Growth and Investment in Hominin Life History Evolution: Patterns, Processes, and Outcomes

International Journal of Primatology

Volumn 33, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1309-1331

  Lee, Phyllis C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Early growth; Hominin life history; Infant mortality; Parental care allocation; Weaning

Indexed keywords

BIOENERGETICS; BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT; BODY SIZE; BRAIN; DENTITION; FOOD PROVISIONING; FOSSIL RECORD; GROWTH RATE; HOMINID; INFANT MORTALITY; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; PARENTAL CARE; PARENTAL INVESTMENT; PRIMATE; REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

HOMINOIDEA; MAMMALIA; PRIMATES;

EID: 84869129567     PISSN: 01640291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10764-011-9536-5     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Aiello, L. C., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (1993). Neocortex size, group size and the evolution of language. Current Anthropology, 34, 184-193.
2. Aiello, L. C., & Key, C. (2002). Energetic consequences of being a Homo erectus female. American Journal of Human Biology, 14, 551-565.
3. Altmann, J., & Alberts, S. C. (2003). Variability in reproductive success viewed from a life-history perspective in baboons. American Journal of Human Biology, 15, 401-409.
4. Altmann, J., Hausfater, G., & Altmann, S. A. (1988). Determinants of reproductive success in savannah baboons. In T. H. Clutton-Brock (Ed.), reproductive success (pp. 403-418). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Atsalis, S., Margulis, S. W., & Hof, P. R. (2008). Primate reproductive aging: Cross taxon perspectives. Basel: Karger.
6. Aureli, F., Schaffner, C. M., Boesch, C., Bearder, S., Call, J., Chapman, C. A., et al. (2008). Fission-fusion dynamics: new research directions. Current Anthropology, 49, 627-654.
7. Barrett, L., Halliday, J., & Henzi, S. P. (2006). The ecology of motherhood: the structuring of lactation costs in chacma baboons. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75, 875-886.
8. Barrett, L., Lycett, J. E., & Henzi, S. P. (2007). Whose life is it anyway? Maternal investment and infant developmental trajectories in baboons. In L. Swedell & S. Leigh (Eds.), Reproduction and fitness in baboons (pp. 199-224). New York: Springer.
9. Bérubé, C. H., Festa-Bianchet, M., & Jorgenson, J. T. (1999). Individual differences, longevity, and reproductive senescence in bighorn ewes. Ecology, 80, 2555-2565.
10. Blurton-Jones, N. G. (1986). Bushman birth spacing: a test for optimal interbirth intervals. Ethology and Sociobiology, 7, 91-105.
11. Boesch, C. (1991). Teaching among wild chimpanzees. Animal Behavior, 41, 530-532.
12. Bogin, B. (1999). Patterns of human growth (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
13. Brommer, J. E. (2000). The evolution of fitness in life-history theory. Biological Reviews, 75, 377-404.
14. Buchan, J. C., Alberts, S. C., Silk, J. B., & Altmann, J. (2003). True paternal care in a multi-male primate society. Nature, 425, 179-181.
15. Burley, N. T., & Johnson, K. (2002). The evolution of avian parental care. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 357, 241-250.
16. Chapman, C. A., Wrangham, R. W., & Chapman, L. J. (1995). Ecological constraints on group size: an analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology, 36, 59-70.
17. Charnov, E. L. (1991). Evolution of life history variation among female mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 88, 1134-1137.
18. Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). How monkeys see the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19. Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Andelman, S. J., & Lee, P. C. (1988). Reproductive success of vervet monkeys. In T. H. Clutton-Brock (Ed.), Reproductive success (pp. 384-402). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20. Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Fischer, J., Beehner, J. C., Bergman, T. J., Johnson, S. E., et al. (2006). Reproduction, mortality, and female reproductive success in chacma baboons of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. In L. Swedell & S. R. Leigh (Eds.), Reproduction and fitness in baboons (pp. 147-176). New York: Springer.
21. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991). The evolution of parental care. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
22. de Lathouwers, M., & van Elsacker, L. (2005). Reproductive parameters of female Pan paniscus and P. troglodytes: quality versus quantity. International Journal of Primatology, 26, 55-71.
23. Dean, M. C. (2006). Tooth microstructure tracks the pace of human life-history evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273, 2799-2808.
24. Dean, M. C., Leakey, M. G., Reid, D., Schrenk, F., Schwartz, G. T., Stringer, C., et al. (2001). Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from Homo erectus and earlier hominins. Nature, 414, 628-631.
25. Deaner, R. O., Barton, R., & van Schaik, C. P. (2003). Primate brains and life histories: Renewing the connection. In P. M. Kappeler & M. E. Pereira (Eds.), Primate life histories and socioecology (pp. 233-265). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. DeSilva, J. M., & Lesnick, J. J. (2008). Brain size at birth throughout human evolution: a new method for estimating neonatal brain size in hominins. Journal of Human Evolution, 55, 1064-1074.
27. Dirks, W., & Bowman, J. E. (2007). Life history theory and dental development in four species of catarrhine primates. Journal of Human Evolution, 55, 309-320.
28. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1998). The social brain hypothesis. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 178-189.
29. Eisenberg, J. (1981). The mammalian radiations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Erhart, E. H., & Overdorrff, D. J. (2006). Population demography and social structure changes in Eulemur fulvus rufus from 1988 to 2003. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 136, 183-193.
31. Finch, C. E. (1990). Longevity, senescence, and the genome. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32. Foley, R. A. (1999). Hominid behavioural evolution: Missing links in comparative primate socioecology. In P. C. Lee (Ed.), Comparative primate socioecology (pp. 362-386). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
33. Foley, R. A., & Lee, P. C. (1989). Finite social space, evolutionary pathways and reconstructing hominid behaviour. Science, 243, 901-906.
34. Foley, R. A., & Lee, P. C. (1991). Ecology and energetics of encephalization in hominid evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 334, 223-232.
35. Furuichi, T., Idani, G., Ihobe, H., Kuroda, S., Kitamura, K., Mori, A., et al. (1998). Population dynamics of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba. International Journal of Primatology, 19, 1029-1043.
36. Gittleman, J. L. (1986). Carnivore life history patterns: allometric, phylogenetic, and ecological associations. American Naturalist, 127, 744-771.
37. Godfrey, L. R., Samonds, K. E., Jungers, W. L., & Sutherland, M. R. (2003). Dental development and primate life histories. In P. M. Kappeler & M. E. Pereira (Eds.), Primate life histories and socioecology (pp. 177-203). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38. Greenfield, P. M., Maynard, A. E., Boehm, C., & Schmidtling, E. Y. (2002). Cultural apprenticeships and cultural change. In S. Taylor-Parker, J. Langer, & M. L. McKinney (Eds.), Biology, brains and behavior (pp. 237-278). Santa Fe: SAR Press.
39. Guatelli-Steinberg, D. (2009). Recent studies of dental development in Neandertals: implications for Neandertal life histories. Evolutionary Anthropology, 18, 9-20.
40. Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Reid, D. J., Bishop, T. A., & Larsen, C. S. (2005). Anterior tooth growth periods in Neandertals were comparable to those of modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 102, 14186-14202.
41. Gurven, M., Kaplan, H., & Gutierrez, M. (2006). How long does it take to become a proficient hunter? Implications for the evolution of extended development and long life. Journal of Human Evolution, 51, 454-470.
42. Hammer, M., & Foley, R. A. (1996). Longevity and life history in hominid evolution. Journal of Human Evolution, 11, 61-66.
43. Harvey, P. H., & Pagel, M. D. (1991). The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
44. Hauser, M. D. (1988). Variation in maternal responsiveness in free-ranging vervet monkeys: a response to infant mortality risk? American Naturalist, 113, 573-587.
45. Hawkes, K. (2006). Slow life histories and human evolution. In K. Hawkes & R. R. Paine (Eds.), Evolution of human life history (pp. 95-126). Santa Fe: SAR Press.
