Accounting for the risks of phosphorus losses through tile drains in a phosphorus index

Journal of Environmental Quality

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1720-1729

  Reid, D Keith ^a   Ball, Bonnie ^b   Zhang, T Q ^a  

^a AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

^b FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTUAL LOSS; ENHANCED TRANSPORTS; PHOSPHORUS INDICES; PHOSPHORUS LOSS; TILE DRAINAGE; TILE DRAINS; TRANSPORT PATHWAYS;

CULTIVATION;

PHOSPHORUS;

PHOSPHORUS; SURFACE WATER;

ARTICLE; CALIBRATION; ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS; PHOSPHORUS INDEX; PREDICTION; WATER FLOW; WATER SUPPLY;

AGRICULTURE; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; MODELS, THEORETICAL; PHOSPHORUS; RISK FACTORS; WATER MOVEMENTS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 84869478993     PISSN: 00472425     EISSN: 15372537     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0238     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Algoazany, A.S., P.K. Kalita, G.F. Czapar, and J.K. Mitchell. 2007. Phosphorus transport through subsurface drainage and surface runofffrom a flat watershed in east central Illinois, USA. J. Environ. Qual. 36:681-693.doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0161
2. Allaire, S.E., E. van Bochove, J.-T. Denault, H. Dadfar, G. Thériault, A. Charles, and R. De Jong. 2011. Preferential pathways of phosphorus movement from agricultural land to water bodies in the Canadian Great Lakes basin: A predictive tool. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91:361-374.doi:10.4141/cjss09121
3. Ball Coelho, B., A.J. Bruin, S. Staton, and D. Hayman. 2010. Sediment and nutrient contributions from subsurface drains and point sources to an agricultural watershed. Air Soil Water Res. 3:1-21. doi:10.4137/ASWR.S4471.
4. Ball Coelho, B., R. Murray, D. Lapen, E. Topp, and A. Bruin. 2012. Phosphorus and sediment loading to surface waters from liquid swine manure application under different drainage and tillage practices. Agric. Water Manage. 104:51-61. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2011.10.020
5. Beauchemin, S., R.R. Simard, and D. Cluis. 1998. Forms and concentration of phosphorus in drainage water of twenty-seven tile-drained soils. J. Environ. Qual. 27:721-728. doi:10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700030033x
6. Bechmann, M.E., T. Krogstad, and A.N. Sharpley. 2003. A Phosphorus Index for Norway: Justification of factors. Paper presented at the Diffuse Pollution Conference, Dublin.
7. Beegle, D.B., J.L. Weld, W.J. Gburek, P.J.A. Kleinman, A. Sharpley, and C. Kogelmann. 2006. The Pennsylvania Phosphorus Index: Version 1-User documentation. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park.
8. Bengtson, R.L., C.E. Carter, H.F. Morris, and S.A. Bartkiewicz. 1988. The influence of subsurface drainage practices on nitrogen and phosphorus losses in a warm, humid climate. Trans. ASAE 31:729-733.
9. Bolinder, M.A., R.R. Simard, S. Beauchemin, and K.B. MacDonald. 2000.Indicator of risk of water contamination by P for soil landscape of Canada polygons. Can. J. Soil Sci. 80:153-163. doi:10.4141/S99-040
10. Branger, F., J. Tournebize, N. Carluer, C. Kao, I. Braud, and M. Vauclin. 2009.A simplified modelling approach for pesticide transport in a tile-drained field: The PESTDRAIN model. Agric. Water Manage. 96:415-428.doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.09.005
11. Buzek, F. 2009. Application of two- component model of drainage discharge to nitrate contamination. J. Contam. Hydrol. 106:99-117. doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2009.02.001
12. Campbell, S. 2001. The Phosphorus Index: Agronomy Technical Note 26-Revised. USDA-NRCS, Portland, OR.
13. Chambers, P.A., D.J. McGoldrick, R.B. Brua, C. Vis, J.M. Culp, and G.A. Benoy. 2011. Development of environmental thresholds for nitrogen and phosphorus in streams. J. Environ. Qual. 41:7-20. doi:10.2134/jeq2010.0273.
