Cardiovascular disease and rheumatoid arthritis: An update

Current Rheumatology Reports

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 455-462

  Charles Schoeman, Christina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Inflammation; Morbidity; Mortality; Rheumatoid arthritis; Risk factors; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLESTEROL; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; ETANERCEPT; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; METHOTREXATE; PREDNISONE; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; SIMVASTATIN; TOCILIZUMAB; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR INHIBITOR;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFECT; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; MORBIDITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; SCREENING; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; ARTHRITIS, PSORIATIC; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMORBIDITY; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; RISK FACTORS; SPONDYLITIS, ANKYLOSING; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 84869209317     PISSN: 15233774     EISSN: 15346307     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11926-012-0271-5     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Fischer LM, Schlienger RG, Matter C, Jick H, Meier CR. Effect of rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus on the risk of first-time acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 93: 198-200. (Pubitemid 38058729)
2. Solomon DH, Karlson EW, Rimm EB, Cannuscio CC, Mandl LA, Manson JE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2003; 107: 1303-7. (Pubitemid 36314415)
3. del Rincon I, Williams K, Stern MP, Freeman GL, Escalante A. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44: 2737-45. (Pubitemid 34016192)
4. Solomon DH, Curhan GC, Rimm EB, Cannuscio CC, Karlson EW. Cardiovascular risk factors in women with and without rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50: 3444-9. (Pubitemid 39488668)
5. Gonzalez A, Maradit KH, Crowson CS, Ballman KV, Roger VL, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Do cardiovascular risk factors confer the same risk for cardiovascular outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients as in non-rheumatoid arthritis patients? Ann Rheum Dis. 2008; 67: 64-9.
6. Peters MJ, Symmons DP, McCarey D, Dijkmans BA, Nicola P, Kvien TK, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69: 325-31.
7. Innala L, Moller B, Ljung L, Magnusson S, Smedby T, Sodergren A, et al. Cardiovascular events in early RA are a result of inflammatory burden and traditional risk factors: a five year prospective study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011; 13: R131.
8. Maradit-Kremers H, Nicola PJ, Crowson CS, Ballman KV, Gabriel SE. Cardiovascular death in rheumatoid arthritis: a populationbased study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: 722-32. (Pubitemid 40365093)
9. van Sijl AM, van den Oever I, Peters MJ, Boers M, Dijkmans BA, van Halm VP, et al. Subclinical renal dysfunction is independently associated with cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis: the CARRE Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012; 71: 341-4.
10. Matsushita K, van der Velde, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, de Jong PE, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010; 375: 2073-81.
11. Chung CP, Giles JT, Petri M, Szklo M, Post W, Blumenthal RS, et al. Prevalence of traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with control subjects from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012; 41: 535-44.
12. Kremers HM, Nicola PJ, Crowson CS, Ballman KV, Gabriel SE. Prognostic importance of low body mass index in relation to cardiovascular mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50: 3450-7. (Pubitemid 39488669)
13. Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Roger VL, Fitz-Gibbon PD, Therneau TM, et al. Lipid paradox in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of serum lipid measures and systemic inflammation on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; 70: 482-487. In this work, RA patients with lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels had increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
14. Semb AG, Kvien TK, Aastveit AH, Jungner I, Pedersen TR, Walldius G, et al. Lipids, myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the Apolipoprotein- Related Mortality RISk (AMORIS) Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69: 1996-2001.
15. Mosca L, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Bezanson JL, Dolor RJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women- - 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 57: 1404-23.
16. Toms TE, PanoulasVF, Douglas KM, Griffiths H, SattarN, Smith JP, et al. Statin use in rheumatoid arthritis in relation to actual cardiovascular risk: evidence for substantial undertreatment of lipid-associated cardiovascular risk? Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69: 683-8.
17. Bartels CM, Kind AJ, Thorpe CT, Everett CM, Cook RJ, McBride PE, et al. Lipid testing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and key cardiovascular- related comorbidities: a medicare analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012.
