Assessing the quality of freshwaters in a protected area within the tagus River basin district (Central Portugal)

Journal of Environmental Quality

Volumn 41, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 1413-1426

  Silva, Emìlia ^a   Pereira, Ana Carina ^a   Estalagem, Soraia Patrìcia ^a   Moreira Santos, Matilde ^b   Ribeiro, Rui ^b   Cerejeira, Maria Josè ^a  

^a INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE AGRONOMIA   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVERSE EFFECT; AGRICULTURAL ZONES; ALACHLOR; BIOTESTS; CHIRONOMUS RIPARIUS; CHLORFEN-VINPHOS; CHLORPYRIFOS; COMPREHENSIVE QUALITIES; DAPHNIA MAGNA; ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS; ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLE; EUROPEAN UNION; FRESH WATER; GROUND-WATER QUALITIES; HUMAN ACTIVITIES; HUMAN CONSUMPTION; METOLACHLORS; MIXTURE MODEL; MIXTURE TOXICITY; PESTICIDE COMPOUNDS; PESTICIDE MIXTURE; PORTUGAL; PROTECTED AREAS; PROTECTED ZONES; PSEUDOKIRCHNERIELLA SUBCAPITATA; RIVER BASINS; SUBCAPITATA; TERBUTHYLAZINE; TOXIC UNIT; TOXICITY TESTING; VIBRIO FISCHERI; WATER SAMPLES;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CONSERVATION; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; GROUNDWATER; MIXTURES; QUALITY CONTROL; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SURFACE WATERS; TOXICITY; WATER QUALITY; WATERSHEDS;

HERBICIDES;

3,4 DICHLOROANILINE; ALACHLOR; ATRAZINE; CHLORPYRIFOS; CLOFENVINFOS; FRESH WATER; GROUND WATER; METOLACHLOR; PESTICIDE; TERBUTYLAZINE;

AGRICULTURAL LAND; ALGAL GROWTH; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHIRONOMUS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DAPHNIA MAGNA; FEMALE; FLUID INTAKE; NEWBORN; NONHUMAN; PORTUGAL; PSEUDOKIRCHNERIELLA SUBCAPITATA; RIVER BASIN; TOXICITY TESTING; VIBRIO FISCHERI; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAMPLING; WATER STANDARD;

ALIIVIBRIO FISCHERI; ANIMALS; AQUATIC ORGANISMS; CHIRONOMIDAE; DAPHNIA; GEOLOGIC SEDIMENTS; GROUNDWATER; PESTICIDES; PORTUGAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RIVERS; TOXICITY TESTS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL; WATER QUALITY;

ALGAE; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CHIRONOMIDAE; CHIRONOMUS RIPARIUS; CRUSTACEA; DAPHNIA MAGNA; SELENASTRUM CAPRICORNUTUM; VIBRIO FISCHERI;