14. Chapman, A.S., I.D.L. Foster, J.A. Lees, and R.A. Hodgkinson. 2005. Sediment delivery from agricultural land to rivers via subsurface drainage. Hydrol. Processes 19:2875-2897. doi:10.1002/hyp.5789
15. Chikhaoui, M., C.A. Madramootoo, M. Eastman, and A. Michaud. 2008.Estimating preferential flow to agricultural tile drains. Paper presented at the 2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Providence, Rhode Island.
16. Coale, F.J. 2008. The Maryland Phosphorus site index technical users guide. Univ. of Maryland Extension, College Park.
17. Coles, N., and S. Trudgill. 1985. The movement of nitrate fertiliser from the soil surface to drainage waters by preferential flow in weakly structured soils, Slapton, S. Devon. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 13:241-259.doi:10.1016/0167-8809(85)90014-3
18. Culley, J.L.B., E.F. Bolton, and V. Bernyk. 1983. Suspended solids and phosphorus loads from a clay soil: I. Plot studies. J. Environ. Qual. 12:493-498. doi:10.2134/jeq1983.00472425001200040011x
19. Cullum, R.F. 2009. Macropore flow estimations under no-till and till systems. Catena 78:87-91. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2009.03.004
20. Czymmek, K.J., Q.M. Ketterings, L.D. Geohring, and G.L. Albrecht. 2003. The New York Phosphorus RunoffIndex: User's manual and documentation. CSS Extension Bull. E03-13. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
21. Dadfar, H., S.E. Allaire, E. van Bochove, J.-T. Denault, G. Thériault, and A. Charles. 2010a. Likelihood of burrow flow in Canadian agricultural lands. J. Hydrol. 386:142-159. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.03.016
22. Dadfar, H., S.E. Allaire, R. De Jong, E. van Bochove, J.-T. Denault, G. Theriault, and F. Dechmi. 2010b. Development of a method for estimating the likelihood of crack flow in Canadian agricultural soils at the landscape scale. Can. J. Soil Sci. 90:129-149.
23. de Vries, J., and I. Simmers. 2002. Groundwater recharge: An overview of processes and challenges. Hydrogeol. J. 10:5-17. doi:10.1007/s10040-001-0171-7
24. Duxbury, J.M., and J.H. Peverly. 1978. Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from organic soils. J. Environ. Qual. 7:566-570. doi:10.2134/jeq1978.00472425000700040020x
25. Eastman, M., A. Gollamudi, N. Stämpfli, C.A. Madramootoo, and A. Sarangi.2010. Comparative evaluation of phosphorus losses from subsurface and naturally drained agricultural fields in the Pike River watershed of Quebec, Canada. Agric. Water Manage. 97:596-604. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.11.010
26. Edwards, W.M., M.J. Shipitalo, L.B. Owens, and W.A. Dick. 1993. Factors affecting preferential flow of water and atrazine through earthworm burrows under continuous no-till corn. J. Environ. Qual. 22:453-457.doi:10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200030008x
27. Eghball, B., D.H. Sander, and J. Skopp. 1990. Diffusion, adsorption, and predicted longevity of banded phosphorus fertilizer in three soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.54:1161-1165. doi:10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400040041x
28. Everts, C.J., and R.S. Kanwar. 1990. Estimating preferential flow to a subsurface drain with tracers. Trans. ASABE 33:451-457.
29. Florida Phosphorus Work Group. 2004. The Florida Phosphorus Index: A phosphorus risk assessment tool. Florida Phosphorus Work Group.
30. Flury, M. 1994. Susceptibility of soils to preferential flow of water: A field study. Water Resour. Res. 30:1945. doi:10.1029/94WR00871
31. Flury, M. 1996. Experimental evidence of transport of pesticides through field soils: A review. J. Environ. Qual. 25:25-45. doi:10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500010005x
32. Frey, S.K. 2011. A detailed hydrologic evaluation of tile-drained macroporous soils: A field and modelling study, Earth Sciences, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.
