Properties of inelastic yielding zones generated by in-plane dynamic ruptures-II. Detailed parameter-space study

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 191, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 1343-1360

  Xu, Shiqing ^a   Ben Zion, Yehuda ^a   Ampuero, Jean Paul ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dynamics and mechanics of faulting; Elasticity and anelasticity; Fractures and faults; Mechanics, theory, and modelling; Microstructures; Rheology and friction of fault zones

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL SCALING; BI-MATERIAL INTERFACES; COULOMB FRICTIONS; CRACK-LIKE; ELASTICITY AND ANELASTICITY; FAULT ZONE; FRICTION LAWS; INCLINATION ANGLES; INITIAL STRESS; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; MASS DENSITIES; MAXIMUM SLIP; MICROFRACTURES; NORMAL DISTANCE; PLANAR FAULT; POTENCY DENSITY; PROPAGATION DIRECTION; QUASI-STEADY STATE; RELATIVE STRENGTH; RUPTURE LENGTH; RUPTURE PROPAGATION; RUPTURE SPEED; SLIP PULSE; STRESS STATE; THRUST FAULTING; UNILATERAL CRACKS;

ADHESION; ELASTICITY; ENERGY DISSIPATION; FRICTION; MICROSTRUCTURE; ROCK MECHANICS; STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS;

SPACE RESEARCH;

ASYMMETRY; COHESION; COMPRESSION; CRACK; ELASTICITY; EXTENSION; FAULT PLANE; FAULT ZONE; FAULTING; FRICTION; MICROSTRUCTURE; RHEOLOGY; ROCK MECHANICS; RUPTURE; STRESS ANALYSIS; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT; THRUST FAULT;

EID: 84869094961     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: 1365246X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05685.x     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Abercrombie, R.E. & Rice, J.R., 2005. Can observations of earthquake scaling constrain slip weakening?, Geophys. J. Int., 162, 406-424.
2. Allam, A.A. & Ben-Zion, Y., 2012. Seismic velocity structures in the Southern California plate-boundary environment from double-difference tomography, Geophys. J. Int., 190, 1181-1196, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05544.x.
3. Ampuero, J.-P. & Ben-Zion, Y., 2008. Cracks, pulses and macroscopic asymmetry of dynamic rupture on a bimaterial interface with velocity-weakening friction, Geophys J. Int., 173, 674-692, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03736.x.
4. Andrews, D.J., 1976. Rupture velocity of plane strain shear cracks, J. geophys. Res., 81, 5679-5687.
5. Andrews, D.J., 2005. Rupture dynamics with energy loss outside the slip zone, J. geophys. Res., 110, B01307, doi:10.1029/2004JB003191.
6. Andrews, D.J. & Ben-Zion, Y., 1997. Wrinkle-like slip pulse on a fault between different materials, J. geophys. Res., 102, 553-571.
7. Ben-Zion, Y., 1990. The response of two half spaces to point dislocations at the material interface, Geophys. J. Int., 101, 507-528.
8. Ben-Zion, Y. & Ampuero, J.-P., 2009. Seismic radiation from regions sustaining material damage, Geophys. J. Int., 178, 1351-1356, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04285.x.
9. Ben-Zion, Y. & Huang, Y., 2002. Dynamic rupture on an interface between a compliant fault zone layer and a stiffer surrounding solid, J. geophys. Res., 107(B2), 2042, doi:10.1029/2001JB000254.
10. Ben-Zion, Y. & Sammis, C.G., 2003. Characterization of fault zones, Pure appl. Geophys., 160, 677-715.
11. Ben-Zion, Y. & Shi, Z., 2005. Dynamic rupture on a material interface with spontaneous generation of plastic strain in the bulk, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 236, 486-496, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.025.
12. Ben-Zion, Y. et al ., 2003. Shallow fault zone structure illuminated by trapped waves in the Karadere-Duzce branch of the North Anatolian Fault, western Turkey, Geophys. J. Int., 152, 699-717.
