Body of knowledge around the diabetic foot and limb salvage

Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery

Volumn 53, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 605-616

  Edmonds, M ^a  

^a KING S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Diabetes mellitus, type 1; Diabetic foot; Ischemia

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AYURVEDIC DRUG; CEFALEXIN; CEFTRIAXONE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM PLUS TICARCILLIN; CLINDAMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ERTAPENEM; FUSIDATE SODIUM; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; METRONIDAZOLE; OFLOXACIN; PEXIGANAN; PIPERACILLIN PLUS TAZOBACTAM; PSEUDOMONIC ACID; RIFAMPICIN; SULTAMICILLIN; TRIMETHOPRIM; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANGIOGRAPHY; ANGIOPLASTY; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BONE BIOPSY; CELLULITIS; COMORBIDITY; DEBRIDEMENT; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC FOOT; FOLLOW UP; FOOT AMPUTATION; FOOT CARE; FOOT INFECTION; FOOT ISCHEMIA; FOOT ULCER; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL READMISSION; HUMAN; LEG REVASCULARIZATION; LIMB SALVAGE; NEUROPATHY; OSTEOMYELITIS; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PODIATRIST; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; SURGICAL DRAINAGE; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ULCER HEALING; WOUND HEALING; AMPUTATION; ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HOSPITALIZATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MORTALITY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REOPERATION; VASCULAR SURGERY;

AMPUTATION; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DEBRIDEMENT; DIABETIC FOOT; ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; LIMB SALVAGE; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; REOPERATION; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 84868661216     PISSN: 00219509     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA 2005;293:217-28. (Pubitemid 40095873)
2. Reiber GE. Epidemiology of foot ulcers and amputations in the diabetic foot. In: Bowker JH, Pfeifer MA, editors. The diabetic foot. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2001. p. 13-32.
3. Pecoraro RE, Reiber GE, Burgess EM. Pathways to diabetic limb amputation, basis for prevention. Diabetes Care 1990;13:513-21. (Pubitemid 20145956)
4. Nabuurs-Franssen MH, Huijberts MS, Nieuwenhuijzen Kruseman AC, Willems J, Schaper NC. Health-related quality of life of diabetic foot ulcer patients and their caregivers. Diabetologia 2005;48:1906-10. (Pubitemid 41317847)
5. Ragnarson Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. Health-economic consequences of diabetic foot lesions. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39(Suppl 2):S132-9. (Pubitemid 39050510)
6. Armstrong DG, Cohen K, Courric S, Bharara M, Marston W. Diabetic foot ulcers and vascular insufficiency: our population has changed, but our methods have not. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2011;5:1591-5.
7. Prompers L, Huijberts M, Apelqvist J, Jude E, Piaggesi A, Bakker K. High prevalence of ischaemia, infection and serious comorbidity in patients with diabetic foot disease in Europe. Baseline results from the Eurodiale study. Diabetologia 2007;50:18-25. (Pubitemid 46035847)
8. Prompers L, Schaper N, Apelqvist J, Jude E, Piaggesi A, Bakker K. Predictors of outcome in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers: focus on the differences between individuals with and without peripheral arterial disease. The EURODIALE Study. Diabetologia 2008;51:747-55.
9. Gershater MA, Löndahl M, Nyberg P, Larsson J, Thörne J, Eneroth M. Complexity of factors related to outcome of neuropathic and neuroischaemic/ischaemic diabetic foot ulcers: a cohort study. Diabetologia 2009;52:398-407.
10. Apelqvist J, Elgzyri T, Larsson J, Löndahl M, Nyberg P, Thörne J. Factors related to outcome of neuroischemic/ischemic foot ulcer in diabetic patients J Vasc Surg 2011;53:1582-8.e2.
11. McCabe CJ, Stevenson RC, Dolan AM. Evaluation of a diabetic foot screening and protection programme. Diabet Med 1998;15:80-4. (Pubitemid 28114003)
12. Calle-Pascual A, Durán A, Benedí A, Calvo M, Charro A, Diaz J. Reduction in Foot Ulcer Incidence: Relation to compliance with a prophylactic foot care program Diabetes Care 2001;24:405-4.
13. Donohoe M, Fletton J, Tooke JE. Improving Foot Care for People with Diabetes Mellitus - Randomised Control Trial of an Integrated Care Approach. Diabet Med 2000;17:581-7.
14. Edmonds ME, Blundell MP, Morris ME, Thomas EM, Cotton LT, Watkins PJ. Improved survival of the diabetic foot: the role of a specialized foot clinic. Q J Med 1986;60:763-7117.