33. Gächter, R., J.M. Ngatiah, and C. Stamm. 1998. Transport of phosphate from soil to surface waters by preferential flow. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32:1865-1869. doi:10.1021/es9707825
34. Gaynor, J.D., and W.I. Findlay. 1995. Soil and phosphorus loss from conservation and conventional tillage in corn production. J. Environ. Qual. 24:734-741.doi:10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400040026x
35. Gburek, W.J., A.N. Sharpley, L. Heathwaite, and G.J. Folmar. 2000. Phosphorus management at the watershed scale: A modification of the Phosphorus Index. J. Environ. Qual. 29:130-144. doi:10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010017x
36. Gerke, H.H. 2006. Preferential flow descriptions for structured soils. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 169:382-400. doi:10.1002/jpln.200521955.
37. Gerke, H.H., P. Germann, and J. Nieber. 2010. Preferential and unstable flow: From the pore to the catchment scale. Vadose Zone J. 9:207-212.doi:10.2136/vzj2010.0059
38. Good, L.W., J. Panuska, and P.A. Vadas. 2010. Current calculations in the Wisconsin P Index. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison.
39. Goulet, M., J. Gallichand, M. Duchemin, and M. Giroux. 2006. Measured and computed phosphorus losses by runoffand subsurface drainage in eastern Canada. Appl. Eng. Agric. 22:203-213.
40. Grant, R., A. Laubel, B. Kronvang, H.E. Andersen, L.M. Svendsen, and A. Fuglsang. 1996. Loss of dissolved and particulate phosphorus from arable catchments by subsurface drainage. Water Res. 30:2633-2642.doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00164-9
41. Heckrath, G., P.C. Brookes, P.R. Poulton, and K.W.T. Goulding. 1995. Phosphorus leaching from soils containing different phosphorus concentrations in the Broadbalk Experiment. J. Environ. Qual. 24:904-910. doi:10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400050018x
42. Hesketh, N., and P.C. Brookes. 2000. Development of an indicator for risk of phosphorus leaching. J. Environ. Qual. 29:105-110. doi:10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010013x
43. Hilborn, D., and R. Stone. 2005. Determining the Phosphorus Index for a field. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ontario.
44. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. 2011. Important data on member countries. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, New Delhi, India
45. Jamieson, A., C.A. Madramootoo, and P. Engright. 2003. Phosphorus losses in surface and subsurface runofffrom a snowmelt event on an agricultural field in Quebec. Can. Biosyst. Eng. J. 45:1-7.
46. Jarvis, N.J. 2007. A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in soil macropores: Principles, controlling factors and consequences for water quality. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 58:523-546.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00915.x
47. Jarvis, N.J., and I.G. Dubus. 2006. State-of-the-art review on preferential flow. Report DL#6 of the FP6 EU-funded FOOTPRINT Project.
48. Jarvis, N.J., J. Moeys, J.M. Hollis, S. Reichenberger, A.M.L. Lindahl, and I.G. Dubus. 2009. A conceptual model of soil susceptibility to macropore flow. Vadose Zone J. 8:902-910. doi:10.2136/vzj2008.0137
49. Kinley, R.D., R.J. Gordon, G.W. Stratton, G.T. Patterson, and J. Hoyle. 2007. Phosphorus losses through agricultural tile drainage in Nova Scotia, Canada. J. Environ. Qual. 36:469-477. doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0138
50. Kladivko, E.J., L.C. Brown, and J.L. Baker. 2001. Pesticide transport to subsurface tile drains in humid regions of North America. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31:1-62. doi:10.1080/20016491089163
51. Klaus, J., and E. Zehe. 2010. Modelling rapid flow response of a tile-drained field site using a 2D physically based model: Assessment of "equifinal" model setups. Hydrol. Processes 24:1595-1609. doi:10.1002/hyp.7687
52. Kleinman, P.J.A., A.L. Allen, B.A. Needelman, A.N. Sharpley, P.A. Vadas, L.S. Saporito, G.J. Folmar, and R.B. Bryant. 2007. Dynamics of phosphorus transfers from heavily manured Coastal Plain soils to drainage ditches. J. Soil Water Conserv. 62:225-235.
