New insights into gill chemoreception: Receptor distribution and roles in water and air breathing fish

Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology

Volumn 184, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 326-339

  Milsom, William K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

CO2 sensitive chemoreceptors; Extrabranchial chemoreceptors; Fish; Gill chemoreceptors; O2 sensitive chemoreceptors

Indexed keywords

ACIDIFICATION; ATLANTIC COD; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; BRADYCARDIA; BREATHING RATE; CARBON DIOXIDE SENSING; CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE; CATFISH; CELLULAR, SUBCELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND FUNCTIONS; CHANNEL CATFISH; CHEMORECEPTOR; CRANIAL NERVE; DENERVATION; ELASMOBRANCH; GILL; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE; HEART RATE; HYPERCAPNIA; HYPOXIA; LUNGFISH; MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION; NERVE; NONHUMAN; ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH; PRESSOR RESPONSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAINBOW TROUT; REFLEX; RESPIRATION CONTROL; RESPIRATORY DRIVE; REVIEW; SWELLING; SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE; TROUT; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION; VASCULAR RESISTANCE;

AIR; ANIMALS; CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS; FISHES; GILLS; RESPIRATION; WATER;

EID: 84869162559     PISSN: 15699048     EISSN: 18781519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.013     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. 2 partial pressure on bimodal gas exchange and air-breathing behavior in Trichogaster leeri. Journal of Experimental Biology 2007, 210:2311-2319.
2. Aota S., Holmgren K.D., Gallaugher P., Randall D.J. A possible role for catecholamines in the ventilatory responses associated with internal acidosis or external hypoxia in rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology 1990, 151:57-70.
3. Axelsson M., Abe A.S., Bicudo J.E.P.W., Nilsson S. On the cardiac control in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 1989, 93:561-565.
4. Axelsson M., Farrell A.P., Nilsson S. Effects of hypoxia and drugs on the cardiovascular dynamics of the Atlantic hagfish Myxine glutinosa. Journal of Experimental Biology 1990, 151:297-316.
5. Babiker M.M. Respiratory behaviour, oxygen consumption and relative dependence on aerial respiration in the African lungfish (Protopterus anectens, Owen) and an air breathing teleost (Clarius lazera, C.). Hydrobiologia 1979, 65:177-187.
6. 2 in the mouth and nose or inspired into the lungs. Respiration Physiology 1985, 62:375-386.
7. Bamford O.S. Oxygen reception in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 1974, 48:69-76.
8. Belão T.C., Leite C.A.C., Florindo L.H., Kalinin A.L., Rantin F.T. Cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822), an air-breathing fish. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 2011, 181:905-916.
9. Berschick P., Bridges C.R., Grieshaber M.K. The influence of hyperoxia, hypoxia and temperature on the respiratory physiology of the intertidal rockpool fish Gobius cobitis Pallas. Journal of Experimental Biology 1987, 130:369-387.
10. 2 chemoreceptors. Journal of Experimental Biology 2010, 213:2792-2807.
11. Burggren W.W. " Air gulping" improves blood oxygen transport during aquatic hypoxia in the goldfish Carassius auratus. Physiological Zoology 1982, 55:327-334.
12. Burleson M.L., Smatresk N.J., Milsom W.K. Afferent inputs associated with cardioventilatory control in fish. Fish Physiology. vol. XIIB. The Cardiovascular System 1992, 389-426. Academic Press, San Diego. W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall, A.P. Farrell (Eds.).
13. Burleson M.L., Milsom W.K. Cardio-ventilatory control in rainbow trout: I. Pharmacology of branchial, oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptors. Respiration Physiology 1995, 100:231-238.
14. Burleson M.L., Smatresk N.J. Effects of sectioning cranial nerves IX and X on cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to hypoxia and NaCN in channel catfish. Journal of Experimental Biology 1990, 154:407-420.
15. Burleson M.L., Smatresk N.J. Evidence for two oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptor loci in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Physiological Zoology 1990, 63:208-221.
16. Burleson M.L., Smatresk N.J. Branchial chemoreceptors mediate ventilatory responses to hypercapnic acidosis in channel catfish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 2000, 125:403-414.
17. Butler P.J., Taylor E.W., Short S. The effect of sectioning cranial nerves V, VII, IX and X on the cardiac response of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula to environmental hypoxia. Journal of Experimental Biology 1977, 69:233-245.
