Action control of exercise behavior: Evaluation of social cognition, cross-behavioral regulation, and automaticity

Behavioral Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 121-128

  Rhodes, Ryan E ^a   Fiala, Bonnie ^a   Nasuti, Gabriella ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

intention; physical activity; theory of planned behavior

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; COLLEGE STUDENT; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PREDICTION; RANDOMIZATION; SOCIAL COGNITION; STANDARD;

ADULT; ATTITUDE; DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HABITS; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; INTENTION; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; STUDENTS; TIME MANAGEMENT; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84869146143     PISSN: 08964289     EISSN: 19404026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2012.695411     Document Type: Article

References (145)

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7. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Ed Behav. 2004;31:143-164
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20. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:155-159
21. Rhodes RE, Dickau L. Meta-analysis of experimental evidence for the intention-behavior relationship in the physical activity domain. Health Psychol. In press
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25. de Bruijn GJ. Exercise habit strength, planning and the theory of planned behavior: An action control approach. Psychol Sport Exer. 2011;12:106-114
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33. Aarts H, Paulussen T, Schaalma H. Physical exercise habit: on the conceptualization and formation of habitual health behaviors. Health Ed Res. 1997;12:363-374
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36. Verplanken B, Melkevik O. Predicting habit: The case of physical exercise. Psychol Sport Exer. 2008;9:15-26
37. Rhodes RE, de Bruijn GJ, Matheson DH. Habit in the physical activity domain: Integration with intention temporal stability and action control. J Sport Exer Psychol. 2010;32:84-98
38. Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM. Time displacement and confidence to participate in leisure-time physical activity. Int J Behav Med. 2011;18:229-234
39. Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM, Bellows K. Exploring cues to sedentary behavior as processes of physical activity action control. Psychol Sport Exer. 2008;9:211-224
40. Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM. Do sedentary motives adversely affect physical activity? Adding cross-behavioral cognitions to the theory of planned behavior. Psychol Health. 2008;23:789-805
41. Gebhardt WA, Maes S. Competing personal goals and exercise behavior. Percept Motor Skills. 1998;86:755-759
42. Gebhardt WA, Van Der Doef MP, Maes S. Conflicting activities for exercise. Percept Motor Skills. 1999;89:1159-1160
43. Presseau J, Sniehotta FF, Francis JJ, Gebhardt WF. With a little help from my goals: Integrating intergoal facilitation with the theory of planned behavior to predict physical activity. Br J Health Psychol. 2010;15:905-919
44. Riediger M, Freund AM. Interference and facilitation among personal goals: differential associations with subjective well-being and persistent goal pursuit. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2004;30:1511-1523
45. Vuchinich RE, Tucker JA. Behavioral theories of choice as a framework for studying drinking behavior. J of Abnorm Psychol. 1983;92:408-416
46. Rhodes RE, Dickau L. Moderators of the intention-behavior relationship in physical activity: A systematic review. Br J Sports Med. In press
47. Little RJA. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. J Am Stat Assoc. 1988;83:1198-1202
48. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Canadian physical activity guidelines. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology; 2011
49. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity for everyone: Recommendations. http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/ everyone/guidelines/adults.html. Accessed March 27, 2010
50. Ajzen I. Constructing a TPB questionnaire: Conceptual and methodological considerations. http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/∼aizen/pdf/ tpb.measurement.pdf. Accessed April 7, 2007
51. Symons Downs D, Hausenblas HA. Elicitation studies and the theory of planned behavior: A systematic review of exercise beliefs. Psychol Sport Exer. 2005;6:1-31
52. Scott F, Rhodes RE, Symons Downs D. Does physical activity intensity moderate social cognition and behavior relationships? J Am College Health. 2009;58:213-222
53. Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM, Courneya KS, Plotnikoff RC. Identifying belief-based targets for the promotion of leisure-time walking. Health Ed Behav. 2009;36:381-393
54. Riecken KHB,Mark R, Rhodes RE. Qualitative elicitation of affective beliefs related to physical activity. Psychol Sport Exer. In press