53. Kleinman, P.J.A., and A.N. Sharpley. 2003. Effect of broadcast manure on runoffphosphorus concentrations over successive rainfall events. J. Environ. Qual. 32:1072-1081. doi:10.2134/jeq2003.1072
54. Kodes̈ová, R., K. Nëmec̈ek, V. Kodes̈, and A. z̈igová. 2012. Using dye tracer for visualization of preferential flow at macro- and microscales. Vadose Zone J.11:. doi:10.2136/vzj2011.0088
55. Koestel, J.K., J. Moeys, and N.J. Jarvis. 2011. Meta-analysis of the effects of soil properties, site factors and experimental conditions on preferential solute transport. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 8:10007-10052. doi:10.5194/hessd-8-10007-2011
56. Köhne, J.M., S. Köhne, and J. Simunek. 2009. A review of model applications for structured soils: a) Water flow and tracer transport. J. Contam. Hydrol.104:4-35. doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.10.002
57. Kronvang, B., A. Laubel, and R. Grant. 1997. Suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus transport and delivery pathways in an arable catchment, GelbÆk Stream, Denmark. Hydrol. Processes 11:627. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199705)11:6<627::AID-HYP481>3.0.CO;2-E
58. Lapen, D.R., E. Topp, C.D. Metcalfe, H. Li, M. Edwards, N. Gottschall, P. Bolton, W. Curnoe, M. Payne, and A. Beck. 2008a. Pharmaceutical and personal care products in tile drainage following land application of municipal biosolids. Sci. Total Environ. 399:50-65. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.025
59. Lapen, D.R., E. Topp, M. Edwards, L. Sabourin, W. Curnoe, N. Gottschall, P. Bolton, S. Rahman, B. Ball-Coelho, M. Payne, S. Kleywegt, and N. McLaughlin. 2008b. Effect of liquid municipal biosolid application method on tile and ground water quality. J. Environ. Qual. 37:925-936.doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0486
60. Larsbo, M., and N. Jarvis. 2003. MACRO 5.0: A model of water flow and solute transport in macroporous soil-Technical description. Emergo. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
61. Larsbo, M., D.R. Lapen, E. Topp, C. Metcalfe, K.C. Abbaspour, and K. Fenner.2009. Simulation of pharmaceutical and personal care product transport to tile drains after biosolids application. J. Environ. Qual. 38:1274-1285.doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0301
62. Laubel, A., O.H. Jacobsen, B. Kronvang, R. Grant, and H.E. Andersen. 1999.Subsurface drainage loss of particles and phosphorus from field plot experiments and a tile-drained catchment. J. Environ. Qual. 28:576-584.doi:10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800020023x
63. Lemunyon, J.L., and R.G. Gilbert. 1993. The concept and need for a phosphorus assessment tool. J. Prod. Agric. 6:483-486.
64. Lewandowski, A. 2010. Comparison of Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin phosphorus indices to estimate risk of P loss from farm fields. Univ. of Minnesota St. Paul.
65. Li, Y., and M. Ghodrati. 1994. Preferential transport of nitrate through soil columns containing root channels. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:653-659.doi:10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800030003x
66. Mallarino, A.P., B.M. Stewart, J.L. Baker, J.A. Downing, and J.E. Sawyer. 2002.Phosphorus indexing for cropland: Overview and basic concepts of the Iowa phosphorus index. J. Soil Water Conserv. 57:440-447.
67. McDowell, R.W. 2012. Minimising phosphorus losses from the soil matrix. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. (in press). doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2012.03.006
68. McDowell, R.W., and A.N. Sharpley. 2001. Approximating phosphorus release from soils to surface runoffand subsurface drainage. J. Environ. Qual.30:508-520. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.302508x
69. McDowell, R.W., A.N. Sharpley, L.M. Condron, P.M. Haygarth, and P.C. Brookes. 2001. Processes controlling soil phosphorus release to runoffand implications for agricultural management. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst.59:269-284. doi:10.1023/A:1014419206761
70. McDowell, R.W., and R.J. Wilcock. 2007. Sources of sediment and phosphorus in stream flow of a highly productive dairy farmed catchment. J. Environ. Qual. 36:540-548. doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0352
71. McGrath, G.S., C. Hinz, M. Sivapalan, J. Dressel, T. Pütz, and H. Vereecken.2010. Identifying a rainfall event threshold triggering herbicide leaching by preferential flow. Water Resour. Res. 46:W02513.doi:10.1029/2008WR007506
72. Michaud, A.R., M. Giroux, I. Beaudin, J. Desjardins, G. Gagné, M. Duchemin, J. Deslandes, C. Landry, P. Beaudet, and J. Lagacé. 2008. ODEP; un Outil de diagnostic des exportations de phosphore. Projet "Gestion du risque associé aux facteurs source et transport du phosphore des sols cultivés au Québec, réalisé dans le cadre de l'Initiative d'appui aux conseillers agricoles (PIACA-204). Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement inc. (IRDA) and Centre de référence en agriculture et agroalimentaire du Québec (CRAAQ), Quebec, Canada.