46. Hawkes, K., O'Connell, J. F., Jones, N. G. B., Alvarez, H., & Charnov, E. L. (1998). Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 95, 1336-1339.
47. Hawkes, K., O'Connell, J. F., & Blurton-Jones, N. G. (2003). Human life histories: Primate trade-offs, grandmothering, socioecology, and the fossil record. In P. M. Kappeler & M. E. Pereira (Eds.), Primate life histories and socioecology (pp. 204-231). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48. Hewlett, B. (1996). Cultural diversity among African pygmies. In S. Kent (Ed.), Cultural diversity among twentieth-century foragers: An African perspective (pp. 215-244). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
49. Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M. (1996). Ache life history. New York: de Gruyter.
50. Hill, K., Boesch, C., Goodall, J., Pusey, A., Williams, J., & Wrangham, R. (2001). Mortality rates among wild chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution, 40, 437-450.
51. Howell, N. (1979). Demography of the Dobe Kung. New York: Academic Press.
52. Humphrey, L. T. (2010). Weaning behaviour in human evolution. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 21, 453-461.
53. Isbell, L. A. (2004). Is there no place like home? Ecological bases of female dispersal and philopatry and their consequences for the formation of kin groups. In C. Berman & B. Chapais (Eds.), Kinship and behavior in primates (pp. 71-108). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
54. Isbell, L. A., & Young, T. P. (2002). Ecological models of female social relationships in primates: similarities, disparities, and some directions for future clarity. Behaviour, 139, 177-202.
55. Isler, K., & van Schaik, C. P. (2009). Why are there so few smart mammals (but so many smart birds)? Biological Letters, 5, 125-129.
56. Isler, K., & van Schaik, C. P. (2009). The expensive brain: a framework for explaining evolutionary changes in brain size. Journal of Human Evolution, 57, 392-400.
57. Janson, C. H., & van Schaik, C. P. (1993). Ecological risk aversion in juvenile primates: slow and steady wins the race. In M. E. Pereira & L. A. Fairbanks (Eds.), Juvenile primates (pp. 57-74). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58. Janson, C. H., & Goldsmith, M. L. (1995). Predicting group size in primates: foraging costs and predation risks. Behavioral Ecology, 6, 326-336.
59. Johnson, S. E. (2003). Life history and the competitive environment: trajectories of growth, maturation, and reproductive output among chacma baboons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 120, 83-98.
60. Johnstone, R. A., & Cant, M. A. (2010). The evolution of menopause in cetaceans and humans: the role of demography. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. doi: 10. 1098/rspb. 2010. 0988.
61. Kaplan, H., Hill, K. R., Lancaster, J. B., & Hurtado, A. M. (2000). A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9, 156-184.
62. Kappeler, P. M., & Pereira, M. E. (2003). Primate life histories and socioecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63. Kelley, J., & Schwartz, G. T. (2010). Dental development and life history in living African and Asian apes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 107, 1035-1040.
64. Kelley, J., & Schwartz, G. T. (in press). Is dental development a reliable indicator of the pace of life history in early hominins? International Journal of Primatology. http://ips.conference-services.net/resources/354/1080/pdf/IPSoc2008_0767.pdf.
65. Kennedy, G. E. (2005). From the ape's dilemma to the weanling's dilemma: early weaning and its evolutionary context. Journal of Human Evolution, 48, 123-145.
66. Kent, S. (1996). Cultural diversity among twentieth-century foragers: An African perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
67. Kimura, T., & Yaguramaki, N. (2009). Development of bipedal walking in humans and chimpanzees: a comparative study. Folia Primatologica, 80, 45-62.
68. Klein, R. G. (2009). The human career: Human biological and cultural origins (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
69. Koyama, N., Nakamichi, M., Oda, R., Miyamoto, N., Ichino, S., & Takahata, Y. (2001). A ten-year summary of reproductive parameters for ring-tailed lemurs at Berenty, Madagascar. Primates, 42, 1-14.
70. Kozlowski, J., & Weiner, J. (1997). Interspecific allometries are by-products of body size optimization. American Naturalist, 149, 352-380.
