Heterogeneity and symptom structure of schizophrenia

Psychiatry Research

Volumn 198, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 386-394

  Picardi, Angelo ^a   Viroli, Cinzia ^b   Tarsitani, Lorenzo ^c   Miglio, Rossella ^b   de Girolamo, Giovanni ^d   Dell'Acqua, Giuseppe ^e   Biondi, Massimo ^c  

^a ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^c SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^d IRCCS ISTITUTO CENTRO SAN GIOVANNI DI DIO FATEBENEFRATELLI   (Italy)

^e Local Health Unit Trust of Trieste   (Italy)

Author keywords

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Confirmatory factor analysis; Factor mixture analysis; Psychosis

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRIEF PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISORIENTATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; POSITIVE SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SYMPTOM;

ADULT; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84868660468     PISSN: 01651781     EISSN: 18727123     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.051     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Allen A.J., Griss M.E., Folley B.S., Hawkins K.A., Pearlson G.D. Endophenotypes in schizophrenia: a selective review. Schizophrenia Research 2009, 109:24-37.
2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Text Revision 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC. 4th ed.
3. Andreasen N.C. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms 1983, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.
4. Andreasen N.C. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms 1984, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.
5. Andreasen N.C. A unitary model of schizophrenia: Bleuler's "fragmented phrene" as schizencephaly. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999, 56:781-787.
6. Andreasen N.C., Olsen S. Negative versus positive schizophrenia. Definition and validation. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982, 39:789-794.
7. Andreasen N.C., Arndt S., Miller D., Flaum M., Nopoulos P. Correlational studies of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms: an overview and update. Psychopathology 1995, 28:7-17.
8. Andreasen N.C., Flaum M., Schultz S., Duzyurek S., Miller D. Diagnosis, methodology and subtypes of schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 1997, 35:61-63.
9. Blanchard J.J., Cohen A.S. The structure of negative symptoms within schizophrenia: implications for assessment. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2006, 32:238-245.
10. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911), Translated by Zinkin J. 1950, International Universities Press, New York.
11. Burger G.K., Calsyn R.J., Morse G.A., Klinkenberg W.D., Trusty M.L. Factor structure of the expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1997, 53:451-454.
12. Comrey A.L., Lee H.B. A First Course in Factor Analysis 1992, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. 2nd ed.
13. Crow T.J. Positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms and the role of dopamine. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1980, 137:379-386.
14. de Girolamo G., Norcio B., Barbato A., Bracco R., Gaddini A., Miglio R., Morosini P., Picardi A., Rossi E., Rucci P., Santone G., Dell'Acqua G. Characteristics and activities of psychiatric in-patient facilities: national survey in Italy. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 191:170-177.
15. Deister A., Marneros A. Long-term stability of subtypes in schizophrenia disorders: a comparison of four diagnostic systems. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1992, 242:184-190.
16. Dempster N.M., Laird A.P., Rubin D.B. Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Statistical Methodology) 1977, 39:1-38.
17. Dingemans P.M.A.J., Linszen D.H., Lenior M.E., Smeets R.M.W. Component structure of the expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-E). Psychopharmacology 1995, 122:263-267.
18. Guzzetta F., Miglio R., Santone G., Picardi A., Norcio B., Bracco R., de Girolamo G. First-ever admitted psychiatric inpatients in Italy: clinical characteristics and reasons contributing to admission: findings from a national survey. Psychiatry Research 2010, 176:62-68. PROGRES-Acute group.
19. Helmes E., Landmark J. Subtypes of schizophrenia: a cluster analytic approach. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2003, 48:702-708.
20. Jansson L.B., Parnas J. Competing definitions of schizophrenia: what can be learned from polydiagnostic studies?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2007, 33:1178-1200.
21. Jöreskog K.G., Sörbom D. Advances in Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Models 1979, Jay Magidson, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
22. Jöreskog K.G., Sörbom D. LISREL 8.5 for Windows [Computer software] 2001, Scientific Software International, Inc, Lincolnwood, IL.
23. Kay S.R., Sevy S. Pyramidical model of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1990, 16:537-545.
24. Kendell R.E. Diagnosis and classification of functional psychoses. British Medical Bulletin 1987, 43:499-513.