73. Moncrief, J.F., P. Bloom, N.C. Hansen, D. Mulla, P. Bierman, A. Birr, and M. Mozaffari. 2006. Minnesota phosphorus site risk index technical guide. Dep. of Soil and Climate, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.
74. N.C. PLAT Committee. 2005. North Carolina phosphorus loss assessment: I. Model description, and II. Scientific basis and supporting literature. Dep. of Soil Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.
75. Nicholls, K.H., and H.R. MacCrimmon. 1974. Nutrients in subsurface and runoffwaters of the Holland Marsh, Ontario. J. Environ. Qual. 3:31-35.doi:10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300010010x
76. NRCS-Alabama. 2001. Phosphorus Index for Alabama: A planning tool to assess and manage P movement. Auburn, AL.
77. NRCS-Indiana. 2004. Indiana nutrient and sediment loss risk assessment tool. NRCS-Indiana
78. NRCS-Iowa. 2004. Iowa technical note no. 25: Iowa Phosphorus Index. NRCS-Iowa, Des Moines
79. Oksendahl, V. 2001. Water quality technical note no. 2 (revised): The Phosphorus Index, USDA- NRCS, Spokane, WA. p. 16.
80. Pärn, J., G. Pinay, and ü. Mander. 2012. Indicators of nutrients transport from agricultural catchments under temperate climate: A review. Ecol. Indic.22:4-15. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.10.002
81. Payraudeau, S., and C. Gregoire. 2012. Modelling pesticides transfer to surface water at the catchment scale: A multi-criteria analysis. Agron. Sustainable Dev. 32:479-500. doi:10.1007/s13593-011-0023-3
82. Petersen, C.T., M.H. Nielsen, and S. Hansen. 2012. Quantification of drainconnected macroporous flow pathways by smoke injection. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76:331-341. doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0163
83. Reid, D.K. 2011. A modified Ontario P index as a tool for on-farm phosphorus management. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91:455-466. doi:10.4141/cjss09088 Richard, T.L., and T.S. Steenhuis. 1988. Tile drain sampling of preferential flow on a field scale. J. Contam. Hydrol. 3:307-325.doi:10.1016/0169-7722(88)90038-1
84. Richard, T.L., and T.S. Steenhuis. 1988. Tile drain sampling of preferential flow on a field scale. J. Contam. Hydrol. 3:307-325.doi:10.1016/0169-7722(88)90038-1
85. Salvano, E., and D. Flaten. 2006. Phosphorus risk indicators: Correlation with water quality in Manitoba. Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
86. Salvano, E., D.N. Flaten, A.N. Rousseau, and R. Quilbe. 2009. Are current phosphorus risk indicators useful to predict the quality of surface waters in southern Manitoba, Canada? J. Environ. Qual. 38:2096-2105.doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0159
87. Sammartino, S., E. Michel, and Y. Capowiez. 2011. A novel method to visualize and characterize preferential flow in undisturbed soil cores by using multislice helical CT. Vadose Zone J. 11:13. doi:10.2136/vzj2011.0100.
88. Sanchez Valero, C., C.A. Madramootoo, and N. Stämpfli. 2007. Water table management impacts on phosphorus loads in tile drainage. Agric. Water Manage. 89:71-80. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2006.12.007
89. Schoumans, O.F., and W.J. Chardon. 2002. Models describing phosphorus losses by subsurface transport used in Europe. In: W.J. Chardon and O.F. Schoumans, editors, Phosphorus losses from agricultural soils: Processes at the field scale. COST Action 832, Alterra, Wageningen, the Netherlands. p. 102-110.