55. French DP, Sutton S, Hennings SJ, et al. The importance of affective beliefs and attitudes in the theory of planned behavior: Predicting intention to increase physical activity. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2005;35:1824-1848
56. Rhodes RE, Blanchard CM, Matheson DH. A multi-component model of the theory of planned behavior. Br J Health Psychol. 2006;11:119-137
57. Verplanken B, Orbell S. Reflections on past behavior: A self-report index of habit strength. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2003;33:1313-1330
58. Gardner B, Abraham C. What's in a "habit"? A conceptual analysis and test of an automaticity-specific index. Paper presented at British Psychological Society 2009 Social Pyschology Annual Conference; September 15-17, 2009; Sheffield, UK. http://abstracts.bps.org.uk/ index.cfm?&ResultsType= Abstracts&ResultSet ID=5377&Form DisplayMode=view&frmShowSelected= true&localAction=details. Accessed September 19, 2012
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62. Courneya KS. Predicting repeated behavior from intention: The issue of scale correspondence. J of Appl Soc Psychol. 1994;24:580-594
63. Godin G, Jobin J, Bouillon J. Assessment of leisure time exercise behavior by self-report: A concurrent validity study. Canadian J Public Health. 1986;77:359-361
64. Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Canadian J Appl Sport Sci. 1985;10:141-146
65. G. Power [computer program]. Version 3.1.2. Kiel, Germany; 2009
66. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Human Decis Processes. 1991;50:179-211
67. Rhodes RE, Pfaeffli LA. Mediators of physical activity behaviour change among adult non-clinical populations: A review update. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity. 2010;7.
68. Lally P, van Jaarsveld CHM, Potts HWW, Wardle J. How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2009;40:998-1009
69. Moore SM, Charvat JM. System CHANGE: Results of a lifestyle exercise intervention trial. Ann Behav Med. 2012;43:s79
70. Gollwitzer PM. Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. Am Psychol. 1999;54:493-503
71. Gollwitzer PM, Sheeran P. Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 2006;38:69-119
72. DeMattia L, Lemont L, Meurer L. Do interventions to limit sedentary behaviors change behavior and reduce childhood obesity? A critical review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2006;8:69-81
73. Prince SA, Adamo KB, Hamel ME, Hardt J, Connor Gorber S, Tremblay M. A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: A systematic review. Inter J Behav Nutr Phys Activity. 2008;5. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1185-1156
74. Warburton, D ER, Katzmarzyk, P, Rhodes, R E, and, Shephard, R J. 2007. Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adults. Appl Physiol, Nutr Metab, 32: S16-S68.
75. Blair, S N, and, Brodney, S. 1999. Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31: S646-S662.
76. Colley, R C, Garriguet, D, Janssen, I, Craig, C L, Clarke, J, and, Tremblay, M S. 2011. Physical activity of Canadian adults: accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian health measures survey. Stat Canada Health Rep., 22: 7-14.
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78. Rhodes, R E, and, Nigg, C R. 2011. Advancing physical activity theory: a review and future directions. Exer Sports Sci Rev, 39: 113-119.
79. Bandura, A. 2004. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Ed Behav, 31: 143-164.
80. Fishbein, M, Triandis, H C, Kanfer, F H, Becker, M, Middlestadt, S E, and, Eichler, A. 2001. Factors influencing behavior and behavior change. In Handbook of Health Psychology, Edited by: Baum, A and Revenson, T A. 3-17. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
81. Noar, S M, and, Zimmerman, R S. 2005. Health behavior theory and cumulative knowledge regarding health behaviors: are we moving in the right direction?. Health Ed Res, 20: 275-290.
82. Prochaska, J O, and, DiClemente, C C. 1982. Transtheoretical therapy: toward a more integrative model of change. Psychother: Theory, Res Prac, 19: 276-288.
83. Bandura, A. 1998. Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychol Health, 13: 623-649.
84. Rhodes, R E, Blanchard, C M, Matheson, D H, and, Coble, J. 2006. Disentangling motivation, intention, and planning in the physical activity domain. Psychol Sport Exer., 7: 15-27.
85. Symons, Downs D, and, Hausenblas, H A. 2005. Exercise behavior and the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior: a meta-analytic update. Journal of Physical Activity and Health., 2: 76-97.
86. Plotnikoff, R C, and, Trinh, L. 2010. Protection motivation theory: is this a worthwhile theory for physical activity promotion?. Exer Sport Sci Rev., 38: 91-98.
87. Roberts, V, Maddison, R, Magnusson, J, and, Prapavessis, J. 2010. Adolescent physical activity: does implementation intention have a role?. J Phys Activity Health, 7: 497-507.
88. Hagger, M, and, Chatzisarantis, N LD. 2009. Integrating the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory in health behaviour: a meta-analysis. Br J Health Psychol, 14: 275-302.