18. Butler P.J., Taylor E.W. Response of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus caniculata L.) to slowly induced and rapidly induced hypoxia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 1971, 39:307-323.
19. 2 in reptiles: role of the nasal and vomeronasal systems. American Journal of Physiology 1989, 25:R91-R97.
20. 2 stimulates breathing in the tegu lizard. Respiration Physiology 1991, 86:65-75.
21. Crocker C.E., Cech J.J. Effects of hypercapnia on blood-gas and acid-base status in the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 1998, 168:50-60.
22. Crocker C.E., Farrell A.P., Gamperl A.K., Cech J.J. Cardiorespiratory responses of white sturgeon to environmental hypercapnia. American Journal of Physiology 2000, 279:R617-R628.
23. Daxboeck C., Holeton G.F. Oxygen receptors in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1978, 56:1254-1256.
24. Delaney R.G., Lahiri S., Fishman A.P. Aestivation of the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus: cardiovascular and respiratory functions. Journal of Experimental Biology 1974, 61:111-128.
25. Delaney R.G., Lahiri S., Hamilton R., Fishman A.P. Acid-base balance and plasma composition in the aestivating lungfish (Protopterus). American Journal of Physiology 1977, 232:R10-R17.
26. Delaney R.G., Laurent P., Galante R., Pack A.I., Fishman A.P. Pulmonary mechanoreceptors in the dipnoi lungfish Protpterus and Lepidosiren. American Journal of Physiology 1983, 244:R418-R428.
27. Delaney R.G., Shub C., Fishman A.P. Haematologic observations on the aquatic and aestivating African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus. Copeia 1976, 1976:423-434.
28. Florindo L.H., Reid S.G., Kalinin A.L., Milsom W.K., Rantin F.T. Cardiorespiratory reflexes and aquatic surface respiration in the neotropical fish tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): actue responses to hypercarbia. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 2004, 174:319-328.
29. 2 chemoreceptors in the control of aquatic surface respiration in the neotropical fish tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): progressive responses to prolonged hypoxia. Journal of Experimental Biology 2006, 209:1709-1715.
30. Fritsche R., Axelsson M., Franklin C.E., Grigg G.G., Holmgren S., Nilsson S. Respiratory and cardiovascular responses to hypoxia in the Australian lungfish. Respiration Physiology 1993, 94:173-187.
31. Fritsche R., Nilsson S. Cardiovascular responses to hypoxia in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Experimental Biology 1989, 48:153-160.
32. Fritsche R., Nilsson S. Autonomic nervous control of blood pressure and heart rate during hypoxia in the cod, Gadus morhua. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 1990, 160B:287-292.
33. Gans C. Strategy and sequence in the evolution of the gas exchanger of ectothermal vertebrates. Forma et Function 1970, 3:61-104.
34. Gee J.H., Tallman R.F., Smart H.J. Reactions of some great plains fishes to progressive hypoxia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1978, 56:1962-1966.
35. 2/pH ventilatory drive in fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 2001, 130:219-240.
36. Gilmour K.M., Henry R.P., Wood C.M., Perry S.F. Extracellular carbonic anhydrase and an acid-base disequilibrium in the blood of the dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Journal of Experimental Biology 1997, 200:173-183.
37. + chemoreceptors in the respiratory passages of vertebrates. Structure, Evolution and Function of the Airway Chemoreceptors in the Vertebrates 2009, Science Publishers, New Hampshire. G. Zaccone, E. Cutz, D. Adriaensen, C. Nurse, A. Mauceri (Eds.).
38. Gilmour K.M., Milsom W.K., Rantin F.T., Reid S.G., Perry S.F. Cardiorespiratory responses to hypercarbia in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): chemoreceptor orientation and specificity. Journal of Experimental Biology 2005, 208:1095-1107.
39. Gilmour K.M., Perry S.F. Effects of metabolic acid-base disturbances and elevated catecholamines on the acid-base disequilibrium in the arterial blood of rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology 1996, 274:281-290.
40. Gilmour K.M., Perry S.F. Branchial chemoreceptor regulation of cardiorespiratory function. Fish Physiology, vol. 25. Sensory Systems Neuroscience 2007, 97-151. Academic Press, San Diego. B. Zielinski, T.J. Hara (Eds.).
41. 2 excretion. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 2001, 74:477-492.