90. Sharpley, A. 2011. Revision of the 590 Nutrient Management Standard: SERA-17-Supporting documentation. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.
91. Sharpley, A.N., J.L. Weld, D.B. Beegle, P.J.A. Kleinman, W.J. Gburek, P.A.J. Moore, and G. Mullins. 2003. Development of phosphorus indices for nutrient management planning strategies in the United States. J. Soil Water Conserv. 58:137-152.
92. Shipitalo, M.J., and F. Gibbs. 2000. Potential of earthworm burrows to transmit injected animal wastes to tile drains. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64:2103-2109.doi:10.2136/sssaj2000.6462103x
93. Simard, R.R., S. Beauchemin, and P.M. Haygarth. 2000. Potential for preferential pathways of phosphorus transport. J. Environ. Qual. 29:97-105. doi:10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010012x
94. Sims, J.T., and A.B. Leytem. 2002. The Phosphorus Site Index: A phosphorus management strategy for Delaware's agricultural soils (ST-05). Univ. of Delaware, Dep. ofPlant and Soil Sciences, Newark. Sims, J.T., R.R. Simard, and B.C. Joern. 1998. Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage: Historical perspective and current research. J. Environ. Qual.27:277-293. doi:10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020006x
95. Sims, J.T., R.R. Simard, and B.C. Joern. 1998. Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage: Historical perspective and current research. J. Environ. Qual.27:277-293. doi:10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020006x
96. Smith, E.A. 2012. Spatial and temporal variability of preferential flow in a subsurface-drained landscape in north-central Iowa. Faculty of the Graduate School, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul. Statistics Canada. 2001-2006. Farm Environmental Management Survey (FEMS). Detailed information for 2001 and 2006. http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel?catno=21-021-MWE&lan g=eng#formatdisp (accessed 16 May 2012).
97. Stone, W.W., and J.T. Wilson. 2006. Preferential flow estimates to an agricultural tile drain with implications for glyphosate transport. J. Environ. Qual.35:1825-1835. doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0068
98. Stumpp, C., and P. Maloszewski. 2010. Quantification of preferential flow and flow heterogeneities in an unsaturated soil planted with different crops using the environmental isotope δ18O. J. Hydrol. 394:407-415. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.09.014
99. Sunohara, M., M.A. Youssef, E. Topp, and D.R. Lapen. 2010. Measured effect of agricultural drainage water management on hydrology, water quality, and crop yield. In: 9th International Drainage Symposium of ASABE. ASABE, Quebec, Canada. p. 10.
100. Tan, C.S., and T.Q. Zhang. 2011. Surface runoffand sub-surface drainage phosphorus losses under regular free drainage and controlled drainage with sub-irrigation systems in southern Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91:349-359. doi:10.4141/cjss09086
101. Tiemeyer, B., P. Kahle, and B. Lennartz. 2009. Phosphorus losses from an artificially drained rural lowland catchment in north-eastern Germany. Agric. Water Manage.96:677-690. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.10.004 Tomer, M.D., C.G. Wilson, T.B. Moorman, K.J. Cole, D. Heer, and T.M. Isenhart. 2010. Source-pathway separation of multiple contaminants during a rainfall-runoffevent in an artificially drained agricultural watershed. J. Environ. Qual. 39:882-895. doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0289
102. Tomer, M.D., C.G. Wilson, T.B. Moorman, K.J. Cole, D. Heer, and T.M. Isenhart. 2010. Source-pathway separation of multiple contaminants during a rainfall-runoffevent in an artificially drained agricultural watershed. J. Environ. Qual. 39:882-895. doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0289
103. Ulén, B., F. Djodjic, A. Etana, G. Johansson, and J. Lindström. 2011. The need for an improved risk index for phosphorus losses to water from tile-drained agricultural land. J. Hydrol. 400:234-243. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.01.038
104. Uusitalo, R., E. Turtola, M. Puustinen, M. Paasonen-Kivekäs, and J. Uusi-Kämppä. 2003. Contribution of particulate phosphorus to runoffphosphorus bioavailability. J. Environ. Qual. 32:2007-2016. doi:10.2134/jeq2003.2007
105. Vadas, P.A., M.S. Srinivasan, P.J.A. Kleinman, J.P. Schmidt, and A.L. Allen. 2007. Hydrology and groundwater nutrient concentrations in a ditch-drained agroecosystem. J. Soil Water Conserv. 62:178-188.