EID: 84869434145     PISSN: 00472425     EISSN: 15372537     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0010     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Almeida, C., J.J.L. Mendonça, M.R. Jesus, and A.J. Gomes. 2000. Sistemas aquìferos de Portugal Continental. Instituto da Água, Lisbon, Portugal.
2. Allan, I.J., B. Vrana, R. Greenwood, G.A. Mills, B. Roig, and C. Gonzalez. 2006. A "toolbox" for biological and chemical requirements for the European Union's Water Framework Directive. Talanta 69(2):302-322.doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.09.043.
3. ASTM. 2002. Test method for measuring the toxicity of sediment-associated contaminants with freshwater invertebrates: E1706-00e2. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
4. Bacci, E. 1994. Ecotoxicology of organic contaminants. CRC Press/Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.
5. Bacci, E., and C. Gaggi. 1993. Simple models for ranking pesticide mobility from soils. Paper presented at: Mobility and degradation of xenobiotics. IX Symposium on Pesticide Chemistry, Piacenza, Italy. 11-13 October.
6. Batista, S. 2003. Exposição da água subterrânea a pesticidas e nitratos em ecossistemas agrìcolas do Ribatejo e Oeste e da Beira Litoral. Ph.D. diss.,Technical University of Lisbon.
7. Batista, S., E. Silva, M.J. Cerejeira, and A.M. Silva-Fernandes. 2001. Exposure of ground water to alachlor, atrazine and metolachlor in maize areas of Ribatejo and Oeste (Portugal). Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 79(3-4):223-232. doi:10.1080/02772240109358990
8. Batista, S., E. Silva, S. Galhardo, P. Viana, and M.J. Cerejeira. 2002. Evaluation of pesticide contamination of ground water in two agricultural areas of Portugal. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 82(8-9):601-609.doi:10.1080/03067310290009488
9. Belden, J.B., R.J. Gilliom, and M.J. Lydy. 2007. How well can we predict the toxicity of pesticide mixtures to aquatic life? Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 3(3):364-372. doi:10.1002/ieam.5630030307
10. Blasco, C., and Y. Picò. 2009. Prospects for combining chemical and biological methods for integrated environmental assessment. Trends Anal. Chem. 28(6):745-757. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2009.04.010
11. Bonnet, J.-L., F. Bonnemoy, M. Dusser, and J. Bohatier. 2007. Assessment of the potential toxicity of herbicides and their degradation products to nontarget cells using two microorganisms, the bacteria Vibrio fischeri and the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Environ. Toxicol. 22(1):78-91.doi:10.1002/tox.20237
12. Brack, W. 2003. Effect-directed analysis: A promising tool for the identification of organic toxicants in complex mixtures? Anal. Bioanal. Chem.377(3):397-407. doi:10.1007/s00216-003-2139-z
13. Castro, B.B., L. Guilhermino, and R. Ribeiro. 2003. In situ chambers and procedures for assessment of sediment toxicity with Chironomus riparius.Environ. Pollut. 125(3):325-335. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00120-9
14. Cedergreen, N., A.M. Christensen, A. Kamper, P. Kudsk, S.K. Mathiassen,J.C. Streibig, and H. Sørensen. 2008. A review of independent action compared to concentration addition as reference models for mixtures of compounds with different molecular target sites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.27(7):1621-1632. doi:10.1897/07-474.1
15. Cedergreen, N., A. Kamper, and J.C. Streibig. 2006. Is prochloraz a potent synergist across aquatic species? A study on bacteria, daphnia, algae, and higher plants.Aquat. Toxicol. 78(3):243-252. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.03.007
16. Cedergreen, N., P. Kudsk, S.K. Mathiassen, and J.C. Streibig. 2007. Combination effects of herbicides on plants and algae: Do species and test systems matter? Pest Manag. Sci. 63(3):282-295. doi:10.1002/ps.1353
17. Cerejeira, M.J., E. Silva, S. Batista, A. Trancoso, M.S.L. Centeno, and A. Silva-Fernandes. 2000. Simazine, metribuzine and nitrates in ground water of agricultural areas of Portugal. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 75(3-4):245-253.doi:10.1080/02772240009358908
18. Cerejeira, M.J., P. Viana, S. Batista, T. Pereira, E. Silva, M.J. Valèrio, A. Silva,M. Ferreira, and A.M. Silva-Fernandes. 2003. Pesticides in Portuguese surface and ground waters. Water Res. 37(5):1055-1063. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00462-6
19. de Haas, E.M., B. Reuvers, C.T.A. Moermond, A.A. Koelmans, and M.H.S.Kraak. 2002. Responses of benthic invertebrates to combined toxicant and food input in floodplain lake sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.21(10):2165-2171. doi:10.1002/etc.5620211020
20. Direcção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural (DGADR). 2011.Informação sobre vendas. http://www.dgadr.pt/ (accessed 31 Dec. 2011). Environment Canada. 1992. Biological test method: Growth inhibition test using the freshwater alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Rep. EPS 1/RM/25. Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON
21. Environment Canada. 1992. Biological test method: Growth inhibition test using the freshwater alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Rep. EPS 1/RM/25.Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON.