13. Brietzke, G.B., Cochard, A. & Igel, H., 2009. Importance of biomaterial interfaces for earthquake dynamics and strong ground motion, Geophys. J. Int., 178(2), 921-938.
14. Broberg, K.B., 1999. Cracks and Fracture, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
15. Chester, F.M. & Chester, J.S., 2000. Stress and deformation along wavy frictional faults, J. geophys. Res., 105(B10), 23 421-23 430.
16. Chester, J.S. & Fletcher, R.C., 1997. Stress distribution and failure in anisotropic rock near a bend on a weak fault, J. geophys. Res., 102(B1), 693-708, doi:10.1029/96JB02791.
17. Cowie, P.A. & Scholz, C.H., 1992a. Physical explanation for the displacement-length relationship of faults using a post-yielding fracture mechanics model, J. Struct. Geol., 14(10), 1133-1148.
18. Cowie, P.A. & Scholz, C.H., 1992b. Growth of Faults by Accumulation of Seismic Slip, J. geophys. Res., 97(B7), 11 085-11 095, doi:10.1029/92JB00586.
19. Dalguer, L.A. & Day, S.M., 2009. Asymmetric rupture of large aspect-ratio faults at bimaterial interface in 3D, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L23307, doi:10.1029/2009GL040303.
20. Das, S. & Aki, K., 1977. A numerical study of two-dimensional spontaneous rupture propagation, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 50(3), 643-668, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1977.tb01339.x
21. Day, S.M., 1982. Three-dimensional finite difference simulation of fault dynamics: rectangular faults with fixed rupture velocity, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 72, 705-727
22. DeDontney, N., Templeton-Barrett, E.L., Rice, J.R. & Dmowska, R., 2011. Influence of plastic deformation on bimaterial fault rupture directivity, J. geophys. Res., 116, B10312, doi:10.1029/2011JB008417.
23. Dey, T.N. & Wang, C-Y., 1981. Some mechanisms of microcrack growth and interaction in compressive rock failure, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 18, 199-209.
24. Dieterich, J.H. & Smith, D.E., 2009. Nonplanar faults: mechanics of slip and off-fault damage, Pure appl. Geophys., 166(10), 1799-1815, doi:10.1007/s00024-009-0517-y.
25. Di Toro, G., Nielsen, S. & Pennacchioni, G., 2005. Earthquake rupture dynamics frozen in exhumed ancient faults, Nature, 436, 1009-1012, doi:10.1038/nature03910.
26. Doan, M.-L. & Billi, A., 2011. High strain rate damage of Carrara marble, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L19302, doi:10.1029/2011GL049169
27. Doan, M.L. & Gary, G., 2009. Rock pulverization at high strain rate near the San Andreas Fault, Nat. Geosci., 2, 709-712, doi:10.1038/ngeo640.
28. Dor, O., Ben-Zion, Y., Rockwell, T.K. & Brune, J.N., 2006. Pulverized Rocks in the Mojave section of the San Andreas FZ, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 245, 642-654, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.034.
29. Dor, O., Yildirim, C., Rockwell, T.K., Ben-Zion, Y., Emre, O., Sisk, M. & Duman, T.Y., 2008. Geologic and geomorphologic asymmetry across the rupture zones of the 1943 and 1944 earthquakes on the North Anatolian Fault: possible signals for preferred earthquake propagation direction, Geophys. J. Int., 173, 483-504, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03709.x.
30. Duan, B., 2008. Asymmetric off-fault damage generated by bilateral ruptures along a bimaterial interface, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L14306, doi:10.1029/2008GL034797.
31. Duan, B. & Day, S.M., 2008. Inelastic strain distribution and seismic radiation from rupture of a fault kink, J. geophys. Res., 113, B12311, doi:10.1029/2008JB005847.
32. Dunham, E.M., Belanger, D., Cong, L. & Kozdon, J.E., 2011a. Earthquake ruptures with strongly rate-weakening friction and off-fault plasticity, 1: planar faults, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 101(5), 2296-2307, doi:10.1785/0120100075.