15. Edmonds M, Foster AVM. Reduction of major amputations in the diabetic ischemic foot: a strategy to 'take control' with conservative care as well as revascularisation. VASA 2001;58(Suppl):6-14. (Pubitemid 33096518)
16. Sanders L, Robbins G, Edmonds M. History of the team approach to amputation prevention: pioneers and milestones. J Vasc Surg 2010;52(3 Suppl):3S-16S.
17. Thomson FJ, Ashe H, Gem J, Knowles EA, Hirst P, Walker MG. The diabetic foot: a team approach; the Manchester experience. The Foot 1991;1:75-82.
18. Larsson J, Apelqvist J, Agardh CD, Stenstrom A. Decreasing incidence of major amputation in diabetic patients: a consequence of a multidisciplinary foot care team approach? Diabet Med 1995;12:770-6.
19. Faglia E, Favales F, Aldeghi A, Calia P, Quarantiello A, Barbano P. Change in major amputation rate in a center dedicated to diabetic foot care during the 1980s: prognostic determinants for major amputation. J Diabetes Complications 1998;12:96-102. (Pubitemid 28156439)
20. [No authors listed]. St Vincent Declaration. Diabetic Medicine 1990;7:360.
21. Uccioli L, Faglia E, Monticone G, Favales F, Durola L, Aldeghi A. Manufactured shoes in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1376-8.
22. Holstein P, Ellitsgaard N, Olsen BB, Ellitsgaard V. Decreasing incidence of major amputations in people with diabetes. Diabetologia 2000;43:844-7. (Pubitemid 30463162)
23. Van Houtum W, Rauwerda JA, Ruwaard D, Schaper NC, Bakker K. Reduction in diabetes-related lower-extremity amputations in the Netherlands: 1991-2000. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1042-6. (Pubitemid 38579763)
24. Apelqvist J, Bakker K, Van Houtum WH, Nabuurs-Franssen MH, Schaper NC. International concensus and practical guidelines on the management and the prevention of the diabetic foot. International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2000;16(Suppl 1):S84.
25. Krishnan S. Reduction in diabetic amputations over 11 years in a defined UK population. Diabetes Care 2008;31:192.
26. Canavan R. Diabetes and nondiabetes related lower extremity amputation incidence before and after the introduction of better organized diabetes foot care. Diabetes Care 2008;31:3.
27. Anichini R, Zecchini F, Cerretini I, Meucci G, Fusilli D, Alviggi L. Improvement of diabetic foot care after the Implementation of the International Consensus on the Diabetic Foot (ICDF): results of a 5-year prospective study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;75:153-8. (Pubitemid 44894598)
28. Trautner C, Haastert B, Spraul M, Giani G, Berger M. Unchanged incidence of lower-limb amputations in a German city, 1990-1998. Diabetes Care 2001;24:855-9. (Pubitemid 33636058)
29. Trautner C, Haastert B, Mauckner P, Gätcke LM, Giani G. Reduced incidence of lower-limb amputations in the diabetic population of a German city, 1990-2005: results of the Leverkusen Amputation Reduction Study (LARS). Diabetes Care 2007;30:2633-7. (Pubitemid 47547809)
30. Eskelinen E, Eskelinen A, Alback A, Lepantalo M. Major amputation incidence decreases both in non-diabetic and in diabetic patients in Helsinki. Scand J Surg 2006;95:185-9. (Pubitemid 44476538)
31. Rogers LC, Andros G, Caporusso J, Harkless LB, Mills JL Sr, Armstrong DG. Toe and flow: essential components and structure of the amputation prevention team. J Vasc Surg 2010;52(3 Suppl):23S-7S.
32. Evans KK, Attinger CE, Al-Attar A, Salgado C, Chu CK, Mardini S et al. The importance of limb preservation in the diabetic population. J Diabetes Complications 2011;25:227-31.
33. Caravaggi C. Integrated surgical protocol for the treatment of the infected diabetic foot. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2012;53:23-30.
34. Chong-Chi C, Chen-Ling H, Shuen-Fu W, Lei-Ming S, Yu-Lien C, Feng-Chou T. A multidisciplinary diabetic foot ulcer treatment programme significantly improved the outcome in patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011;64:867-72.
35. Armstrong DG. An overview of foot infections in diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011;13:951-7.
36. Kimberlee B, Hobizal KB, Wukich DK. Diabetic foot infections: current concept review. Diabet Foot Ankle 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
37. Frykberg RG, Wittmayer B, Zgonis T. Surgical management of diabetic foot infections and osteomyelitis. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2007;24:469-82. (Pubitemid 47001685)
38. Fincke BG, Miller DR, Turpin R. A classification of diabetic foot infections using ICD-9-CM codes: application to a large computerized medical database. BMC Health Serv Res 2010;10:192.
39. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, Pile JC, Peters EJ, Armstrong DG. Infectious diseases society of america clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:e132-73.
40. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, Pile JC, Peters EJ, Armstrong DG. Executive summary: 2012 infectious diseases society of america clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:1679-84.
41. Lipsky BA, Peters EJ, Berendt AR, Senneville E, Bakker K, Embil JM. International Working Group on Diabetic Foot. Specific guidelines for the treatment of diabetic foot infections 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012;28(Suppl. 1):234-5.
42. Lipsky BA, Peters EJ, Senneville E, Berendt AR, Embil JM, Lavery LA. Expert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012;28(Suppl 1):163-78.
43. Turina M, Fry DE, Polk HC Jr. Links Acute hyperglycemia and the innate immune system: clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects. Crit Care Med 2005;33:1624-33. (Pubitemid 40980623)
44. Bagdade JD, Root RK, Bulger RJ. Impaired leukocyte function in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Diabetes 1974;23:9-15.
45. Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Sariaya M, Ashry HJ. Leukocytosis is a poor indicator of acute osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes mellitus. Foot Ankle Surg 1996;35:280-3. (Pubitemid 26299122)
46. Citron DM, Goldstein EJ, Merriam CV, Lipsky BA, Abramson MA. Bacteriology of moderate-to-severe diabetic foot infections and in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:2819-28. (Pubitemid 47417321)
47. Nelson EA, O'Meara S, Golder S, Dalton J, Craig D, Iglesias C; DASIDU Steering Group. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:2819-28.
48. Joseph WS, Lipsky BA. Medical therapy of diabetic foot infections. J Vasc Surg 2010;52(3 Suppl):67S-71S.
49. Peters EJ, Lavery LA, Armstrong DG. Diabetic lower extremity infection: influence of physical, psychological, and social factors. J Diabetes Complications 2005;19:107-12. (Pubitemid 40312624)
50. Bader MS. Diabetic foot infection. Am Fam Physician 2008;78:71-9.
51. Clay PG, Graham MR, Lindsey CC, Lamp KC, Freeman C, Glares A. Clinical efficacy, tolerability, and cost savings associated with the use of open-label metronidazole plus ceftriaxone once daily compared with ticarcillin/clavulanate every 6 hours as empiric treatment for diabetic lower-extremity infections in older males. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2004;2:181-9. (Pubitemid 39618443)
52. Lipsky BA, Armstrong DG, Citron DM, Tice AD, Morgenstern DE, Abramson MA. Ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam for diabetic foot infections (SIDESTEP): prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blinded, multicentre trial. Lancet 2005;366:1695-703. (Pubitemid 41587448)
53. Harkless L, Boghossian J, Pollak R, Caputo W, Dana A, Gray S. An open-label, randomized study comparing efficacy and safety of intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam and ampicillin/sulbactam for infected diabetic foot ulcers. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2005;6:27-40. (Pubitemid 40711363)
54. Tan JS, Friedman NM, Hazelton-Miller C, Flanagan JP, File TM Jr. Can aggressive treatment of diabetic foot infections reduce the need for above-ankle amputation? Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:286-91. (Pubitemid 26264911)
55. Faglia E, Clerici G, Caminiti M, Quarantiello A, Gino M, Morabito AJ. The role of early surgical debridement and revascularisation in patients with diabetes and deep foot space abscess: retrospective review of 106 patients with diabetes. Foot Ankle Surg 2006;45:220-6. (Pubitemid 43963536)
56. Krause FG, deVries G, Meakin C, Kalla TP, Younger AS. Outcome of transmetatarsal amputations in diabetics using antibiotic beads. Foot Ankle Int 2009;30:486-93.
57. Aragón-Sánchez J. Clinical-pathological characterization of diabetic foot infections: grading the severity of osteomyelitis. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2012;11:107-12.
58. Game F, Jeffcoate W. Primarily non-surgical management of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51:962-7.
59. Faglia E. Characteristics of peripheral arterial disease and its relevance to the diabetic population. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2011;10:152.
60. Hinchliffe RJ, Andros G, Apelqvist J, Bakker K, Friederichs S, Lammer J . Source St George's Vascular Institute, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
61. Schaper NC, Andros G, Apelqvist J, Bakker K, Lammer J, Lepantalo M. International Working Group on Diabetic foot.Specific guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease in a patient with diabetes and ulceration of the foot 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012;28(Suppl 1):236-7.
62. Lepäntalo M, Apelqvist J, Setacci C, Ricco JB, de Donato G, Becker F. The diabetic foot. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;42(Suppl 2):S60-74.