71. Laurenson, M. K. (1994). High juvenile mortality in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and its consequences for maternal care. Journal of Zoology, 234, 387-408.
72. Lee, P. C. (1994). Social structure and evolution. In P. Slater & T. Halliday (Eds.), Behaviour and evolution (pp. 266-303). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
73. Lee, P. C. (1996). The meaning of weaning: growth, lactation, and life history. Evolutionary Anthropology, 5, 87-96.
74. Lee, P. C. (1999). Comparative ecology of postnatal growth and weaning among haplorhine primates. In P. C. Lee (Ed.), Comparative primate socioecology (pp. 111-139). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
75. Lee, P. C. (2001). Primate biology and behaviour: A template for human evolution? In P. Donnelly & R. A. Foley (Eds.), Genes, fossils and behaviour: An integrated approach to evolution (pp. 205-222). Amsterdam: IOS Press.
76. Lee, P. C. (2009). Evolution and ecological diversity in animal mating and parenting systems. In P. Ellison & P. Grey (Eds.), Endocrinology of social relationships (pp. 13-31). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
77. Lee, P. C. (2011). Growth and sexual maturation in human and non-human primates. In C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor & L. Rosetta (Eds.), Reproduction and adaptation (pp. 128-148). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
78. Lee, P. C., & Bowman, J. E. (1995). Influence of ecology and energetics on primate mothers and infants. In C. R. Pryce, R. D. Martin, & D. Skuse (Eds.), Motherhood in human and nonhuman primates (pp. 47-58). Basel: Karger.
79. Lee, P. C., & Kappeler, P. M. (2003). Socio-ecological correlates of phenotypic plasticity in primate life history. In P. M. Kappeler & M. Pereira (Eds.), Primate life histories (pp. 41-65). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
80. Lee, P. C., Majluf, P., & Gordon, I. J. (1991). Growth, weaning and maternal investment from a comparative perspective. Journal of Zoology, 225, 99-114.
81. Leigh, S. R. (1995). Socioecology and the ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism in anthropoid primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 97, 339-356.
82. Leigh, S. R. (1996). Evolution of human growth spurts. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 101, 455-474.
83. Leigh, S. R. (2004). Brain growth, life history, and cognition in primate and human evolution. American Journal of Primatology, 62, 139-164.
84. Leigh, S. R., & Park, P. B. (1998). Evolution of human growth prolongation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 107, 331-350.
85. Leigh, S. R., & Shea, B. T. (1995). Ontogeny and the evolution of adult body size dimorphism in apes. American Journal of Primatology, 36, 37-60.
86. Lockwood, C., and amp; Plavcan, M. J. (in press). Using sexual dimorphism, patterns of development, and taphonomy to reconstruct social behaviour in fossil hominins. International Journal of Primatology. http://ips.conference-services.net/resources/354/1080/pdf/IPSoc2008_0716.pdf.
87. Lovejoy, C. O. (2009). Reexamining human origins in light of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science, 326, 74, 1-8.
88. Mann, J., Connor, R. C., Barre, L. M., & Heithaus, M. R. (2000a). Female reproductive success in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.): life history, habitat, provisioning, and group-size effects. Behavioral Ecology, 11, 210-219.
89. Mann, J., Connor, R. C., Tyack, P. L., & Whitehead, H. (2000b). Cetacean societies: Field studies of dolphins and whales. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
90. Martin, R. D. (1983). Human brain evolution in an ecological context. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
91. Martin, R. D. (1984). Scaling effects and adaptive strategies in mammalian lactation. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 51, 87-117.
92. Martin, R. D. (1990). Primate origins and evolution: A phylogenetic reconstruction. London: Chapman and Hall.
93. Martin, A. (1996a). Dolphins and whales. London: Salamander Books.
94. Martin, R. D. (1996b). Scaling of the mammalian brain: the maternal energy hypothesis. News in Physiological Sciences, 11, 149-156.
95. Martin, R. D., & MacLarnon, A. M. (1985). Gestation period, neonatal size, and maternal investment in placental mammals. Nature, 313, 220-223.