18. Lindhardsen J, Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, Madsen OR, Olesen JB, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Initiation and adherence to secondary prevention pharmacotherapy after myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012. In this Danish registry, RA patients were less likely to receive aspirin, beta blockers, and statins following discharge from the hospital after suffering a first myocardial infarction. Adherence to statins was also lower in RA patients, relative to non-RA patients.
19. Sheng X, Murphy MJ, Macdonald TM, Wei L. Effectiveness of statins on total cholesterol and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2012; 39: 32-40.
20. Semb AG, Holme I, Kvien TK, Pedersen TR. Intensive lipid lowering in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and previous myocardial infarction: an explorative analysis from the incremental decrease in endpoints through aggressive lipid lowering (IDEAL) trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011; 50: 324-9.
21. De Vera MA, Choi H, Abrahamowicz M, Kopec J, Goycochea- Robles MV, Lacaille D. Statin discontinuation and risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; 70: 1020-4. Discontinuation of statins in RA patients was associated with a 67% increased risk of myocardial infarction.
22. Wallberg-Jonsson S, Johansson H, Ohman ML, Rantapaa- Dahlqvist S. Extent of inflammation predicts cardiovascular disease and overall mortality in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study from disease onset. J Rheumatol. 1999; 26: 2562-71.
23. Chung CP, Oeser A, Raggi P, Gebretsadik T, Shintani AK, Sokka T, et al. Increased coronary-artery atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to disease duration and cardiovascular risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52: 3045-53. (Pubitemid 41447084)
24. del Rinco I, Freeman GL, Haas RW, O'Leary DH, Escalante A. Relative contribution of cardiovascular risk factors and rheumatoid arthritis clinical manifestations to atherosclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 52(11): 3413-23. (Pubitemid 41612207)
25. Giles JT, Post WS, Blumenthal RS, Polak J, Petri M, Gelber AC, et al. Longitudinal predictors of progression of carotid atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011. Higher swollen joint counts and higher average C-reactive protein levels were associated with incident as well as progressive carotid plaque in a 158-patient RA cohort followed for 3 years.
26. Van Lenten BJ, Hama SY, de Beer FC, Stafforini DM, McIntyre TM, Prescott SM, et al. Anti-inflammatory HDL becomes proinflammatory during the acute phase response: loss of protective effect of HDL against LDL oxidation in aortic wall cell cocultures. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 2758-67.
27. Van Lenten BJ, Wagner AC, Nayak DP, Hama S, Navab M, Fogelman AM. High-density lipoprotein loses its antiinflammatory properties during acute influenza a infection. Circulation. 2001; 103: 2283-8. (Pubitemid 32433719)
28. Navab M, Berliner JA, Subbanagounder G, Hama S, Lusis AJ, Castellani LW, et al. HDL and the inflammatory response induced by LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001; 21: 481-8. (Pubitemid 32323377)
29. McGillicuddy FC, de la LleraMM, Hinkle CC, JoshiMR, Chiquoine EH, Billheimer JT, et al. Inflammation impairs reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Circulation. 2009; 119: 1135-45.
30. Charles-Schoeman C, Watanabe J, Lee YY, Furst DE, Amjadi S, Elashoff D, et al. Abnormal function of high-density lipoprotein is associated with poor disease control and an altered protein cargo in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 60: 2870-9.
31. McMahon M, Grossman J, Skaggs B, Fitzgerald J, Sahakian L, Ragavendra N, et al. Dysfunctional proinflammatory high-density lipoproteins confer increased risk of atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 60: 2428-37.
32. Oram JF, Yokoyama S. Apolipoprotein-mediated removal of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids. J Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 2473-91. (Pubitemid 27051496)
33. Navab M, Hama SY, Anantharamaiah GM, Hassan K, Hough GP, Watson AD, et al. Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: steps 2 and 3. J Lipid Res. 2000; 41: 1495-508.
34. Navab M, Hama SY, Cooke CJ, Anantharamaiah GM, Chaddha M, Jin L, et al. Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: step 1. J Lipid Res. 2000; 41: 1481-4.