33. Dunham, E.M., Belanger, D., Cong, L. & Kozdon, J.E., 2011b. Earthquake ruptures with strongly rate-weakening friction and off-fault plasticity, 2: nonplanar faults, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 101(5), 2308-2322, doi:10.1785/0120100076.
34. Evans, L.C., 1998. Partial Differential Equations, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI.
35. Freund, L.B., 1990. Dynamic Fracture Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
36. Griffith, W.A., Nielsen, S., Di Toro, G. & Smith, S.A.F., 2010. Rough faults, distributed weakening, and off-fault deformation, J. geophys. Res., 115, B08409, doi:10.1029/2009JB006925.
37. Griffith, W.A., Rosakis, A.J., Pollard, D.D. & Ko, C.-W., 2009. Dynamic rupture experiments elucidate tensile crack development during propagating earthquake ruptures, Geology, 37, 795-798, doi:10.1130/G30064A.
38. Harris, R.A. & Day, S.M., 1997. Effects of a low-velocity zone on a dynamic rupture, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 87, 1267-1280.
39. Huang, Y. & Ampuero, J.-P., 2011. Pulse-like ruptures induced by low-velocity fault zones, J. geophys. Res., 116, B12307, doi:10.1029/2011JB008684.
40. Jaeger, J., Cook, N. & Zimmerman, R., 2007. Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics, 4th edn, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Malden, MA.
41. Johnson, P.A. & Jia, X., 2005. Nonlinear dynamics, granular media and dynamic earthquake triggering, Nature, 473, 871-874.
42. Kaneko, Y. & Fialko, Y., 2011. Shallow slip deficit due to large strike-slip earthquakes in dynamic rupture simulations with elasto-plastic off-fault response, Geophys. J. Int., 186, 1389-1403, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05117.x.
43. Kim, Y.-S., Peacock, D.C.P. & Sanderson, D.J., 2004. Fault damage zones, J. Struct. Geol., 26, 503-517.
44. Kranz, R.L., 1983. Microcracks in rocks: a review, Tectonophysics, 100, 449-480.
45. Le Pichon, X., Kreemer, C. & Chamot-Rooke, N., 2005. Asymmetry in elastic properties and the evolution of large continental strike-slip faults, J. geophys. Res., 110, B03405, doi:10.1029/2004JB003343.
46. Lewis, M.A. & Ben-Zion, Y., 2010. Diversity of fault zone damage and trapping structures in the Parkfield section of the San Andreas Fault from comprehensive analysis of near fault seismograms, Geophys. J. Int., 183, 1579-1595, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04816.x.
47. Lewis, M.A., Peng, Z., Ben-Zion, Y. & Vernon, F.L., 2005. Shallow seismic trapping structure in the San Jacinto fault zone near Anza, California, Geophys. J. Int., 162, 867-881.
48. Lewis, M.A, Ben-Zion, Y. & McGuire, J., 2007. Imaging the deep structure of the San Andreas Fault south of Hollister with joint analysis of fault-zone head and direct P arrivals, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 1028-1042, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03319.x.
49. Lim, S.J., 1998. Small strike slip faults in granitic rock: implications for three dimensional models, Masters thesis, Utah State University, Logan, UT.
50. Lockner, D.A. & Beeler, N.M., 2002. Rock failure and earthquakes, in International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, pp. 505-537, eds Lee, W.H.K., Kanamori, H., Jennings, P.C. & Kisslinger, C., Academic Press, Amsterdam.
51. Ma, S., 2008. A physical model for widespread near-surface and fault zone damage induced by earthquakes, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q11009, doi:10.1029/2008GC002231.
52. Ma, S. & Andrews, D.J., 2010. Inelastic off-fault response and three-dimensional dynamics of earthquake rupture on a strike-slip fault, J. geophys. Res., 115, B04304, doi:10.1029/2009JB006382.
53. McGuire, J. & Ben-Zion, Y., 2005. High-resolution imaging of the Bear Valley section of the San Andreas Fault at seismogenic depths with fault-zone head waves and relocated seismicity, Geophys. J. Int., 163, 152-164, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02703.x.