89. Hagger, M, Chatzisarantis, N LD, and, Biddle, S JH. 2002. A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. J Sport Exer Psychol, 24: 1-12.
90. Armitage, C J, and, Conner, M. 2001. Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analytic review. Br J Soc Psychol., 40: 471-499.
91. McEachan, R RC, Conner, M, Taylor, N J, and, Lawton, R J. 2011. Prospective prediction of health-related behaviors with the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev, 5: 97-144.
92. Cohen, J. 1992. A power primer. Psychol Bull, 112: 155-159.
93. Rhodes, R E, and, Dickau, L. Meta-analysis of experimental evidence for the intention-behavior relationship in the physical activity domain. Health Psychol.,. In press
94. Godin, G, Shephard, R J, and, Colantonio, A. 1986. The cognitive profile of those who intend to exercise but do not. Public Health Rep., 101: 521-526.
95. Sheeran, P. 2002. Intention-behaviour relations: a conceptual and empirical review. In European Review of Social Psychology., Edited by: Hewstone, M and Stroebe, W. Vol. 12, 1-36. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
96. Rhodes, R E, Courneya, K S, and, Jones, L W. 2003. Translating exercise intentions into behavior: personality and social cognitive correlates. J Health Psycho, 8: 447-458.
97. de Bruijn, G J. 2011. Exercise habit strength, planning and the theory of planned behavior: an action control approach. Psychol Sport Exer., 12: 106-114.
98. de Bruijn, G J, de Groot, R, van den Putte, B, and, Rhodes, R E. 2009. Conscientiousness, extroversion, and action control: comparing moderate and vigorous physical activity. J Sport Exer Psychol, 31: 724-742.
99. Rhodes, R E, and, Plotnikoff, R C. 2006. Understanding action control: predicting physical activity intention-behavior profiles across six months in a Canadian sample. Health Psychol., 25: 292-299.
100. Rhodes, R E, Plotnikoff, R C, and, Courneya, K S. 2008. Predicting the physical activity intention-behavior profiles of adopters and maintainers using three social cognition models. Ann Behav Med, 36: 244-252.
101. Triandis, HC. 1977. Interpersonal Behavior, Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
102. Gardner, B, de Bruijn, G J, and, Lally, P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of applications of the Self-Report Habit Index to nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Ann Behav Med,. In press
103. Bargh, J A. 1994. The four horsemen of automaticity: awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In Handbook of Social Cognition, Edited by: Wyler, R S and Srull, T K. Vol. 1, 1-40. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
104. Aarts, H, and, Dijksterhuis, A. 2000. Habits as knowledge structures: automaticity in goal-directed behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol, 78: 53-63.
105. Aarts, H, Paulussen, T, and, Schaalma, H. 1997. Physical exercise habit: on the conceptualization and formation of habitual health behaviors. Health Ed Res, 12: 363-374.
106. Verplanken, B. 2006. Beyond frequency: habit as a mental construct. Br J Soc Psychol, 45: 639-656.
107. Verplanken, B, and, Aarts, H. 1999. Habit, attitude, and planned behavior: is habit an empty construct or an interesting case of goal-directed automaticity?. In European Review of Social Psychology., Edited by: Stroebe, W and Hewstone, M. Vol. 10, 101-134. New York: Wiley.
108. Verplanken, B, and, Melkevik, O. 2008. Predicting habit: the case of physical exercise. Psychol Sport Exer, 9: 15-26.
109. Rhodes, R E, de Bruijn, G J, and, Matheson, D H. 2010. Habit in the physical activity domain: integration with intention temporal stability and action control. J Sport Exer Psychol, 32: 84-98.
110. Rhodes, R E, and, Blanchard, C M. 2011. Time displacement and confidence to participate in leisure-time physical activity. Int J Behav Med, 18: 229-234.
111. Rhodes, R E, Blanchard, C M, and, Bellows, K. 2008. Exploring cues to sedentary behavior as processes of physical activity action control. Psychol Sport Exer., 9: 211-224.
112. Rhodes, R E, and, Blanchard, C M. 2008. Do sedentary motives adversely affect physical activity? Adding cross-behavioral cognitions to the theory of planned behavior. Psychol Health, 23: 789-805.
113. Gebhardt, W A, and, Maes, S. 1998. Competing personal goals and exercise behavior. Percept Motor Skills., 86: 755-759.
114. Gebhardt, W A, Van Der Doef, M P, and, Maes, S. 1999. Conflicting activities for exercise. Percept Motor Skills., 89: 1159-1160.
115. Presseau, J, Sniehotta, F F, Francis, J J, and, Gebhardt, W F. 2010. With a little help from my goals: integrating intergoal facilitation with the theory of planned behavior to predict physical activity. Br J Health Psychol., 15: 905-919.
116. Riediger, M, and, Freund, A M. 2004. Interference and facilitation among personal goals: differential associations with subjective well-being and persistent goal pursuit. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 30: 1511-1523.
117. Vuchinich, R E, and, Tucker, J A. 1983. Behavioral theories of choice as a framework for studying drinking behavior. J of Abnorm Psychol., 92: 408-416.