35. NavabM, Hama-Levy S, Van Lenten BJ, Fonarow GC, Cardinez CJ, Castellani LW, et al. Mildly oxidized LDL induces an increased apolipoprotein J/paraoxonase ratio. J Clin Invest. 1997; 99: 2005-19. (Pubitemid 27175949)
36. Watson AD, Navab M, Hama SY, Sevanian A, Prescott SM, Stafforini DM, et al. Effect of platelet activating factoracetylhydrolase on the formation and action of minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest. 1995; 95: 774-82.
37. Mackness MI, Arrol S, Durrington PN. Paraoxonase prevents accumulation of lipoperoxides in low-density lipoprotein. FEBS Lett. 1991; 286: 152-4.
38. Khera AV, Cuchel M, de Llera-Moya M, Rodrigues A, Burke MF, Jafri K, et al. Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein function, and atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364: 127-35.
39. Charles-Schoeman C, Lee YY, Grijalva V, Amjadi S, Fitzgerald J, Ranganath VK, et al. Cholesterol efflux by high density lipoproteins is impaired in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012. The cholesterol efflux function of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was shown to be impaired in RA patients with high disease activity, as compared with low disease activity, and was inversely correlated with levels of systemic inflammation.
40. Watanabe J, Charles-Schoeman C, Miao Y, Elashoff D, Lee YY, Katselis G, et al. Proteomic profiling following immunoaffinity capture of HDL: association of acute phase proteins and complement factors with proinflammatory HDL in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012.
41. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002; 105: 1135-43. (Pubitemid 34212626)
42. Huang AL, Vita JA. Effects of systemic inflammation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2006; 16: 15-20. (Pubitemid 43012036)
43. Sidibe A, Mannic T, Arboleas M, Subileau M, Gulino-Debrac D, Bouillet L, et al. Soluble VE-cadherin in rheumatoid arthritis patients correlates with disease activity: evidence for tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced VE-cadherin cleavage. Arthritis Rheum. 2012; 64: 77-87.
44. Giles JT, Fert-Bober J, Park JK, Bingham III CO, Andrade F, Fox- Talbot K, et al. Myocardial citrullination in rheumatoid arthritis: a correlative histopathologic study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012; 14: R39.
45. Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Llorca J, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Carotid intima-media thickness predicts the development of cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 38: 366-71.
46. EvansMR, Escalante A, Battafarano DF, FreemanGL, O'Leary DH, del Rincó n, I. Carotid atherosclerosis predicts incident acute coronary syndromes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011; 63: 1211-20. The presence of unilateral carotid plaque was associated with a two and a half 2.5-fold increased risk of acute coronary syndrome in patients with RA, as compared with patients without plaque.
47. Karpouzas G, Naser A, Choi T, Hajsadeghi F, Munoz S, Budoff M. Higher prevalence, extent, and severity of "vulnerable" coronary plaque in asymptomatic patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [Abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 2010.
48. Karpouzas G, Malpeso J, Li D, Razaeian P, Peralta M, Munoz S, et al. Differential predictors of mixed and fully calcified coronary plaques in coronary artery disease-naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Abstract]. Arthritis Rheuma. 2011.
49. Aubry MC, Maradit-Kremers H, Reinalda MS, Crowson CS, Edwards WD, Gabriel SE. Differences in atherosclerotic coronary heart disease between subjects with and without rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007; 34: 937-42. (Pubitemid 46774835)
50. Hinkema HJ, Nienhuis HL, de Groot L, Smit AJ, van Roon AM, Bijl M, et al. Is small artery elasticity decreased prior to intimamedia thickening in patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis? J Rheumatol. 2011; 38: 2133-40.
51. Chatterjee AM, Guin A, Chakraborty S, Sinhamahapatra P, Ghosh A. Subclinical atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis as evidenced by measurement of carotid intima-media thickness and flow-mediated vasodilatation: an observational study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011.
52. Toms TE, Symmons DP, Kitas GD. Dyslipidaemia in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of inflammation, drugs, lifestyle and genetic factors. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2010; 8: 301-26.