96. Martin, R. D., Genoud, M., & Hemelrijk, C. K. (2005). Problems of allometric scaling analysis: examples from mammalian reproductive biology. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208, 1731-1747.
97. McAuliffe, K. J. (2004). A comparative analysis of alloparental care in mammals. MPhil thesis: University of Cambridge.
98. Mitani, J. C., & Watts, D. (1997). The evolution of non-maternal caretaking among anthropoid primates: Do helpers help? Behavioural Ecology & Sociobiology, 40, 213-220.
99. de Moura, A. C. A., & Lee, P. C. (2010). Wild capuchins show male-biased feeding tool use. International Journal of Primatology, 31, 457-470.
100. Nishida, T., Corp, N., Hamai, M., Hasegawa, T., Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M., Hosaka, K., et al. (2003). Demography, female life history, and reproductive profiles among the chimpanzees of Mahale. American Journal of Primatology, 9, 99-121.
101. Nunn, C. L., & Barton, R. A. (2001). Comparative methods for studying primate adaptation and allometry. Evolutionary Anthropology, 10, 81-98.
102. Oftedal, O. T. (1984). Milk composition, milk yield and energy output at peak lactation: a comparative review. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 51, 33-85.
103. Ojeda, S. R., Lomniczi, A., Mastroniardi, C., Heger, S., Roth, C., Parent, A.-S., et al. (2006). Minireview: the neuroendocrine regulation of puberty: is the time ripe for a systems biology approach? Endocrinology, 147, 1166-1174.
104. Packer, C., Herbst, L., Pusey, A. E., Bygott, J. D., Hanby, J. P., Cairns, S. J., et al. (1988). Reproductive success of lions. In T. H. Clutton-Brock (Ed.), Reproductive success (pp. 363-383). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
105. Parker, S. T. (1999). The life history and development of great apes in comparative perspective. In S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, & H. L. Miles (Eds.), The mentalities of gorillas and orangutans: Comparative perspectives (pp. 43-69). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
106. Pereira, M. E., & Leigh, S. R. (2003). Modes of primate development. In P. M. Kappeler & M. Pereira (Eds.), Primate life histories (pp. 149-179). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
107. Plavcan, J. M. (2004). Sexual selection, measures of sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in primates. In P. Kappeler & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Sexual selection in primates (pp. 230-252). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
108. Plavcan, J. M., & van Schaik, C. P. (1997). Interpreting hominid behavior on the basis of sexual dimorphism. Journal of Human Evolution, 32, 345-374.
109. Plavcan, J. M., Lockwood, C. A., Kimbel, W. H., Lague, M. R., & Harmon, E. H. (2005). Sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis revisited: how strong is the case for a human-like pattern of dimorphism? Journal of Human Evolution, 48, 313-320.
110. Plummer, T. W., Ditchfield, P. W., Bishop, L. C., Kingstin, J. D., Ferraro, J. V., Braun, D. R., et al. (2009). Oldest evidence of toolmaking hominins in a grassland-dominated ecosystem. PLoS One, 4, e7199.
111. Potts, R. (1998). Environmental hypotheses of human evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 41, 93-136.
112. Potts, R. (2004). Paleoenvironments and the evolution of adaptability in great apes. In A. E. Russon & D. R. Begun (Eds.), The evolution of thought: Evolutionary origins of great ape intelligence (pp. 237-259). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
113. Promislow, D. E. L., & Harvey, P. H. (1990). Living fast and dying young: a comparative analysis of life-history variation among mammals. Journal of Zoology, 220, 417-438.
114. Pybus, O. G., & Harvey, P. H. (2000). Testing macro-evolutionary models using incomplete molecular phylogenies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 267, 2267-2272.
115. Quinlan, R. J. (2008). Human pair-bonds: evolutionary functions, ecological variation, and adaptive development. Evolutionary Anthropology, 17, 227-238.
116. Robbins, M. M. (1995). A demographic analysis of male life history and social structure of mountain gorillas. Behavior, 132, 21-47.