106. van Bochove, E., J.-T. Denault, M.-L. Leclerc, G. Theriault, F. Dechmi, S.E. Allaire, A.N. Rousseau, and C.F. Drury. 2011. Temporal trends of risk of water contamination by phosphorus from agricultural land in the Great Lakes Watersheds of Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91:443-453. doi:10.4141/cjss09122
107. van Bochove, E., G. Thériault, F. Dechmi, M.-L. Leclerc, and N. Goussard. 2007. Indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus: Temporal trends for the Province of Quebec from 1981 to 2001. Can. J. Soil Sci. 87:121-128. doi:10.4141/S06-067
108. van Bochove, E., G. Thériault, and J.-T. Denault. 2010. Indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus (IROWC_P): A Handbook for presenting the IROWC_P Algorithms. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec.
109. Vidon, P., and P.E. Cuadra. 2010. Impact of precipitation characteristics on soil hydrology in tile-drained landscapes. Hydrol. Processes 24:1821-1833. doi:10.1002/hyp.7627
110. Wang, Y.T., T.Q. Zhang, Q.C. Hu, C.S. Tan, I.P.O. Halloran, C.F. Drury, D.K. Reid, B.L. Ma, B. Ball-Coelho, J.D. Lauzon, W.D. Reynolds, and T. Welacky. 2010. Estimating dissolved reactive phosphorus concentration in surface runoffwater from major Ontario soils. J. Environ. Qual. 39:1771-1781. doi:10.2134/jeq2009.0504
111. Watson, C.J., R.V. Smith, and D.I. Matthews. 2007. Increase in phosphorus losses from grassland in response to Olsen-P accumulation. J. Environ. Qual. 36:1452-1460. doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0207
112. Wolfe, M.L., J. Pease, L. Zelazny, L. Daniels, and G. Mullins. 2005. Virginia Phosphorus Index version 2.0: Technical guide. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.
113. Zajíc̈ek, A., T. Kvítek, M. Kaplická, F. Dolez̈al, Z. Kulhavý, V. Bysťický, and P. źlábek. 2011. Drainage water temperature as a basis for verifying drainage runoffcomposition on slopes. Hydrol. Processes 25:3204-3215.doi:10.1002/hyp.8039
114. Zehe, E., and H. Flühler. 2001. Preferential transport of isoproturon at a plot scale and a field scale tile-drained site. J. Hydrol. 247:100-115. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00370-5
115. Zhang, T.Q., Q.C. Hu, Y.T. Wang, C.S. Tan, I. O'Halloran, C.F. Drury, D.K. Reid, B. Ball-Coelho, B.L. Ma, T. Welacky, W.D. Reynolds, J.D. Lauzon, D. Speranzini, I. MacDonald, and G. Patterson. 2009a. Determination of some key factors for Ontario soil P index and effectiveness of manure application practices for mitigating risk to water resources., Report NM8002 to the Nutrient Management Joint Research Program. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Guelph, ON, Canada.
116. Zhang, T.Q., C.A. Madramootoo, and C.S. Tan. 2009b. What are the P losses to tile drains? Great Lakes Phosphorus Forum, Windsor, ON, Canada.
117. Zhang, T.Q., C.S. Tan, C.F. Drury, B.L. Ma, W.D. Reynolds, and J.D. Gaynor. 2001. Soil phosphorus losses in tile drainage: Effects of compost addition to soils under long-term conventional tillage and no-tillage. Paper presented at Canadian Soil Science Society Annual Meeting, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
118. Zhao, S.L., S.C. Gupta, D.R. Huggins, and J.F. Moncrief. 2001. Tillage and nutrient source effects on surface and subsurface water quality at corn planting. J. Environ. Qual. 30:998-1008. doi:10.2134/jeq2001.303998x