메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 64, Issue 3, 1970, Pages 466-480

Development of a cancer-based chronic inhalation reference value for hexavalent chromium based on a nonlinear-threshold carcinogenic assessment

Author keywords

Cancer; Carcinogenicity; Chromium; Hexavalent; Inhalation; Lung; Nonlinear; Risk; Threshold; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

CHROMIUM; HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; CARCINOGEN; CHROMIUM HEXAVALENT ION;

EID: 84868495465     PISSN: 02732300     EISSN: 10960295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.10.008     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 85040749135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer facts and figures. Available at (accessed April 2012).
    • American Cancer Society, 2012. Cancer facts and figures. Available at < http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-031941.pdf> (accessed April 2012).
    • (2012)
  • 2
    • 85040749406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applied Epidemiology. Collaborative cohort mortality study of four chromate production facilities, 1958–1998: Final report. Prepared for the Industrial Health Foundation, Inc., September 27. OSHA Docket H054A Ex. 48–1-2.
    • Applied Epidemiology, 2002. Collaborative cohort mortality study of four chromate production facilities, 1958–1998: Final report. Prepared for the Industrial Health Foundation, Inc., September 27, 2002. OSHA Docket H054A Ex. 48–1-2.
    • (2002)
  • 3
    • 85040750176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft toxicological profile for chromium. Place Published: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. <> (accessed March 2012).
    • ATSDR, 2008. Draft toxicological profile for chromium. Place Published: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. < http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp7.pdf> (accessed March 2012).
    • (2008)
  • 4
    • 84961044784 scopus 로고
    • Effect of chromium on incidence of lung tumors in mice and rats
    • Baetjer, A.M., Lowney, J.F., Steffee, H., et al. Effect of chromium on incidence of lung tumors in mice and rats. Arch. Ind. Health 20 (1959), 124–135.
    • (1959) Arch. Ind. Health , vol.20 , pp. 124-135
    • Baetjer, A.M.1    Lowney, J.F.2    Steffee, H.3
  • 5
    • 33646844272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung cancer mortality in the German chromate industry, 1958–1998
    • Birk, T., Mundt, K., Dell, L., et al. Lung cancer mortality in the German chromate industry, 1958–1998. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 48:4 (2006), 426–433.
    • (2006) J. Occup. Environ. Med. , vol.48 , Issue.4 , pp. 426-433
    • Birk, T.1    Mundt, K.2    Dell, L.3
  • 6
    • 0020599035 scopus 로고
    • Toxicokinetics of hexavalent chromium in the rat after intratracheal administration of chromates of different solubilities
    • Bragt, P.C., van Dura, E.A., Toxicokinetics of hexavalent chromium in the rat after intratracheal administration of chromates of different solubilities. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 27:3 (1983), 315–322.
    • (1983) Ann. Occup. Hyg. , vol.27 , Issue.3 , pp. 315-322
    • Bragt, P.C.1    van Dura, E.A.2
  • 8
    • 0001638222 scopus 로고
    • Quantification, origin and fate of pulmonary macrophages
    • J.D. Brain D.R. Proctor L.M. Reid Marcel Dekker New York
    • Brain, J.D., Sorokin, S.P., Godleski, J.J., Quantification, origin and fate of pulmonary macrophages. Brain, J.D., Proctor, D.R., Reid, L.M., (eds.) Respiratory Defense Mechanisms, Part II, 1977, Marcel Dekker, New York.
    • (1977) Respiratory Defense Mechanisms, Part II
    • Brain, J.D.1    Sorokin, S.P.2    Godleski, J.J.3
  • 9
    • 0023263523 scopus 로고
    • Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione
    • Cantin, A.M., North, S.L., Hubbard, R.C., et al. Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione. J. Appl. Physiol. 63:1 (1987), 152–157.
    • (1987) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 152-157
    • Cantin, A.M.1    North, S.L.2    Hubbard, R.C.3
  • 10
    • 0025038791 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant macromolecules in the epithelial lining fluid of the normal lower respiratory tract
    • Cantin, A.M., Fells, G.A., Hubbard, R.C., et al. Antioxidant macromolecules in the epithelial lining fluid of the normal lower respiratory tract. J. Clin. Invest. 86 (1990), 962–971.
    • (1990) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.86 , pp. 962-971
    • Cantin, A.M.1    Fells, G.A.2    Hubbard, R.C.3
  • 11
    • 85040747980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple path particle dosimetry model (MPPD v 2.0): a model for human and rat airway particle dosimetry: Centers for Health Research (CIIT) and National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM).