42. Graham J.B. Air-Breathing Fishes: Evolution, Diversity and Adaptation 1997, Academic Press, San Diego.
43. Graham J.B., Baird T.A. The transition to air breathing in fishes: I. Environmental effects on the facultative air breathing of Ancistrus chagresi and Hypostomus plecostomus (Loricariidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 1982, 96:53-67.
44. Graham M.S., Turner J.D., Wood C.M. Control of ventilation in the hypercapnic skate Raja ocellata: I. Blood and extradural fluid. Respiration Physiology 1990, 80:259-277.
45. Hedrick M.S., Burleson M.L., Jones D.R., Milsom W.K. An examination of central chemosensitivity in an air-breathing fish (Amia calva). Journal of Experimental Biology 1991, 155:165-174.
46. Heisler N., Toews D.P., Holeton G.F. Regulation of ventilation and acid-base status in the elasmobranch Scyliorhinus stellaris during hyperoxia induced hypercapnia. Respiration Physiology 1988, 71:227-246.
47. Henry R.P., Smatresk N.J., Cameron J.N. The distribution of branchial carbonic anhydrase and the effects of gill and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase inhibition in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Journal of Experimental Biology 1988, 134:201-218.
48. Holeton G.F., Randall D.J. Changes in blood pressure in the rainbow trout during hypoxia. Journal of Experimental Biology 1967, 46:297-305.
49. Hughes B., Shelton G. Respiratory mechanisms and their nervous control in fish. Advances in Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry 1962, 1:275-364.
50. 2 in blood and water on breathing in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Respiration Physiology 1975, 25:235-245.
51. Jesse M.J., Shub C., Fishman A.P. Lung and gill ventilation of the African lungfish. Respiration Physiology 1967, 3:267-287.
52. Johansen K. Air breathing in the teleost Symbranchus marmoratus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1966, 18:383-395.
53. Johansen K., Hanson D., Lenfant C. Respiration in a primitive air breather, Amia calva. Respiration Physiology 1970, 9:162-174.
54. Johansen K., Lenfant C. Respiration in the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. II. Control of breathing. Journal of Experimental Biology 1968, 49:453-468.
55. Johansen K., Lenfant C., Grigg G.C. Respiratory control in the lungfish, Neoceratodus fosteri (Krefft). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1967, 20:835-854.
56. Kent B., Peirce E.C. Cardiovascular responses to changes in blood gases in dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology: CBP 1978, 60:37-44.
57. Kemp P.J., Searle G.J., Hartness M.E., Lewis A., Miller P., Williams S., Wootton P., Adriaensen D., Peers C. Acute oxygen sensing in cellular models: relevance to the physiology of pulmonary neuroepithelial and carotid bodies. Anatomical Record 2003, 270A:41-50.
58. Kinkead R., Fritsche R., Perry S.F., Nilsson S. The role of circulating catecholamines in the ventilator and hypertensive responses to hypoxia in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Physiological Zoology 1991, 64:1087-1109.
59. Kinkead R., Perry S.F. An investigation of the role of circulating catecholamines in the control of ventilation during acute moderate hypoxia in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 1990, 160:441-448.
60. Kinkead R., Perry S.F. The effects of catecholamines on ventilation in rainbow trout during external hypoxia or hypercapnia. Respiration Physiology 1991, 84:77-92.
61. Kramer D.L., Mehegan J.P. Aquatic surface respiration, an adaptive response to hypoxia in the guppy. Poecilia reticulata (Pisces, Poeciliidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 1981, 6:299-313.
62. Lahiri S., Szidon J.P., Fishman A.P. Potential respiratory and circulatory adjustments to hypoxia in the African lungfish. Federation Proceedings 1970, 29:1141-1148.
63. + ions. Respiration Physiology 1972, 14:307-331.
64. Leite C.A.C., Florindo L.H., Kalinin A.L., Milsom W.K., Rantin F.T. Gill chemoreceptors and cardio-respiratory reflexes in the neotropical teleost pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral physiology 2007, 193:1001-1011.
65. Leite C.A.C., Taylor E.W., Guerra C.D.R., Florindo L.H., Belão T., Rantin F.T. The role of the vagus nerve in the generation of cardiorespiratory interactions in a neotropical fish, the pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral physiology 2009, 195:721-731.
66. Lewis W.M. Morphological adaptations of Cyprinodontoids for inhabiting oxygen deficient waters. Copeia 1970, 1970:319-326.
