Commentary on using equivalent latitude in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 12, Issue 19, 2012, Pages 9187-9199

  Pan, L L ^a   Kunz, A ^a,c   Homeyer, C R ^b   Munchak, L A ^a,d   Kinnison, D E ^a   Tilmes, S ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^d Science System Applications   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LATITUDE; POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; STRATOSPHERE; TRACER; TRANSPORT PROCESS; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 84869023214     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-9187-2012     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Allen, D. R., Stanford, J. L., López-Valverde, M. A., Nakamura, N., Lary, D. J., Douglass, A. R., Cerniglia, M. C., Remedios, J. J., and Taylor, F. W.: Observations of middle atmosphere CO from the UARS ISMAS during the early northern winter 1991/92, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 563-583, 1999.
2. Berthet, G., Esler, J. G., and Haynes, P. H.: A Lagrangian perspective of the tropopause and the ventilation of the lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D18102, doi:10.1029/2006JD008295, 2007. (Pubitemid 350142568)
3. Browell, E. V., Danielsen, E. F., Ismail, S., Gregory, G.L., and Beck, S. M.: Tropopause fold structure determined from airborne lidar and in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2112-2120, 1987.
4. Butchart, N. and Remsberg, E. E.: The area of the stratospheric polar vortex as a diagnostic for tracer transport on an isentropic surface, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1319-1339, 1986.
5. Coy, L., Eckermann, S., and Hoppel, K.: Planetary wave breaking and tropospheric forcing as seen in the stratospheric sudden warming of 2006, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 495-507, 2009.
6. Danielsen, E. F.: Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity, ozone and potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 502-518, 1968.
7. Engel, A., Bönisch, H., Brunner, D., Fischer, H., Franke, H., Günther, G., Gurk, C., Hegglin, M., Hoor, P., Königstedt, R., Krebsbach, M., Maser, R., Parchatka, U., Peter, T., Schell, D., Schiller, C., Schmidt, U., Spelten, N., Szabo, T., Weers, U., Wernli, H., Wetter, T., and Wirth, V.: Highly resolved observations of trace gases in the lowermost stratosphere and upper troposphere from the Spurt project: an overview, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 283-301, doi:10.5194/acp-6-283-2006, 2006.
8. Grise, K. M., Thompson, D. W. J., and Birner, T.: A global survey of static stability in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, J. Clim., 23, 2275-2292, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3369.1, 2010
9. Haynes, P. and Shuckburgh, E.: Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport 2. troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22795-22810, 2000.
10. Hegglin, M. I., Brunner, D., Peter, T., Hoor, P., Fischer, H., Stae-helin, J., Krebsbach, M., Schiller, C., Parchatka, U., and Weers, U.: Measurements of NO, NOy, N2O, and O3 during SPURT: implications for transport and chemistry in the lowermost stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1331-1350, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1331-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198603)
11. Homeyer, C. R., Bowman, K. P., Pan, L. L., Atlas, E. L., Gao, R.-S., and Campos, T. L.: Dynamical and chemical characteristics of tropospheric intrusions observed during START08, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D06111, doi:10.1029/ 2010JD015098, 2011.
12. Homeyer, C. R. and Bowman, K. P.: Rossby wavebreaking and transport between the tropics and extratropics above the subtrop-ical jet, J. Altmos. Sci., doi:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0198.1, in press, 2012.
13. Hoor, P., Gurk, C., Brunner, D., Hegglin, M. I., Wernli, H., and Fischer, H.: Seasonality and extent of extratropical TST derived from in-situ CO measurements during SPURT, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1427-1442, doi:10.5194/acp-4-1427-2004, 2004. (Pubitemid 39316231)
14. Hoskins, B. J.: Towards a PV-θ view of the general circulation, Tel-lus, Ser. B, 43, 27-35, 1991.
15. Juckes, M. N.: An annual cycle of long lived stratospheric gases from MIPAS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1879-1897, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1879-2007, 2007.
16. Kanzawa, H., Sugita, T., Nakajima, H., Bodeker, G. E., Oelhaf, H., Stowasser, M., Wetzel, G., Engel, A., Schmidt, U., Levin, I., Toon, G. C., Sen, B., Blavier, J.-F., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T., Jucks, K. W., Johnson, D. G., Traub, W. A., Camy-Peyret, C., Payan, S., Jeseck, P., Murata, I., Fukunishi, H., von König, M., Bremer, H., Küllmann, H., Park, J. H., Pan, L. L., Yokota, T., Suzuki, M., Shiotani, M., and Sasano, Y.: Validation and data characteristics of nitrous oxide and methane profiles observed by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) and processed with the Version 5.20 algorithm, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8003, doi:10.1029/2002JD002458, 2003.