    • CIIT, 2004. Multiple path particle dosimetry model (MPPD v 2.0): a model for human and rat airway particle dosimetry: Centers for Health Research (CIIT) and National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM).
    • (2004)
  • 12
    • 0019977498 scopus 로고
    • Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung
    • Crapo, J.D., Barry, B.E., Gehr, P., et al. Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 126:2 (1982), 332–337.
    • (1982) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.126 , Issue.2 , pp. 332-337
    • Crapo, J.D.1    Barry, B.E.2    Gehr, P.3
  • 13
    • 0028558599 scopus 로고
    • Oxidants, antioxidants, and respiratory tract lining fluids
    • Cross, C.E., van der Vliet, A., O'Neill, C.A., et al. Oxidants, antioxidants, and respiratory tract lining fluids. Environ. Health Perspect. 102:Suppl. 10 (1994), 185–191.
    • (1994) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.102 , pp. 185-191
    • Cross, C.E.1    van der Vliet, A.2    O'Neill, C.A.3
  • 14
    • 79961239375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of threshold and mode of action in risk assessment
    • Crump, K.S., Use of threshold and mode of action in risk assessment. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 41:8 (2011), 637–650.
    • (2011) Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , vol.41 , Issue.8 , pp. 637-650
    • Crump, K.S.1
  • 15
    • 0347052825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-response and risk-assessment of airborne hexavalent chromium and lung cancer mortality
    • Crump, C., Crump, K., Hack, E., et al. Dose-response and risk-assessment of airborne hexavalent chromium and lung cancer mortality. Risk Anal. 23:6 (2003), 1147–1163.
    • (2003) Risk Anal. , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 1147-1163
    • Crump, C.1    Crump, K.2    Hack, E.3
  • 17
    • 0023185826 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary metabolism of mutagens and its relationship with lung cancer and smoking habits
    • De Flora, S., Petruzelli, S., Camoirano, A., et al. Pulmonary metabolism of mutagens and its relationship with lung cancer and smoking habits. Cancer Res. 47 (1987), 4740–4745.
    • (1987) Cancer Res. , vol.47 , pp. 4740-4745
    • De Flora, S.1    Petruzelli, S.2    Camoirano, A.3
  • 18
    • 0031417348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of the chromium(VI) reducing capacity in human body compartments as a mechanism for attenuating its potential toxicity and carcinogenicity
    • De Flora, S., Camoirana, A., Bagnasco, M., et al. Estimates of the chromium(VI) reducing capacity in human body compartments as a mechanism for attenuating its potential toxicity and carcinogenicity. Carcinogenesis 18:3 (1997), 531–537.
    • (1997) Carcinogenesis , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 531-537
    • De Flora, S.1    Camoirana, A.2    Bagnasco, M.3
  • 19
    • 0034008164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threshold mechanisms and site specificity in chromium(VI) carcinogenesis
    • De Flora, S., Threshold mechanisms and site specificity in chromium(VI) carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 21:4 (2000), 533–541.
    • (2000) Carcinogenesis , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 533-541
    • De Flora, S.1
  • 20
    • 85040756702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exponenta. Reanalysis of lung cancer mortality study for workers in the Baltimore chromium production facility. Prepared for the Chromium Coalition, November 2002. OSHA Docket H054A Ex. 31–18-15-1.
    • Exponent, 2002a. Reanalysis of lung cancer mortality study for workers in the Baltimore chromium production facility. Prepared for the Chromium Coalition, November 2002. OSHA Docket H054A Ex. 31–18-15-1.
    • (2002)
  • 21
    • 85040754221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exponentb. Critique of two studies by Gibb et al. Prepared for the Chromium Coalition, June 2002.
    • Exponent, 2002b. Critique of two studies by Gibb et al. Prepared for the Chromium Coalition, June 2002.
    • (2002)
  • 22
    • 0022668345 scopus 로고
    • The alveolar macrophage
    • Fels, A.O., Cohn, Z.A., The alveolar macrophage. J. Appl. Physiol. 60 (1986), 353–369.
    • (1986) J. Appl. Physiol. , vol.60 , pp. 353-369
    • Fels, A.O.1    Cohn, Z.A.2
  • 23
    • 0022999958 scopus 로고
    • Carcinogenicity of sodium dichromate and chromium(VI/III) oxide aerosols inhaled by male Wistar rats
    • Glaser, U., Hochrainer, D., Kloppel, H., et al. Carcinogenicity of sodium dichromate and chromium(VI/III) oxide aerosols inhaled by male Wistar rats. Toxicology 42 (1986), 219–232.