25. Kopelowicz A., Ventura J., Liberman R.P., Mintz J. Consistency of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale factor structure across a broad spectrum of schizophrenia patients. Psychopathology 2008, 41:77-84.
26. Liddle P.F. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1987, 151:145-151.
27. Lukoff D., Nuechterlein K.H., Ventura J. Manual for the Expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Schizophrenia Bulletin 1986, 12:594-602.
28. McGlashan T.H., Fenton W.S. Classical subtypes for schizophrenia: literature review for DSM-IV. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1991, 17:609-632.
29. McLachlan G.J. Mahalanobis distance. Resonance 1999, 4:20-26.
30. McLachlan G.J., Peel D. Finite Mixture Models 2000, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
31. Montanari A., Viroli C. Heteroscedastic factor mixture analysis. Statistical Modelling 2010, 10:441-460.
32. Morosini P., Magliano L., Brambilla L., Ugolini S., Pioli R. Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social functioning. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2000, 101:323-329.
33. Overall J.E. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in psychopharmacology research. Psychometric Laboratory Reports 1972, No. 29. University of Texas, Galveston, TX.
34. Overall J.E., Gorham D.R. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports 1962, 10:799-812.
35. Panos P.T. The validation of the factor structure of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Expanded Version (BPRS-E) with geriatric and nongeriatric psychiatric inpatients. Research on Social Work Practice 2004, 14:180-190.
36. Peralta V., Cuesta M.J. Dimensional structure of psychotic symptoms: an item-level analysis of SAPS and SANS symptoms in psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Research 1999, 38:13-26.
37. Peralta V., Cuesta M.J. How many and which are the psychopathological dimensions in schizophrenia? Issues influencing their ascertainment. Schizophrenia Research 2001, 49:269-285.
38. Peralta V., Cuesta M.J. A dimensional and categorical architecture for the classification of psychotic disorders. World Psychiatry 2007, 6:36-37.
39. Peralta V., Cuesta M.J. Exploring the borders of the schizoaffective spectrum: a categorical and dimensional approach. Journal of Affective Disorders 2008, 108:71-86.
40. Preti A., Rucci P., Santone G., Picardi A., Miglio R., Bracco R., Norcio B., de Girolamo G. Patterns of admission to acute psychiatric inpatient facilities: a national survey in Italy. Psychological Medicine 2009, 39:485-496. for the PROGRES-Acute group.
41. Ruggeri M., Koeter M., Schene A., Bonetto C., Vazquez-Barquero J.L., Becker T., Knapp M., Knudsen H.C., Tansella M., Thornicroft G. Factor solution of the BPRS-expanded version in schizophrenic outpatients living in five European countries. Schizophrenia Research 2005, 75:107-117. EPSILON Study Group.
42. Schwarz G. Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics 1978, 6:461-464.
43. Stuart G.W., Pantelis C., Klimidis S., Minas I.H. The three-syndrome model of schizophrenia: meta-analysis of an artefact. Schizophrenia Research 1999, 39:233-242.
44. Tandon R., Nasrallah H.A., Keshavan M.S. Schizophrenia, "just the facts" 4. Clinical features and conceptualization. Schizophrenia Research 2009, 110:1-23.
45. Thomas A., Donnell A.J., Young T.R. Factor structure and differential validity of the expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Assessment 2004, 11:177-187.
46. Tsuang M.T., Stone W.S., Faraone S.V. Toward reformulating the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 157:1041-1050.
47. Van der Does A.J., Linszen D.H., Dingemans P.M., Nugter M.A., Scholte W.F. A dimensional and categorical approach to the symptomatology of recent-onset schizophrenia. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1993, 181:744-749.
48. Van der Does A.J., Dingemans P.M., Linszen D.H., Nugter M.A., Scholte W.F. Dimensions and subtypes of recent-onset schizophrenia. A longitudinal analysis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1995, 183:681-687.
49. Van Os J., Kapur S. Schizophrenia. Lancet 2009, 374:635-645.
50. Velligan D., Prihoda T., Dennehy E., Biggs M., Shores-Wilson K., Crismon M.L., Rush A.J., Miller A., Suppes T., Trivedi M., Kashner T.M., Witte B., Toprac M., Carmody T., Chiles J., Shon S. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Expanded Version: How do new items affect factor structure?. Psychiatry Research 2005, 135:217-228.
51. Ventura J., Green M., Shaner A., Liberman R. Training and quality assurance with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: "the drift busters". International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 1993, 3:221-244.
52. Ventura J., Nuechterlein K.H., Subotnik K.L., Gutkind D., Gilbert E.A. Symptom dimensions in recent-onset schizophrenia and mania: a principal components analysis of the 24-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychiatry Research 2000, 97:129-135.
53. World Health Organization The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Section V. Mental and Behavioral Disorders 1992, World Health Organization, Geneva.
54. Yoshida R., Higuchi T., Imoto S., Miyano S. ArrayCluster: an analytic tool for clustering, data visualization and model finder on gene expression profiles. Bioinformatics 2006, 22:1538-1539.