67. Lomholt J.P., Johansen K. Control of breathing in Amphipnous cuchia, an amphibious fish. Respiration Physiology 1974, 21:325-340.
68. 2 receptors. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 2010, 180:797-811.
69. McDonald D.M., Gilmour K.M., Walsh P.J., Perry S.F. Cardiorespiratory reflexes of the gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta during acute hypoxia. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 2010, 170:59-66.
70. 2 receptors and cardio-respiratory adjustments during hypercarbia in Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Journal of Experimental Biology 2001, 204:1519-1527.
71. McKendry J.E., Perry S.F. Cardiovascular effects of hypercarbia in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a role for externally oriented chemoreceptors. Journal of Experimental Biology 2001, 204:115-125.
72. McKenzie D.J., Burleson M.L., Randall D.J. The effects of branchial denervation and pseudobranch ablation on cardioventilatory control in an air-breathing fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 1991, 161:347-365.
73. 2 content and catecholamines in an air-breathing fish, Amia calva. Physiological Zoology 1991, 64:432-450.
74. McKenzie D.J., Taylor E.W., Bronzi P., Bolis C.L. Aspects of cardioventilatory control in the Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii). Respiration Physiology 1995, 100:45-53.
75. McKenzie D.J., Campbell H.A., Taylor E.W., Micheli M., Rantin F.T., Abe A.S. The autonomic control and functional significance of the changes in heart rate associated with air breathing in the jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus. Journal of Experimental Biology 2007, 210:4224-4232.
76. McMahon B.R., Burggren W.W. Respiratory physiology of iintestinal air breathing in the teleost fish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Journal of Experimental Biology 1987, 133:371-393.
77. Melnychuk M.C., Chapman L.J. Hypoxia tolerance of two haplochromine cichlids: swamp leakage and potential for interlacustrine dispersal. Environmental Biology of Fishes 2002, 65:99-110.
78. 2 chemoreceptors, cardio-respiratory reflex and hypoxia tolerance in the neotropical fish Hoplias lacerdae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 2009, 154:224-232.
79. Milsom W.K., Jones D.R. Characteristics of mechanoreceptors in the air breathing organ of the holostean fish, Amia calva. Journal of Experimental Biology 1985, 117:389-399.
80. Milsom W.K., Reid S.G., Rantin F.T., Sundin L. Extrabranchial chemoreceptors involved in respiratory reflexes in the neotropical fish Colossoma macropomum (the tambaqui). Journal of Experimental Biology 2002, 205:1765-1774.
81. Nilsson S. Innervation and pharmacology of the gills. Fish Physiology 1984, vol. XA:185-227. Academic Press, Orlando.
82. Pelster B., Schwerte T. The paracrine role of 5-HT in the control of gill blood flow. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 2012, 184:340-346.
83. 2 chemodetection. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 2012, 184:309-315.
84. Perry S.F., Euverman R., Wang T.A.M., Chew S.F., Ip Y.K., Gilmour K.M. Control of breathing in the African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi); a comparison of aquatic and cacooned (terrestrialized) animals. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 2008, 160:8-17.
85. Perry S.F., Fritsche R., Hoagland T.M., Duff D.W., Olson K.R. The control of blood pressure during external hypercapnia in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Experimental Biology 1999, 202:2177-2190.
86. Perry S.F., Gilmour K.M. Consequences of catecholamine release on ventilation and blood oxygen transport during hypoxia and hypercapnia in an elasmobranch (Squalus acanthias) and a teleost (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Experimental Biology 1996, 199:2105-2118.
87. Perry S.F., Gilmour K.M. Sensing and transfer of respiratory gases at the fish gill. Journal of Experimental Zoology 2002, 293:249-263.
88. Perry S.F., Gilmour K.M., Swenson E.R., Vulesevic B., Chew S.F., Ip Y.K. An investigation of the role of carbonic anhydrase in aquatic and aerial gas transfer in the African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi). Journal of Experimental Biology 2005, 208:3805-3815.
89. Perry S.F., Jonz M.G., Gilmour K.M. Oxygen sensing and the hypoxic ventilator response. Hypoxia 2009, 193-251. Academic Press, Amsterdam. J.G. Richards, C.J. Brauner, A.P. Farrell (Eds.).
90. Perry S.F., Kinkead R., Fritsche R. Are circulating catecholamines involved in the control of breathing by fishes?. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 1992, 2:65-83.