    • (1986) Toxicology , vol.42 , pp. 219-232
    • Glaser, U.1    Hochrainer, D.2    Kloppel, H.3
  • 24
    • 0343172411 scopus 로고
    • Investigations of the lung carcinogenic potentials of sodium dichromate and Cr VI/III oxide aerosols in Wistar rats
    • Glaser, U., Hochrainer, D., Oldiges, H., Investigations of the lung carcinogenic potentials of sodium dichromate and Cr VI/III oxide aerosols in Wistar rats. Environ. Hyg. 1 (1988), 111–116.
    • (1988) Environ. Hyg. , vol.1 , pp. 111-116
    • Glaser, U.1    Hochrainer, D.2    Oldiges, H.3
  • 25
    • 0017326323 scopus 로고
    • Defense mechanisms of the respiratory membrane
    • Green, G.M., Jakab, G.J., Low, R.B., et al. Defense mechanisms of the respiratory membrane. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 115:3 (1977), 479–514.
    • (1977) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.115 , Issue.3 , pp. 479-514
    • Green, G.M.1    Jakab, G.J.2    Low, R.B.3
  • 26
  • 27
    • 85040751778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agents reviewed by the IARC monographs, volumes 1–99. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon. <> (accessed March 2012).
    • IARC, 2012. Agents reviewed by the IARC monographs, volumes 1–99. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon. < http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php> (accessed March 2012).
    • (2012)
  • 28
    • 0025391366 scopus 로고
    • Hexavalent chrome: threshold concept for carcinogenicity
    • Jones, R.E., Hexavalent chrome: threshold concept for carcinogenicity. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 3 (1990), 20–34.
    • (1990) Biomed. Environ. Sci. , vol.3 , pp. 20-34
    • Jones, R.E.1
  • 29
    • 0024449925 scopus 로고
    • Inhalation toxicity of chromium dioxide dust to rats after two years exposure
    • Lee, K.P., Ulrich, C.E., Geil, R.G., et al. Inhalation toxicity of chromium dioxide dust to rats after two years exposure. Sci. Total Environ. 86 (1989), 83–108.
    • (1989) Sci. Total Environ. , vol.86 , pp. 83-108
    • Lee, K.P.1    Ulrich, C.E.2    Geil, R.G.3
  • 30
    • 0037494897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung cancer mortality among chromate production workers
    • Luippold, R.S., Mundt, K.A., Austin, R.P., et al. Lung cancer mortality among chromate production workers. Occup. Environ. Med. 60:6 (2003), 451–457.
    • (2003) Occup. Environ. Med. , vol.60 , Issue.6 , pp. 451-457
    • Luippold, R.S.1    Mundt, K.A.2    Austin, R.P.3
  • 31
    • 77249118332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the mode of action framework for mutagenic carcinogens case study II: chromium(VI)
    • McCarroll, N., Keshava, N., Chen, J., et al. An evaluation of the mode of action framework for mutagenic carcinogens case study II: chromium(VI). Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 51:2 (2009), 89–111.
    • (2009) Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 89-111
    • McCarroll, N.1    Keshava, N.2    Chen, J.3
  • 32
    • 0030845887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health surveillance and biological effect monitoring for chromium exposed workers
    • Miksche, L.W., Lewalter, J., Health surveillance and biological effect monitoring for chromium exposed workers. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 26 (1997), S94–S99.
    • (1997) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.26 , pp. S94-S99
    • Miksche, L.W.1    Lewalter, J.2
  • 33
    • 0015161355 scopus 로고
    • Effect of calcium chromate dust, influenza virus, and 100 R whole-body X-radiation on lung tumor incidence in mice
    • Nettesheim, P., Hanna, M.G., Doherty, D.G., et al. Effect of calcium chromate dust, influenza virus, and 100 R whole-body X-radiation on lung tumor incidence in mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 47:5 (1971), 1129–1144.
    • (1971) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , vol.47 , Issue.5 , pp. 1129-1144
    • Nettesheim, P.1    Hanna, M.G.2    Doherty, D.G.3
  • 35
    • 85040751910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report on carcinogens. Twelfth Edition. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. <> (accessed March 2012).
    • NTP, 2011. Report on carcinogens. Twelfth Edition. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. < http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf> (accessed March 2012).
    • (2011)
  • 36
    • 0345708258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complexities of chromium carcinogenesis: role of cellular response, repair and recovery mechanisms
    • O'Brien, T.J., Ceryak, S., Patierno, S.R., Complexities of chromium carcinogenesis: role of cellular response, repair and recovery mechanisms. Mutat. Res. 533:1–2 (2003), 3–36.