22. Environment Canada. 1997. Biological test method: Test for survival and growth in sediment using the larvae of freshwater midges (Chironomus tentans or Chironomus riparius). Rep. EPS 1/RM/32. Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON Environment Canada.
23. European Community (EC). 1998. Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official Journal L 330 of 05.12.1998. p. 0032-0054.
24. European Community (EC). 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000, establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal L 327 of 22.12.2001. p. 0001-0073
25. European Community (EC). 2006. Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration. Official Journal L 372 of 27.12.2006. p. 19-31
26. European Community (EC). 2008. Directive 2008/105/EC of European Parliament and Council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy, am nding and subsequently repealing Council Directives 82/176/EEC, 83/513/EEC, 84/156/EEC, 84/419/EEC, 86/280/ EEC and amending Directive 2000/60/EU. Official Journal L 348 of 24.12.2008. p. 84-97.
27. European Economic Community (EEC). 1991. Council Directive 91/676/ EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources. Official Journal L 375 of 31.12.1991. p. 1-8.
28. FOOTPRINT. 2011. The FOOTPRINT pesticide properties database. http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/ (accessed 31 Dec. 2011).
29. Groenendijk, D., J.F. Postma, M.H.S. Kraak, and W. Admiraal. 1998.Seasonal dynamics and larval drift of Chironomus riparius (Diptera) in a metal contaminated lowland river. Aquat. Ecol. 32(4):341-351.doi:10.1023/A:1009951709797
30. Grote, M., W. Brack, H.A. Walter, and R. Altenburger. 2005. Confirmation of cause-effect relationships using effect-directed analysis for complex environmental samples. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24(6):1420-1427.doi:10.1897/04-278R.1
31. Gustafson, D.I. 1989. Groundwater ubiquity score: A simple method for assessing pesticide leachability. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8(4):339-357.doi:10.1002/etc.5620080411
32. Holmstrup, M., A.-M. Bindesbøl, G.J. Oostingh, A. Duschl, V. Scheil, H.-R. Köhler, S. Loureiro, A.M.V.M. Soares, A.L.G. Ferreira, C. Kienle, A.Gerhardt, R. Laskowski, P.E. Kramarz, M. Bayley, C. Svendsen, and D.J. Spurgeon. 2010. Interactions between effects of environmental chemicals and natural stressors: A review. Sci Total Environ. 408(18):3746-3762.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.067
33. Hornsby, A.G., R.D. Wauchope, and A.E. Herner. 1996. Pesticide properties in the environment. Springer, New York.
34. International Organization for Standardization. 1996. ISO 6341: Water qualitydetermination of the inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) acute toxicity test. ISO, Geneva
35. International Organization for Standardization. 2004. ISO 8692: Water quality-freshwater algal growth inhibition test with unicellular green algae. ISO, Geneva
36. International Organization for Standardization. 2005. ISO/IEC 17025: General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. ISO, Geneva
37. Köck, M., M. Farrè, E. Martìnez, K. Gajda-Schrantz, A. Ginebreda, A. Navarro,M.L. de Alda, and D. Barcelò. 2010. Integrated ecotoxicological and chemical approach for the assessment of pesticide pollution in the Ebro River delta (Spain). J. Hydrol. 383(1-2):73-82. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.029
38. Kortenkamp, A., T. Backhaus, and M. Faust. 2009. State of the art review on mixture toxicity-Final report, executive summary. Report to the Commission of the European Union, Directorate General for the Environment
39. Lobo Ferreira, J.P.C., and M.M. Oliveira. 1995. Caracterização dos recursos hìdricos subterrâneos e mapeamento DRASTIC da vulnerabilidade dos aquìferos de Po tugal. In: J.P.C. Lobo Ferreira, M.M. Oliveira, and P. Ciabatti, editors, Desenvolvimento de um inventário das águas subterrâneas de Portugal. LNEC, DH, GIAS, Lisbon, Portugal. p.I7-I315.
40. Loureiro, S., C. Svendsen, A.L.G. Ferreira, C. Pinheiro, F. Ribeiro, and A.M.V.M.Soares. 2010. Toxicity of three binary mixtures to Daphnia magna:Comparing chemical modes of action and deviations from conceptual models. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 29(8):1716-1726. doi:10.1002/etc.198
41. Mackay, D. 2001. Multimedia environmental models: The fugacity approach.2nd ed. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.
42. Munkegaard, M., M. Abbaspoor, and N. Cedergreen. 2008. Organophosphorous insecticides as herbicide synergists on the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the aquatic plant Lemna minor. Ecotoxicology 17(1):29-35. doi:10.1007/s10646-007-0173-x
43. Ocampo-Duque, W., J. Sierra, N. Ferrè-Huguet, M. Schuhmacher, and J.L. Domingo. 2008. Estimating the environmental impact of micro-pollutantsin the low Ebro River (Spain): An approach based on screening toxicity with Vibrio fischeri. Chemosphere 72(5):715-721. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.055
44. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1984. Test no. 201: Alga, growth inhibition test. OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals. OECD, Paris.
45. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1998a. Report of the OECD Workshop on Statistical Analysis of Aquatic Toxicity Data.OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no. 10. OECD, Paris.
46. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1998b. Test no.211: Daphnia magna reproduction test. OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. OECD, Paris.
47. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2004. Test No.218: Sediment-water chironomid toxicity using spiked sediment. OECDGuidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. OECD, Paris
48. Osano, O., W. Admiraal, H.J.C. Klamer, D. Pastor, and E.A.J. Bleeker. 2002. Comparative toxic and genotoxic effects of chloroacetanilides,formamidines and their degradation products on Vibrio fischeri and Chironomus riparius. Environ. Pollut. 119(2):195-202. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00334-7
49. Palma, P., P. Alvarenga, V. Palma, C. Matos, R.M. Fernandes, A. Soares, and I.R.Barbosa. 2010. Evaluation of surface water quality using an ecotoxicological approach: A case study of the Alqueva Reservoir (Portugal). Environ. Sci.Pollut. Res. 17(3):703-716. doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0143-3
50. Palma, P., M. Kuster, P. Alvarenga, V.L. Palma, R.M. Fernandes, A.M.V.M. Soares,M.J. Lòpez de Alda, D. Barcelò, and I.R. Barbosa. 2009. Risk assessment of representative and priority pesticides, in surface water of the Alqueva reservoir (south of Portugal) using on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Environ. Int. 35(3):545-551. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.09.015
51. Palma, P., V.L. Palma, R.M. Fernandes, A.M.V.M. Soares, and I.R. Barbosa. 2008. Acute toxicity of atrazine, endosulfan sulphate and chlorpyrifos to Vibrio fischeri, Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna, relative to their concentrations in surface waters from the Alentejo region of Portugal. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 81(5):485-489. doi:10.1007/s00128-008-9517-3
52. Paralta, E.A., M.M. Oliveira, S.B. Batista, A.P. Francès, L.F. Ribeiro, and M.J.Cerejeira. 2001. Aplicação de SIG na avaliação da vulnerabilidade aquìferae cartografia da contaminação agrìcola por pesticidas e nitratos na região do Ribatejo. Paper presented at: Seminário sobre A Hidroinformática em Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal.
53. Pereira, T., M.J. Cerejeira, F. Brito, and M.A. Morbey. 2000. Laboratory studies with microbiotests to evaluate the acute toxicity to aquatic biota of herbicides used in Portuguese paddy fields. In: G. Persoone, C. Janssen, and W. De Coen, editors, New microbiotests for routine toxicity screening and biomonitoring. Kluwer, New York. p. 495-500.
54. Pèrez, J.R., S. Loureiro, S. Menezes, P. Palma, R.M. Fernandes, I.R. Barbosa, and A.M. Soares. 2010. Assessment of water quality in the Alqueva Reservoir (Portugal) using bioassays. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 17(3):688-702.doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0174-9
55. Pèrez, J., I. Domingues, A.M. Soares, and S. Loureiro. 2011. Growth rate of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata exposed to herbicides found in surface waters in the Alqueva reservoir (Portugal): A bottom-up approach using binary mixtures. Ecotoxicology 20(6):1167-1175. doi:10.1007/s10646-011-0661-x
56. RGA (Recenseamento Geral da Agricultura). 2011. Principais Resultados-Ribatejo e Oeste. www.ine.pt (accessed 31 Dec. 2011).
57. Ruiz, M.J., L. Lòpez-Jaramillo, M.J. Redondo, and G. Font. 1997. Toxicity assessment of pesticides using the microtox test: Application to environmental samples. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 59(4):619-625. doi:10.1007/s001289900524
58. Silva, E., S. Batista, L. Caetano, M.J. Cerejeira, M. Chaves, and S.-E. Jacobsen. 2011. Integrated approach for the quality assessment of freshwater resources in a vineyard area (South Portugal). Environ. Monit. Assess. 176(1-4):331-341. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1586-1
59. Silva, E., S. Batista, P. Viana, P. Antunes, L. Serôdio, A.T. Cardoso, and M.J.Cerejeira. 2006. Pesticides and nitrates in groundwater from oriziculture areas of the 'Baixo Sado' region (Portugal). Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem.86(13):955-972. doi:10.1080/03067310600833336
60. Silva, E., M.P. Mendes, L. Ribeiro, and M.J. Cerejeira. 2012. Exposure assessment of pesticides in a shallow groundwater of the Tagus vulnerable zone (Portugal): A multivariate statistical approach ( JCA). Environ. Sci. Pollut.Res. 19(7):2667-2680. doi:10.1007/s11356-012-0761-z.
61. Syberg, K., A. Elleby, H. Pedersen, N. Cedergreen, and V.E. Forbes. 2008. Mixture toxicity of three toxicants with similar and dissimilar modes of action to Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 69(3):428-436. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.05.010
62. Sistema Nacional de Informação de Recursos Hìdricos. 2011. Boletim de Precipitação. SNIRH, Lisbon, Portugal. http://snirh.pt/ (accessed 31 Dec. 2011).
63. SOP (Standard Operational Procedure). 2003. Daphtoxkit F™ magna, crustacean toxicity screening test for freshwater. MicroBioTests, Inc., Mariakerke, Gent, Belgium.
64. SOP (Standard Operational Procedure). 2004. Algaltoxkit F™, freshwater toxicity test with microalgae. MicroBioTests, Inc., Mariakerke, Gent, Belgium.
65. Stein, J.R. 1973. Handbook of phycological methods: Culture methods and growth measurements. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.
66. Tomlin, C.D.C. 2006. The pesticide manual. 14th ed. British Crop Protection Council, Hampshire, UK.