91. + in eliciting the cardiorespiratory responses of Salmo salar and Squalus acanthias to hypercarbia. Journal of Experimental Biology 2001, 204:3963-3971.
92. 2 receptors on the first gill arch. Journal of Experimental Biology 2002, 205:3357-3365.
93. Perry S.F., Reid S.G., Gilmour K.M., Boijink C.L., Lopes J.M., Milsom W.K., Rantin F.T. A comparison of adrenergic stress responses in three tropical teleosts exposed to acute hypoxia. American Journal of Physiology 2004, 287:R188-R197.
94. Perry S.F., Vulesevic B., Braun M., Gilmour K.M. Ventilation in Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) during exposure to acute hypoxia or hypercapnia. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 2009, 167:227-234.
95. Perry S.F., Wood C.M. Control and coordination of gas transfer in fishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1989, 67:2961-2970.
96. Porteus C.S., Brink D.L., Milsom W.K. Neurotransmitter profiles in fish gills: putative gill oxygen chemoreceptors. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 2012, 184:316-325.
97. 2. Journal of Physiology 2010, 588:861-872.
98. Randall D.J., Jones D.R. The effects of deafferenation of the pseudobranch on the respiratory response to hypoxia and hyperoxia in the trout (Salmo gairdneri). Respiration Physiology 1973, 17:291-302.
99. Randall D.J., Taylor E.W. Control of breathing in fishes: evidence for a role of catecholamines. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 1991, 1:139-157.
100. Randall D.J., Heisler N., Drees F. Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia in the larger spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus stellaris. American Journal of Physiology 1976, 230:590-594.
101. Randall D.J., Burggren W.W., Farrell A.P., Haswell M.S. The Evolution of Air-Breathing Vertebrates 1981, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 133 pp.
102. Rantin F.T., Guerra C.D.R., Kalinin A.L., Glass M.L. The influence of aquatic surface respiration (ASR) on cardio-respiratory function of the serrasalmid fish Piaractus mesopotamicus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 1998, 119:991-997.
103. 2 chemoreceptors mediate humoral catecholamine secretion form fish chromaffin cells. American Journal of Physiology 2003, 284:R990-R999.
104. 2/pH chemoresponses. Respiration Physiology 2000, 120:47-59.
105. Rovainen C.M. Neural control of ventilation in the lamprey. Federation Proceedings 1977, 36:2386-2389.
106. Saint-Paul U., Bernardinho G. Behavioral and ecomorphological responses of neotropical pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Teleosti, Serrasalmidae) to oxygen-deficient waters. Experimental Biology 1988, 48:19-26.
107. Sanchez A.P., Glass M.L. Effects of environmental hypercapnia on pulmonary ventilation of the South American lungfish. Journal of Fish Biology 2001, 58:1181-1189.
108. Sanchez A.P., Giusti H., Bassi M., Glass M.L. Acid-base regulation in the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa: effects of prolonged hypercarbia on blood gases and pulmonary ventilation. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 2005, 78:908-915.
109. Sanchez A., Soncini R., Wang T., Koldkjaer P., Taylor E.W., Glass M.L. The differential cardiorespiratory responses to ambient hypoxia and systemic hypoxaemia in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 2001, 130:677-687.
110. Satchell G.H. The response of the dogfish to anoxia. Journal of Experimental Biology 1961, 38:531-543.
111. Saunders R.L., Sutterlin A.M. Cardiac and respiratory response to hypoxia in the searaven, Hemepterus americanus, an investigation of possible control mechanism. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 1971, 28:491-503.
112. Shelton G., Jones D.R., Milsom W.K. Control of breathing in ectothermic vertebrates. Handbook of Physiology. Section 3: The Respiratory System, Vol. II: Control of Breathing, Part 2 1986, 857-909. American Phsysiological Society, Bethesda, MD. N.S. Cherniack, J.G. Widdicombe (Eds.).
113. Shingles A., McKenzie D.J., Claireaux G., Domenici P. Reflex cardioventilatory responses to hypoxia in the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) and their behavioural modulation by perceived threat of predation and water turbidity. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 2005, 78:744-755.
114. Singh B.N. Balance between aquatic and aerial respiration. Respiration in Amphibious Vertebrates 1976, 125-164. Academic Press, London. G.M. Hughes (Ed.).
115. Skaals M., Skovgaard N., Taylor E.W., Leite C.A.C., Abe A.S., Wang T. Cardiovascular changes under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in the air-breathing teleost Symbranchus marmoratus: importance of the venous system. Journal of Experimental Biology 2006, 209:4167-4173.