    • (2003) Mutat. Res. , vol.533 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 3-36
    • O'Brien, T.J.1    Ceryak, S.2    Patierno, S.R.3
  • 37
    • 85040754093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium, final rule. Code of Federal Regulations. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 29 CFR 1910, 1915, et al. Available at <> (accessed June 2012). February 28.
    • OSHA, 2006. Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium, final rule. Code of Federal Regulations. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 29 CFR 1910, 1915, et al. Available at < http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_id=18599&p_table=federal_register> (accessed June 2012). February 28, 2006.
    • (2006)
  • 38
    • 8844227489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hexavalent chromium and lung cancer in the chromate industry: a quantitive risk assessment
    • Park, R.M., Bena, J.F., Stayner, L.T., et al. Hexavalent chromium and lung cancer in the chromate industry: a quantitive risk assessment. Risk Anal. 24:5 (2004), 1099–1108.
    • (2004) Risk Anal. , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 1099-1108
    • Park, R.M.1    Bena, J.F.2    Stayner, L.T.3
  • 39
    • 33645106173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A search for thresholds and other nonlinearities in the relationship between hexavalent chromium and lung cancer
    • Park, R.M., Stayner, L.T., A search for thresholds and other nonlinearities in the relationship between hexavalent chromium and lung cancer. Risk Anal. 26:1 (2006), 79–88.
    • (2006) Risk Anal. , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-88
    • Park, R.M.1    Stayner, L.T.2
  • 40
    • 0021860662 scopus 로고
    • Specificity and inducibility of the metabolic reduction of chromium(VI) mutagenicity by subcellular fractions of rat tissues
    • Petrilli, F.L., Camoirano, A., Bennicelli, C., et al. Specificity and inducibility of the metabolic reduction of chromium(VI) mutagenicity by subcellular fractions of rat tissues. Cancer Res. 45 (1985), 3179–3187.
    • (1985) Cancer Res. , vol.45 , pp. 3179-3187
    • Petrilli, F.L.1    Camoirano, A.2    Bennicelli, C.3
  • 41
    • 0022475621 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic reduction of chromium by alveolar macrophages and its relationships to cigarette smoke
    • Petrilli, F.L., Rossi, G.A., Camoirano, A., et al. Metabolic reduction of chromium by alveolar macrophages and its relationships to cigarette smoke. J. Clin. Invest. 77 (1986), 1917–1924.
    • (1986) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.77 , pp. 1917-1924
    • Petrilli, F.L.1    Rossi, G.A.2    Camoirano, A.3
  • 42
    • 0038443001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace airborne hexavalent chromium concentrations for the Painesville, Ohio chromate production plant (1943–1971)
    • Proctor, D.M., Panko, J.P., Liebig, E.W., et al. Workplace airborne hexavalent chromium concentrations for the Painesville, Ohio chromate production plant (1943–1971). Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 18:6 (2003), 430–449.
    • (2003) Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , vol.18 , Issue.6 , pp. 430-449
    • Proctor, D.M.1    Panko, J.P.2    Liebig, E.W.3
  • 44
    • 78651468432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linear low-dose extrapolation for noncancer health effects is the exception, not the rule
    • Rhomberg, L.R., Goodman, J.E., Haber, L.T., et al. Linear low-dose extrapolation for noncancer health effects is the exception, not the rule. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 41:1 (2011), 1–19.
    • (2011) Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-19
    • Rhomberg, L.R.1    Goodman, J.E.2    Haber, L.T.3
  • 45
    • 0011197636 scopus 로고
    • Histopathologic effects of chromate chemicals
    • Steffee, C.H., Baetjer, A.M., Histopathologic effects of chromate chemicals. Arch. Environ. Health 11 (1965), 66–75.
    • (1965) Arch. Environ. Health , vol.11 , pp. 66-75
    • Steffee, C.H.1    Baetjer, A.M.2
  • 46
    • 0023023312 scopus 로고
    • Carcinogenicity studies with sodium dichromate in rats
    • Steinhoff, D., Gad, S.C., Hatfield, G.K., et al. Carcinogenicity studies with sodium dichromate in rats. Exp. Pathol. 30 (1986), 129–141.
    • (1986) Exp. Pathol. , vol.30 , pp. 129-141
    • Steinhoff, D.1    Gad, S.C.2    Hatfield, G.K.3
  • 47
    • 0023802666 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid in rat lung lavage fluid
    • Suzuki, Y., Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid in rat lung lavage fluid. Arch. Toxicol. 62 (1988), 116–122.
