINCOCK, C. A. 1992. Bennettitales of the English Wealden. London: The Palaeontographical Society, 228 pp.
110. WILSON, P. A. & NORRIS, R. D. 2001. Warm tropical ocean surface and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous period. Nature 412, 425-8.
111. WOODHEAD, J., SWEARER, S., HERGT, J.&MAAS, R. 2005. In situ Sr-isotope analysis of carbonates by LA-MC-ICPMS: interference corrections, high spatial resolution and an example from otolith studies. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 20, 22-7. (Pubitemid 40134487)