17. Kinnison, D. E., Brasseur, G. P., Walters, S., Garcia, R. R., Marsh, D. R., Sassi, F., Harvey, V. L., Randall, C. E., Emmons, L., Lamarque, J. F., Hess, P., Orlando, J. J., Tie, X. X., Randel, W., Pan, L. L., Gettelman, A., Granier, C., Diehl, T., Niemeier, U., and Simmons, A. J.: Sensitivity of chemical tracers to meteorological parameters in the MOZART-3 chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20302, doi:10.1029/2006JD007879, 2007. (Pubitemid 350285723)
18. Kunz, A., Konopka, P., Müller, R., and Pan, L. L.: Dynamical tropopause based on isentropic potential vorticity gradients, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D01110, doi:10.1029/2010JD014343, 2011a.
19. Kunz, A., Pan, L. L., Konopka, P., Kinnison, D. E., and Tilmes, S.: Chemical and dynamical discontinuity at the extratropical tropopause based on START08 and WACCM analyses, J. Geo-phys. Res., 116, D24302, doi:10.1029/ 2011JD016686, 2011b.
20. Lait, L. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Newman, P. A., Proffitt, M. H., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Strahan, S. E., Chan, K. R., Gary, B., Margitan, J. J., Browell, E., McCormick, M. P., and Torres, A.: Reconstruction of O3 and N2O fields from ER-2, DC-8, and balloon observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17(4), 521-524, 1990.
21. Lamarque, J.-F., Emmons, L. K., Hess, P. G., Kinnison, D. E., Tilmes, S., Vitt, F., Heald, C. L., Holland, E. A., Lauritzen, P. H., Neu, J., Orlando, J. J., Rasch, P. J., and Tyndall, G. K.: CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 369-411, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012, 2012.
22. Manney, G. L., Hegglin, M. I., Daffer, W. H., Santee, M. L., Ray, E. A., Pawson, S., Schwartz, M. J., Boone, C. D., Froide-vaux, L., Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., and Walker, K. A.: Jet characterization in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS): applications to climatology and transport studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6115-6137, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6115-2011, 2011
23. Manney, G. L., Michelsen, H. A., Santee, M. L., Gunson, M. R., Irion. F. W., Roche, A. E., and Livesey, N. J.: Polar vortex dynamics during spring and fall diagnosed using trace gas observations from the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 18841-18866, 1999.
24. Manney, G. L., Zurek, R. W., Gelman, M. E., Miller, A. J., and Na-gatani, R.: The anomalous arctic lower stratospheric polar vortex of 1992-1993, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2405-2408, 1994.
25. McIntyre, M. E. and Palmer, T. N. : Breaking planetary waves in the stratosphere, Nature, 305, 593-600, 1983.
26. Neale, R. B., Richter, J., Park, S., Lauritzen, P. H., Vavrus, S. J., Rasch, P. J., and Zhang, M.: The Mean Climate of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments, J. Clim., in review, 2012.
27. Novelli, P. C., Masarie, K. A., Lang, P. M., Hall, B. D., Myers, R. C., and Elkins, J. W.: Reanalysis of tropospheric CO trends: Effects of the 1997-1998 wildfires, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4464, doi:10.1029/2002JD003031, 2003.
28. Pan, L. L., Bowman, K. P., Atlas, E. L., Wofsy, S. C., Zhang, F., Bresch, J. F., Ridley, B. A., Pittman, J. V., Homeyer, C. R., Ro-mashkin, P., and Cooper, W. A.: The Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 experiment, Bull. Am. Me-teorol. Soc., 91, 327-342, 2010.
29. Pan, L. L., Randel, W. J., Massie, S. T., Kanzawa, H., Sasano, Y., Nakajima, H., Yokota, T., and Sugita, T.: Variability of polar stratospheric water vapor observed by ILAS, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8214, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD001164, 2002. (Pubitemid 44793993)
30. Pan, L. L., Randel, W. J., Gary, B. L., Mahoney, M. J., and Hintsa, E. J.: Definitions and sharpness of the extratropical tropopause: A trace gas perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23103, doi:10.1029/2004JD004982, 2004. (Pubitemid 40318552)
31. Pan, L. L., Randel, W. J., Gille, J. C., Hall, W. D., Nardi, B., Massie, S., Yudin, V., Khosravi, R., Konopka, P., and Tarasick, D.: Tro-pospheric intrusions associated with the secondary tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D10302, doi:10.1029/2008JD011374, 2009.