116. Smatresk N.J. Control of the respiratory mode in air-breathing fishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1988, 66:144-151.
117. Smatresk N.J. Chemoreflex control of respiration in an air-breathing fish. Chemoreceptors and Chemorelfexes in Breathing - Cellular and Molecular Aspects 1989, 29-52. Oxford University Press, London. S. Lahiri, I.I.R.E. Foster, R.O. Davies, A.I. Pack (Eds.).
118. Smatresk N.J., Burleson M.L., Azizi S.Q. Chemoreflexive responses to hypoxia and NaCN in longnose gar: evidence for two chemoreceptor loci. American Journal of Physiology 1986, 251:R116-R125.
119. Smatresk N.J., Cameron J.N. Respiration and acid-base physiology of the spotted gar, a bimodal breather. I. Normal values, and the response to severe hypoxia. Journal of Experimental Biology 1982, 96:263-280.
120. Smatresk N.J., Cameron J.N. Respiration and acid-base physiology of the spotted gar, a bimodal breather. II. Responses to temperature change and hypercapnia. Journal of Experimental Biology 1982, 96:281-293.
121. Smith H.W. Metabolism of the lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1930, 88:97-130.
122. Smith F.M., Davie P.S. Effects of sectioning cranial nerves IX and X on the cardiac response to hypoxia in the coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1984, 62:766-768.
123. Smith F.M., Jones D.R. Localization of receptors causing hypoxic bradycardia in trout (Salmo gairdneri). Canadian Journal of Zoology 1978, 56:1260-1265.
124. Smith F.M., Jones D.R. The effect of changes in blood oxygen-carrying capacity on ventilation volume in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of Experimental Biology 1982, 97:325-334.
125. 2 chemoresponses. Respiration Physiology 1999, 116:181-199.
126. Sundin L., Reid S.G., Rantin F.T., Milsom W.K. Branchial receptors and cardio-respiratory reflexes in the neotropical fish, Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Journal of Experimental Biology 2000, 203:1225-1239.
127. Sundin L., Nilsson G.E. Neurochemical mechanisms behind gill microcirculatory responses to hypoxia in trout: in vivo microscopy study. American Journal of Physiology 1997, 272:R576-R585.
128. Taylor E.W., Leite C.A., Florindo L.H., Belao T., Rantin F.T. The basis of vagal efferent control of heart rate in a Neotropical fish, the pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Journal of Experimental Biology 2009, 212:906-913.
129. Thomas S. Changes in blood acid-base balance in trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) following exposure to combined hypoxia and hypercapnia. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 1983, 152:53-57.
130. 2. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 1982, 148:123-130.
131. Tzaneva V., Gilmour K.M., Perry S.F. Respiratory responses to hypoxia or hypercapnia in goldfish (Carassius auratus) experiencing gill remodelling. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 2011, 175:112-120.
132. Val A.L., Almeida-Val V.M.F. Fishes of the Amazon and their Environment 1995, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 224 pp.
133. 2/pH respiratory chemosensitivity: new insights from an old fish. Journal of Experimental Biology 2000, 203:3505-3512.
134. Wood C.M., Jackson E.B. Blood acid-base regulation during environmental hyperoxia in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Respiration Physiology 1980, 42:351-372.
135. Wood C.M., Munger R.S. Carbonic anhydrase injection provides evidence for the role of blood acid-base status in stimulating ventilation after exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout. Journal of Experimental Biology 1994, 194:225-253.
136. Wood C.M., Turner J.D., Munger R.S., Graham M.S. Control of ventilation in the hypercapnic skate Raja ocellata: II. Cerebrospinal fluid and intracellular pH in the brain and other tissues. Respiration Physiology 1990, 80:279-298.
137. Zaccone G., Tagliaferro G., Goniakowska-Witalinska L., Fasulo S., Ainis L., Mauceri A. Serotonin-like immunoreactive cells in the pulmonary epithelium of ancient fish species. Histochemistry 1989, 92:61-63.
138. Zaccone G., Fasulo S., Ainis L., Licata A. Paraneurons in the gills and airways of fishes. Micro Research Technology 1997, 37:4-12.
139. Zachar P., Jonz M.G. Neuroepithelial cells of the gill and their role in oxygen sensing. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 2012, 184:301-308.