54. Misra, S., Mandal, N., Dhar, R. & Chakraborty, C., 2009. Mechanisms of deformation localization at the tips of shear fractures: findings from analogue experiments and field evidence, J. geophys. Res., 114, B04204, doi:10.1029/2008JB005737.
55. Mitchell, T.M. & Faulkner, D.R., 2009. The nature and origin of off-fault damage surrounding strike-slip fault zones with a wide range of displacements: a field study from the Atacama fault system, northern Chile, J. Strutc. Geol., 31, 802-816.
56. Mitchell, T.M., Ben-Zion, Y. & Shimamoto, T., 2011. Pulverized fault rocks and damage asymmetry along the Arima-Takatsuki Tectonic Line, Japan, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 308, 284-297, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.023.
57. Ngo, D., Huang, Y., Rosakis, A.J., Griffith, W.A. & Pollard, D.D., 2012. Off-fault tensile cracks: a link between geological fault observations, lab experiments and dynamic rupture models, J. geophys. Res., B01307, doi:10.1029/2011JB008577.
58. Nielsen, S.B. & Carlson, J.M., 2000. Rupture pulse characterization: self-healing, self-similar, expanding solutions in a continuum model of fault dynamics, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 90, 1480-1497.
59. Oglesby, D.D., Mai, P.M., Atakan, K. & Pucci, S., 2008. Dynamic models of earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault zone under the Sea of Marmara: effect of hypocenter location, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L18302, doi:10.1029/2008GL035037.
60. Palmer, A.C. & Rice, J.R., 1973. Growth of slip surfaces in progressive failure of over-consolidated clay, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A., 332, 527-548.
61. Peng, Z. & Ben-Zion, Y., 2006. Temporal changes of shallow seismic velocity around the Karadere-Düzce branch of the North Anatolian Fault and strong ground motion, Pure appl. Geophys., 163, 567-600, doi:10.1007/s00024-005-0034-6.
62. Poliakov, A.N.B., Dmowska, R. & Rice, J.R., 2002. Dynamic shear rupture interactions with fault bends and off-axis secondary faulting, J. geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JB000572.
63. Rockwell, T.K. & Ben-Zion, Y., 2007. High localization of primary slip zones in large earthquakes from paleoseismic trenches: observations and implications for earthquake physics, J. geophys. Res., 112, B10304, doi:10.1029/2006JB004764.
64. Rice, J.R., 1980. The mechanics of earthquake rupture, in Physics of the Earth's Interior, pp. 555-649. eds Dzieswonski, A.M. & Boschi, E., Italian Physical Society/North Holland, Amsterdam.
65. Rice, J.R., 1993. Spatio-temporal complexity of slip on a fault, J. geophys. Res., 98(B6), 9885-9907, doi:10.1029/93JB00191.
66. Rice, J.R., Sammis, C.G. & Parsons, R., 2005. Off-fault secondary failure induced by a dynamic slip-pulse, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 95(1), 109-134, doi:10.1785/0120030166.
67. Rubin, A.M. & Ampuero, J.-P., 2007. Aftershock asymmetry on a bimaterial interface, J. geophys. Res., 112, B05307, doi:10.1029/2006JB004337.
68. Saucier, F., Humphreys, E. & Weldon, II, R., 1992. Stress near geometrically complex strike-slip faults: application to the San Andreas Fault at Cajon Pass, Southern California, J. geophys. Res., 97(B4), 5081-5094, doi:10.1029/91JB02644.
69. Savage, H.M. & Brodsky, E.E., 2011. Collateral damage: evolution with displacement of fracture distribution and secondary fault strands in fault damage zones, J. geophys. Res., 116, B03405, doi:10.1029/2010JB007665.
70. Scholz, C.H., 1987. Wear and gouge formation in brittle faulting, Geology, 15, 493-495.
71. Scholz, C.H., 2002. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, NY.
72. Scholz, C.H., Dawers, N.H., Yu, J.-Z., Anders, M.H. & Cowie, P.A., 1993. Fault growth and fault scaling laws: preliminary results, J. geophys. Res., 98(B12), 21951-21961, doi:10.1029/93JB01008.