63. The Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2851-906.
64. Faglia E, Mantero M, Caminiti M, Caravaggi C, De Giglio R, Pritelli C. Extensive use of peripheral angioplasty, particularly infrapopliteal, in the treatment of ischaemic diabetic foot ulcers: clinical results of a multicentric study of 221 consecutive diabetic subjects. J Intern Med 2002;252:225-325.
65. Faglia E, Dalla Paola L, Clerici G, Clerissi J, Graziani L, Fusaro M. Peripheral angioplasty as the first-choice revascularisation procedure in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia: prospective study of 993 consecutive patients hospitalized and followed between 1999 and 2003. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;29:620-7. (Pubitemid 40626707)
66. Faglia E, Clerici G, Losa S, Tavano D, Caminiti M, Miramonti M. Limb revascularisation feasibility in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia: results from a cohort of 344 consecutive unselected diabetic patients evaluated in 2009. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;95:364-71.
67. Cardaioli P, Rigatelli G, Dell'Avvocata F, Giordan M, Lisato G, Mollo F. Endovascular treatment of diabetic foot syndrome: results from a single center prospective registry using mixed coronary and peripheral techniques and equipment J Interv Cardiol 2011;24:562-8.
68. Mendiz OA, Fava CM, Valdivieso LR, Lev GA, Villagra LG. Angioplasty for treatment of isolated below-the-knee arterial stenosis in patients with critical limb ischemia. Angiology 2011;62:359-64.
69. Schmidt A, Piorkowski M, Werner M, Ulrich M, Bausback Y, Bräunlich S. First experience with drug-eluting balloons in infrapopliteal arteries: restenosis rate and clinical outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1105-9.
70. Bosiers M, Scheinen D, Peeters P, Torsello G, Zeller T, Deloose K. Randomized comparison of everolimus-eluting versus baremetal stents in patients with critical limb ischemia and infrapopliteal arterial occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2012;55:390-8.
71. Peeters P, Verbist J, Keirse K, Callaert J, Deloose K, Bosiers M. Endovascular procedures and new insights in diabetic limb salvage. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2012;53:31-7.
72. Gandini R, Uccioli L, Spinelli A, Del Giudice C, Da Ros V, Volpi T. Alternative Techniques for Treatment of Complex Below-the Knee Arterial Occlusions in Diabetic Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
73. Pomposelli FB, Kansal N, Hamdan AD, Belfield A, Sheahan M, Campbell DR. A decade of experience with dorsalis pedis artery bypass: analysis of outcome in more than 1000 cases. J Vasc Surg 2003;37:307-15. (Pubitemid 36236907)
74. Slim H, Tiwari A, Ahmed A, Ritter JC, Zayed H, Rashid H. Distal versus ultra distal bypass grafts: amputation-free survival and patency rates in patients with critical leg ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;42:83-8.
75. El Sakka K, Fassiadis N, Gambhir RP, Halawa M, Zayed H, Doxford M. An integrated care pathway to save the critically ischaemic diabetic foot. Int J Clin Pract 2006;60:667-9. (Pubitemid 43811645)
76. Armstrong DG, Bharara M, White M, Lepow B, Bhatnagar S, Fisher T. The Impact and Outcomes of Establishing an Integrated Interdisciplinary Surgical Team to Care for The Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
77. Venermo M, Biancari F, Arvela E, Korhonen M, Söderström M, Halmesmäki K. The role of chronic kidney disease as a predictor of outcome after revascularisation of the ulcerated diabetic foot. Diabetologia 2011;54:2971-7.
78. Lepäntalo M, Fiengo L, Biancari F. Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic patients with renal insufficiency: a review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012;28(Suppl 1):40-5.
79. McArthur CS, Sheahan MG, Pomposelli FB Jr, Dayko A, Belfield AK, Veraldi J. Infrainguinal revascularisation after renal transplantation. J Vasc Surg 2003;37:1181-5.
80. Ramdev P, Rayan SS, Sheahan M, Hamdan AD, Logerfo FW, Akbari CM. A decade experience with infrainguinal revascularisation in a dialysis-dependent patient population.J Vasc Surg 2002;36:969-74. (Pubitemid 35316071)
81. Taylor SM, Johnson BL, Sarnies NL, Rawlinson RD, Williamson LE, Davis SA. Contemporary management of diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration: a study of 917 consecutively treated limbs. Am Coll Surg 2011;212:532-45; discussion 546-8.
82. Armstrong DG, Lavery LA. Negative pressure wound therapy after partial diabetic foot amputation: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1704-10. (Pubitemid 41587449)
83. Löndahl M, Katzman P, Nilsson A, Hammarlund C. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy facilitates healing of chronic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010;33:998-1003.