118. Rhodes, R E, and, Dickau, L. Moderators of the intention-behavior relationship in physical activity: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med,. In press
119. Little, R JA. 1988. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. J Am Stat Assoc, 83: 1198-1202.
120. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. 2011. Canadian physical activity guidelines, Ottawa, ON: Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology.
121. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2010. Physical activity for everyone: Recommendations. http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/everyone/ guidelines/adults.html. Accessed March 27
122. Ajzen, I. 2007. Constructing a TPB questionnaire: conceptual and methodological considerations. http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~aizen/pdf/tpb. measurement.pdf. Accessed April 7
123. Symons Downs, D, and, Hausenblas, H A. 2005. Elicitation studies and the theory of planned behavior: a systematic review of exercise beliefs. Psychol Sport Exer., 6: 1-31.
124. Scott, F, Rhodes, R E, and, Symons Downs, D. 2009. Does physical activity intensity moderate social cognition and behavior relationships?. J Am College Health., 58: 213-222.
125. Rhodes, R E, Blanchard, C M, Courneya, K S, and, Plotnikoff, R C. 2009. Identifying belief-based targets for the promotion of leisure-time walking. Health Ed Behav., 36: 381-393.
126. Riecken, K HB, Mark, R, and, Rhodes, R E. Qualitative elicitation of affective beliefs related to physical activity. Psychol Sport Exer.,. In press
127. French, D P, Sutton, S, Hennings, S J. 2005. The importance of affective beliefs and attitudes in the theory of planned behavior: predicting intention to increase physical activity. J Appl Soc Psychol., 35: 1824-1848.
128. Rhodes, R E, Blanchard, C M, and, Matheson, D H. 2006. A multi-component model of the theory of planned behavior. Br J Health Psychol., 11: 119-137.
129. Verplanken, B, and, Orbell, S. 2003. Reflections on past behavior: a self-report index of habit strength. J Appl Soc Psychol., 33: 1313-1330.
130. Gardner, B, and, Abraham, C. 2009. What's in a habit? A conceptual analysis and test of an automaticity-specific index. In Paper presented at British Psychological Society 2009 Social Pyschology Annual Conference 15-17. Sheffield, UK. September http://abstracts.bps.org.uk/index.cfm?&ResultsType= Abstracts&ResultSet-ID=5377&FormDisplayMode=view&frmShowSelected= true&localAction=details. Accessed September 19, 2012
131. Gardner, B, and, Abraham, C M. 2009. Measuring habit as automaticity: Development and validation of a self-report behavioural automaticity index. In Paper presented at: British Psychological Society 2009 Division of Health Psychology Annual Conference 9-11. Birmingham, UK. September http://abstracts.bps.org.uk/index.cfm?&ResultsType=Abstracts&ResultSet- ID=4921&FormDisplayMode=view&frmShowSelected=true&localAction= details. Accessed September 19, 2012
132. Rhodes, R E, and, Dean, R N. 2009. Understanding physical inactivity: prediction of four leisure-time sedentary behaviors. Leisure Sci., 31: 124-135.
133. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute. 2005. Leisure pursuits of Canadians. http://www.cflri.ca/pdf/e/pip07.pdf. Accessed October
134. Courneya, K S. 1994. Predicting repeated behavior from intention: the issue of scale correspondence. J of Appl Soc Psychol., 24: 580-594.
135. Godin, G, Jobin, J, and, Bouillon, J. 1986. Assessment of leisure time exercise behavior by self-report: a concurrent validity study. Canadian J Public Health., 77: 359-361.
136. Godin, G, and, Shephard, R J. 1985. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Canadian J Appl Sport Sci, 10: 141-146.
137. G*Power [computer program]. 2009. Version 3.1.2. Kiel, Germany
138. Ajzen, I. 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Human Decis Processes, 50: 179-211.
139. Rhodes, R E, and, Pfaeffli, L A. 2010. Mediators of physical activity behaviour change among adult non-clinical populations: a review update. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity.,: 7
140. Lally, P, van Jaarsveld, C HM, Potts, H WW, and, Wardle, J. 2009. How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world. Eur J Soc Psychol., 40: 998-1009.
141. Moore, S M, and, Charvat, J M. 2012. System CHANGE: results of a lifestyle exercise intervention trial. Ann Behav Med., 43: s79
142. Gollwitzer, P M. 1999. Implementation intentions: strong effects of simple plans. Am Psychol., 54: 493-503.
143. Gollwitzer, P M, and, Sheeran, P. 2006. Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes. Adv Exp Soc Psychol., 38: 69-119.
144. DeMattia, L, Lemont, L, and, Meurer, L. 2006. Do interventions to limit sedentary behaviors change behavior and reduce childhood obesity? A critical review of the literature. Obes Rev., 8: 69-81.
145. Prince, S A, Adamo, K B, Hamel, M E, Hardt, J, Connor Gorber, S, and, Tremblay, M. 2008. A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: a systematic review. Inter J Behav Nutr Phys Activity., 5 doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-1185-1156