73. Shi, Z. & Ben-Zion, Y., 2006. Dynamic rupture on a bimaterial interface governed by slip-weakening friction, Geophys. J. Int., 165, 469-484.
74. Shi, Z. & Day, S.M., 2011. 3D simulations of dynamic rupture on rough faults, EOS, Trans. Am. geophys. Un., 92, Abstract S54C-06.
75. Shi, Z., Ben-Zion, Y. & Needleman, A., 2008. Properties of dynamic rupture and energy partition in a solid with a frictional interface, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 56, 5-24.
76. Sibson, R.H., 1989. Earthquake faulting as a structural process, J. Strutc. Geol., 11, 1-14.
77. Spudich, P. & Olsen, K.B., 2001. Fault zone amplified waves as a possible seismic hazard along the Calaveras Fault in central California, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(13), 2533-2536, doi:10.1029/2000GL011902.
78. Templeton, E.L. & Rice, J.R., 2008. Off-fault plasticity and earthquake rupture dynamics: 1. dry materials or neglect of fluid pressure changes, J. geophys. Res., 113, B09306, doi:10.1029/2007JB005529.
79. Thurber, C., Zhang, H., Waldhauser, F., Hardebeck, J., Micheal, A. & Eberhart-Phillips, D., 2006. Three-dimensional compressional wavespeed model, earthquake relocations, and focal mechanisms for the Parkfield, California, region, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 96(4B), S38-S49.
80. Vermilye, J.M. & Scholz, C.H., 1998. The process zone: a microstructural view of fault growth, J. geophys. Res., 103, 12 223-12 237, doi:10.1029/98JB00957.
81. Wechsler, N., Rockwell, T.K. & Ben-Zion, Y., 2009. Analysis of rock damage asymmetry from geomorphic signals along the trifurcation area of the San-Jacinto Fault, Geomorphology, 113, 82-96.
82. Wenk, H.-R., Johnson, L.R. & Ratschbacher, L., 2000. Pseudotachylites in the eastern Peninsular ranges of California, Tectonophysics, 321, 253-277.
83. Willson, J.P., Lunn, R.J. & Shipton, Z.K., 2007. Simulating spatial and temporal evolution of multiple wing cracks around faults in crystalline basement rocks, J. geophys. Res., 112, B08408, doi:10.1029/2006JB004815.
84. Wilson, J.E., Chester, J.S. & Chester, F.M., 2003. Microfracture analysis of fault growth and wear processes, Punchbowl Fault, San Andreas System, California, J. Struct. Geol., 25, 1855-1873.
85. Xu, S., Ben-Zion, Y. & Ampuero, J.-P., 2012. Properties of inelastic yielding zones generated by in-plane dynamic ruptures-I. Model description and basic results, Geophys. J. Int., in press, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05679.x (this issue).
86. Yamashita, T., 2000. Generation of microcracks by dynamic shear rupture and its effects on rupture growth and elastic wave radiation, Geophys. J. Int., 143, 395-406.
87. Yamashita, T., 2009. Chapter 8: Rupture dynamics on bimaterial faults and nonlinear off-fault damage, in Fault-Zone Properties and Earthquake Rupture Dynamics, Int. geophys. Ser. 94, pp. 187-215, ed. Fukuyama, E., Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
88. Yang, H. & Zhu, L., 2010. Shallow low-velocity zone of the San Jacinto fault from local earthquake waveform modelling, Geophys. J. Int., 183, 421-432.
89. Yang, H., Zhu, L. & Cochran, E.S., 2011. Seismic structures of the Calico fault zone inferred from local earthquake travel time modelling, Geophys. J. Int., 186, 760-770.
90. Zheng, G. & Rice, J.R., 1998. Conditions under which velocity-weakening friction allows a self-healing versus a crack-like mode of rupture, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 88, 1466-1483.