    • (1988) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.62 , pp. 116-122
    • Suzuki, Y.1
  • 48
    • 0025366159 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid and glutathione with special reference to the rat lung
    • Suzuki, Y., Fukuda, K., Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid and glutathione with special reference to the rat lung. Arch. Toxicol. 64 (1990), 169–176.
    • (1990) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.64 , pp. 169-176
    • Suzuki, Y.1    Fukuda, K.2
  • 49
    • 85040758956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines to develop effects screening levels, reference values, and unit risk factors. Chief Engineer's Office. RG-442: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
    • TCEQ, 2006. Guidelines to develop effects screening levels, reference values, and unit risk factors. Chief Engineer's Office. RG-442: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.
    • (2006)
  • 50
    • 0017197258 scopus 로고
    • Direct evidence for a bone marrow origin of the alveolar macrophage in man
    • Thomas, E.D., Ramberg, R.E., Sale, G.E., et al. Direct evidence for a bone marrow origin of the alveolar macrophage in man. Science 192 (1976), 1016–1018.
    • (1976) Science , vol.192 , pp. 1016-1018
    • Thomas, E.D.1    Ramberg, R.E.2    Sale, G.E.3
  • 51
    • 78650535746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of the USEPA mode of action framework for purposes of guiding future research: a case study involving the oral carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium
    • Thompson, C.M., Haws, L.C., Harris, M.A., et al. Application of the USEPA mode of action framework for purposes of guiding future research: a case study involving the oral carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium. Toxicol. Sci. 119 (2011), 20–40.
    • (2011) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.119 , pp. 20-40
    • Thompson, C.M.1    Haws, L.C.2    Harris, M.A.3
  • 52
    • 0022039941 scopus 로고
    • Testing the statistical certainty of a response to increasing dose of a drug
    • Tukey, J., Ciminera, J., Heyse, J., Testing the statistical certainty of a response to increasing dose of a drug. Biometrics 41:1 (1985), 295–301.
    • (1985) Biometrics , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 295-301
    • Tukey, J.1    Ciminera, J.2    Heyse, J.3
  • 53
    • 85040750284 scopus 로고
    • Health assessment document for chromium. EPA-600/8-83-014F. US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Washington, DC.
    • USEPA, 1984. Health assessment document for chromium. EPA-600/8-83-014F. US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Washington, DC.
    • (1984)
  • 54
    • 33646815752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological Review of Hexavalent Chromium in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
    • US Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC
    • USEPA, Toxicological Review of Hexavalent Chromium in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). 1998, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
    • (1998)
    • USEPA1
  • 55
    • 85040758990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USEPAa. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. EPA/630/P-03/001B. Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.
    • USEPA, 2005a. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. EPA/630/P-03/001B. Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.
    • (2005)
  • 56
    • 85040756281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USEPAb. Supplemental guidance for assessing susceptibility from early-life exposure to carcinogens. EPA/630/R-03/003F. Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.
    • USEPA, 2005b. Supplemental guidance for assessing susceptibility from early-life exposure to carcinogens. EPA/630/R-03/003F. Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.
    • (2005)
  • 57
    • 85040758758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological review of hexavalent chromium in support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-10/004A. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
    • USEPA, 2010. Toxicological review of hexavalent chromium in support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). EPA/635/R-10/004A. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
    • (2010)
  • 58
    • 36849043094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deficient repair of particulate hexavalent chromium-induced DNA double strand breaks leads to neoplastic transformation
    • Xie, H., Wise, S.S., Wise, J.P. Sr., et al. Deficient repair of particulate hexavalent chromium-induced DNA double strand breaks leads to neoplastic transformation. Mutat. Res. 649:1–2 (2008), 230–238.
    • (2008) Mutat. Res. , vol.649 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 230-238
    • Xie, H.1    Wise, S.S.2    Wise, J.P.3
  • 59
    • 80054744832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromium in drinking water: sources, metabolism, and cancer risks
    • Zhitkovich, A., Chromium in drinking water: sources, metabolism, and cancer risks. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 24:10 (2011), 1617–1629.
    • (2011) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.24 , Issue.10 , pp. 1617-1629
    • Zhitkovich, A.1
  • 60
    • 84859357647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) up-regulates COX-2 expression through an NFκB/c-Jun/AP-1–dependent pathway
    • Zuo, Z., Cai, T., Li, J., et al. Hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) up-regulates COX-2 expression through an NFκB/c-Jun/AP-1–dependent pathway. Environ. Health Perspect. 120:4 (2012), 547–553.
    • (2012) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.120 , Issue.4 , pp. 547-553
    • Zuo, Z.1    Cai, T.2    Li, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.