117. Robson, S. L., & Wood, B. W. (2008). Hominin life history: reconstruction and evolution. Journal of Anatomy, 212, 394-425.
118. Rodseth, L., Wrangham, R. W., Harrigan, A. M., & Smuts, B. B. (1991). The human community as a primate society. Current Anthropology, 32, 221-254.
119. Ross, C. (2003). Life history, infant care strategies, and brain size in primates. In P. M. Kappeler & M. Pereira (Eds.), Primate life histories (pp. 266-284). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
120. Ross, C. (2004). Life histories and the evolution of large brain size in great apes. In A. E. Russon & D. R. Begun (Eds.), The evolution of thought: Evolutionary origins of great ape intelligence (pp. 122-139). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
121. Russell, A. F., Sharpe, L. L., Brotherton, P. N. M., & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2003). Cost minimization by helpers in cooperative vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 100, 3333-3338.
122. Schultz, A. (1924). Growth studies on primates having a bearing upon man's evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 7, 149-164.
123. Setchell, J., & Lee, P. C. (2004). Development and sexual selection in primates. In P. M. Kappeler & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Sexual selection in primates (pp. 175-195). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
124. Shultz, S., & Dunbar, R. (2007). The evolution of the social brain: anthropoid primates contrast with other vertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274, 2429-2436.
125. Smith, C. A. (1986). Philopatry, reproductive success of females, and maternal investment in the red-necked wallaby. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology, 19, 143-150.
126. Smith, B. H. (1992). Life history and the evolution of human maturation. Evolutionary Anthropology, 1, 134-142.
127. Smith, B. H., & Tompkins, R. L. (1995). Towards a life history of the Hominidae. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 257-279.
128. Smith, B. H., Crummett, T. L., & Brandt, K. L. (1994). Ages of eruption of primate teeth: a compendium for ageing individuals and comparing life histories. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 37, 177-231.
129. Sterck, E. H. M. (in press). The Australopithecus-Homo transition: a general primate pattern or a special hominin feature. International Journal of Primatology. http://ips.conference-services.net/resources/354/1080/pdf/IPSoc2008_0848.pdf.
130. Sterck, E. H. M., Watts, D. P., & van Schaik, C. P. (1997). The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 41, 291-309.
131. Ulijaszek, S. J. (2002). Comparative energetics of primate fetal growth. American Journal of Human Biology, 14, 603-608.
132. Utami, S. A., & van Hooff, J. R. A. (2004). Alternative male reproductive strategies: Male bimaturism in orangutans. In P. Kappeler & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Sexual selection in primates (pp. 196-209). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
133. van Noordwijk, M. A., & van Schaik, C. P. (2004). Development of ecological competence in Sumatran orangutans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 127, 79-94.
134. van Schaik, C. P., & Janson, C. H. (2000). Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
135. van Schaik, C. P., Preuschoft, S., & Watts, D. P. (2004). Great ape social systems. In A. E. Russon & D. R. Begun (Eds.), The evolution of thought: Evolutionary origins of great ape intelligence (pp. 190-209). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
136. Vassey, N., & Walker, A. (2001). Neonate body size and hominid carnivory. In C. Stanford & H. T. Bunn (Eds.), Meat-eating and human evolution (pp. 332-349). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
137. Walker, R., Burger, O., Wagner, J., & Von Ruden, C. R. (2006). Evolution of brain size and juvenile periods in primates. Journal of Human Evolution, 51, 480-498.
138. Wich, S. A., Utami-Atmoko, S. S., Mitra Setia, T., Rijksen, H. D., Schurmann, C., van Hooff, J., et al. (2004). Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii). Journal of Human Evolution, 47, 385-398.
139. Wood, B. A., & Lonergan, N. (2008). The hominin fossil record: Taxa, grades, and clades. Journal of Anatomy, 212, 354-376.
140. Wrangham, R. W. (1980). An ecological model of female bonded primate groups. Behaviour, 73, 262-299.
141. Zihlman, A., Bolter, D., & Boesch, C. (2004). Wild chimpanzee dentition and its implications for assessing life history in immature hominin fossils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 101, 10541-10543.