32. Peevey, T. R., Gille, J. C., Randall, C. E., and Kunz, A.: Investigation of double tropopause spatial and temporal global variability utilizing High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder temperature observations, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D01105, doi:10.1029/2011JD016443, 2012.
33. Pittman, J. V., Pan, L. L., Wei, J. C., Irion, F. W., Liu, X., Maddy, E. S., Barnet, C. D., Chance, K., and Gao, R.: Evaluation of AIRS, IASI, and OMI ozone profile retrievals in the extratropical tropopause region using in situ aircraft measurements, J. Geo-phys. Res., 114, D24109, doi:10.1029/2009JD012493, 2009.
34. Postel, G. A. and Hitchman, M. H.: A climatology of Rossby wave breaking along the subtropical tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 359-373, 1999. (Pubitemid 128600794)
35. Randel, W. J., Seidel, D. J., and Pan, L. L.: Observational characteristics of double tropopauses, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D07309, doi:10.1029/2006JD007904, 2007. (Pubitemid 46916227)
36. Randel, W. J., Wu, F., Russell, J. M., Roche, A., and Waters, J. W.: Seasonal cycles and QBO variations in stratospheric CH4 and H2O observed in UARS HALOE data, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 163-185, 1998.
37. Ray, E. A., Rosenlof, K. H., Richard, E., Parrish, D., and Jakoubek, R.: Distributions of ozone in the region of the subtropical jet: An analysis of in situ aircraft measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08106, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD004143, 2004. (Pubitemid 38892998)
38. Schoeberl, M. R., Lait, L. R., Newman, P. A., Martin, R. L., Proffitt, M. H., Hartmann, D. L., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J., Strahan, S. E., Anderson, J., Chan, K. R., and Gary, B.: Reconstruction of the constituent distribution and trends in the Antarctic polar vortex from ER-2 flight observations. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16 815-16 846, 1989.
39. Shapiro, M. Wernli, A., H., Bao, J.-W., Methven, J., Zou, X., Doyle, J. D., Holt, T., Donall-Grell, E., and Neiman, P. J.: A planetary-scale to mesoscale perspective of the life cycles of extratropical cyclones: The bridge between theory and observations, in The Life Cycles of Extratropical Cyclones, edited by S. Grøna?s and M. A. Shapiro, 139-185, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1999.
40. SPARC CCMVal: Report on the Evaluation of Chemistry-Climate Models, edited by: Eyring, V., Shepherd, T. G., and Waugh, D. W., SPARC Report No. 5, WCRP-132, WMO/TD-No. 1526, available at: www.sparc-climate.org, 2010.
41. Sprenger, M. and Wernli, H.: A Northern Hemispheric climatology of cross-tropopause exchange for the ERA15 time period (1979-1993), J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8521, doi:10.1029/2002JD002636, 2003.
42. Sprenger, M., Wernli, H., and Bourqui, M.: Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange and Its Relation to Potential Vorticity Streamers and Cutoffs near the Extratropical Tropopause. J. At-mos. Sci., 64, 1587-1602, 2007. (Pubitemid 46882310)
43. Strahan, S. E., Duncan, B. N., and Hoor, P.: Observationally derived transport diagnostics for the lowermost stratosphere and their application to the GMI chemistry and transport model, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2435-2445, doi:10.5194/acp-7-2435-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46750446)
44. Tilmes, S., Pan, L. L., Hoor, P., Atlas, E., Avery, M. A., Campos, T., Christensen, L. E., Diskin, G. S., Gao, R.-S., Herman, R. L., Hintsa, E. J., Loewenstein, M., Lopez, J., Paige, M. E., Pittman, J. V., Podolske, J. R., Proffitt, M. R., Sachse, G. W., Schiller, C., Schlager, H., Smith, J., Spelten, N., Webster, C., Weinheimer, A., and Zondlo, M. A.: An aircraft-based upper troposphere and lower stratosphere O3, CO, and H2O climatology for the Northern Hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D14303, doi:10.1029/2009JD012731, 2010.
45. Tomikawa, Y., Nishimura, Y., and Yamanouchi, T.: Characteristics of tropopause and tropopause inversion layer in the polar region, SOLA, 5, 141-144, doi:10.2151/sola.2009-036, 2009.
46. Wernli, H. and Sprenger, M.: Identification and ERA-15 Climatology of Potential Vorticity Streamers and Cutoffs near the Extratropical Tropopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1569-1586 2007. (Pubitemid 46882309)