53. Steiner G, Urowitz MB. Lipid profiles in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms and the impact of treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 38: 372-81.
54. Boers M, Nurmohamed MT, Doelman CJ, Lard LR, Verhoeven AC, Voskuyl AE, et al. Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003; 62: 842-5. (Pubitemid 37026494)
55. Jamnitski A, Visman IM, Peters MJ, Dijkmans BA, Voskuyl AE, Nurmohamed MT. Beneficial effect of 1-year etanercept treatment on the lipid profile in responding patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the ETRA study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69: 1929-33.
56. Curtis JR, John A, Baser O. Dyslipidemia and changes in lipid profiles associated with rheumatoid arthritis and initiation of anti- TNF therapy. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) . 2012.
57. Maini RN, Taylor PC, Szechinski J, Pavelka K, Broll J, Balint G, et al. Double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist, tocilizumab, in European patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had an incomplete response to methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54: 2817-29. (Pubitemid 44497760)
58. Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, Mysler EF, da Silva NA, Alecock E, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008; 58: 2968-80.
59. Nishimoto N, Ito K, Takagi N. Safety and efficacy profiles of tocilizumab monotherapy in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analysis of six initial trials and five long-term extensions. Mod Rheumatol. 2010; 20: 222-32.
60. Schultz O, Oberhauser F, Saech J, Rubbert-Roth A, Hahn M, Krone W, et al. Effects of inhibition of interleukin-6 signalling on insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein (a) levels in human subjects with rheumatoid diseases. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e14328.
61. Dixon WG, Symmons DP. What effects might anti-TNFalpha treatment be expected to have on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis? a review of the role of TNFalpha in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007; 66: 1132-6. (Pubitemid 47309726)
62. Kume K, Amano K, Yamada S, Hatta K, Ohta H, Kuwaba N. Tocilizumab monotherapy reduces arterial stiffness as effectively as etanercept or adalimumab monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: an open-label randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2011; 38: 2169-71.
63. Klarenbeek NB, van der Kooij SM, Huizinga TJ, Goekoop- Ruiterman YP, Hulsmans HM, van Krugten MV, et al. Blood pressure changes in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis treated with four different treatment strategies: a post hoc analysis from the BeSt trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010; 69: 1342-5.
64. Angel K, Provan SA, Gulseth HL, Mowinckel P, Kvien TK, Atar D. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists improve aortic stiffness in patients with inflammatory arthropathies: a controlled study. Hypertens. 2010; 55: 333-8.
65. Ogata A, Morishima A, Hirano T, Hishitani Y, Hagihara K, Shima Y, et al. Improvement of HbA1c during treatment with humanised anti-interleukin 6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; 70: 1164-5.
66. Greenberg JD, Kremer JM, Curtis JR, Hochberg MC, Reed G, Tsao P, et al. Tumour necrosis factor antagonist use and associated risk reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; 70: 576-82.
67. Lunt M, Watson KD, Dixon WG, Symmons DP, Hyrich KL. No evidence of association between anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Rheum. 2010; 62: 3145-53.
68. Al-Aly Z, Pan H, Zeringue A, Xian H, McDonald JR, El-Achkar TM, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade, cardiovascular outcomes, and survival in rheumatoid arthritis. Transl Res. 2011; 157: 10-8.
69. Ljung L, Simard JF, Jacobsson L, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Askling J. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and the risk of acute coronary syndromes in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012; 64: 42-52.
70. DixonWG, Watson KD, Lunt M, Hyrich KL, Silman AJ, Symmons DP. Reduction in the incidence of myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who respond to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56: 2905-12. (Pubitemid 47502736)
71. Westlake SL, Colebatch AN, Baird J, Curzen N, Kiely P, Quinn M, et al. Tumour necrosis factor antagonists and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011; 50: 518-31.
72. Barnabe C, Martin BJ, Ghali WA. Systematic review and metaanalysis: anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) . 2011; 63: 522-9.