Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: Misconceptions, myths, and facts

International Journal of General Medicine

Volumn 5, Issue , 2012, Pages 187-198

  Verster, Joris C ^a   Aufricht, Christoph ^b   Alford, Chris ^c  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIV KLIN KINDER JUGENDHEILKUNDE   (Austria)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Caffeine; Energy drink and Red Bull ; Intoxication; Masking; Red Bull

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CAFFEINE;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLISM; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENERGY DRINK; FLUID INTAKE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL INTERACTION;

EID: 84868356642     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11787074     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S29313     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Canadean Wisdom Database: Available at: http://www.canadean.com/ Products/Wisdom_Database.aspx. Accessed August 15, 2011.
2. International Food Information Council Foundation. IFIC Review: Caffeine and health: clarifying the controversies, 1998. Available at: http:// www.foodinsight.org/Resources/Detail.aspx?topicwIFIC_Review_Caffeine_ and_Health_Clarifying_the_Controversies_. Accessed January 21, 2012.
3. Reissig CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Caffeinated energy drinks-a growing problem. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;99:1-10.
4. Health Canada. Caffeine updated. It's your health. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/addit/caf/food-caf-aliments-eng. php. Accessed August 18, 2011.
5. Mucignat-Caretta C. Changes in female cognitive performance after energetic drink consumption: a preliminary study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1998;22:1035-1042.
6. Seidl R, Peyrl A, Nicham R, Hauser E. A taurine and caffeine-containing drink stimulates cognitive performance and well-being. Amino Acids. 2000;13:635-642.
7. Alford C, Cox H, Wescott R. The effects of Red Bull Energy Drink on human performance and mood. Amino Acids. 2001;21:139-150.
8. Horne JA, Reyner LA. Beneficial effects of an "energy drink" given to sleepy drivers. Amino Acids. 2001;20:83-89.
9. Smit HJ, Grady ML, Finnegan YE, Hughes S-AC, Cotton JR, Rogers PJ. Role of familiarity on effects of caffeine-and glucose-containing soft drinks. Physiol Behav. 2006;87:287-297.
10. Gershon P, Shinar D, Ronen A. Evaluation of experience-based fatigue countermeasures. Accid Anal Prev. 2009;41:969-975.
11. Reyner LA, Horne JA. Efficacy of a 'functional energy drink' in counteracting driver sleepiness. Physiol Behav. 2002;75:331-335.
12. Mets MAJ, Ketser S, Blom C, et al. Effects of Red Bull® energy drink on prolonged highway driving. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011;214:737-745.
13. Geiss K-R, Jester I, Falke W, Hamm M, Waag K-L. The effect of a taurine-containing drink on performance in 10 endurance-athletes. Amino Acids. 1994;7:45-56.
14. Ivy JL, Kammer L, Ding Z, et al. Improved cycling time-trial performance after ingestion of a caffeine energy drink. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009;19:61-78.
15. Walsh AL, Gonzalez AM, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Hoffman JR. Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact™. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010;7:14.
16. Ferreira SE, de Mello MT, Rossi MV, de Souza-Formigoni MLO. Does an energy drink modify the effects of alcohol in a maximal effort test? Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28:1408-1412.
17. Rashti SL, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD, Chilakos A, Hoffman JR. Thermogenic effect of meltdown RTD energy drink in young healthy women: a double blind, cross-over design study. Lipids Health Dis. 2009;8:57.
18. Steinke L, Lanfear DE, Dhanapal V, Kalus JS. Effect of "energy drink" consumption on hemodynamic and electrocardiographic parameters in healthy young adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:596-602.
19. Lockwood CM, Moon JR, Smith AE, et al. Low-calorie energy drink improves physiological response to exercise in previously sedentary men: a placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:2227-2238.
20. Ragsdale FR, Gronli TD, Batool N, et al. Effect of Red Bull energy drink on cardiovascular and renal functioning. Amino Acids. 2010;38:1193-1200.
21. Worthley MI, Prabhu A, de Scisco P, Schultz C, Sanders P, Willoughby SR. Detrimental effects of energy drink consumption on platelet and endothelial function. Am J Med. 2010;123:184-187.
22. European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food on a request from the commission on the use of taurine and D-glucurono-t-lactone as constituents of the so-called "energy" drinks. Available at: http://www. efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/ans_ej935_Taurine%20and%20 D-glucuronolactone_op_en,1.pdf?ssbinaryDtrue. Accessed January 22, 2012.
23. West DS, Nursac Z, Quimby D, et al. Self-reported sugar-sweetened beverage intake among college students. Obesity. 2006; 14:1825-1831.
24. Malinauskas BM, Aeby VG, Overton RF, Carpenter-Aeby T, Barber-Heidal K. A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students. Nutr J. 2007;6:35.
25. Oteri A, Salvo F, Caputi AP, Calapai G. Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31:1677-1680.
26. Marczinski CA. Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: consumption patterns and motivations for use in US college students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8:3232-3245.
27. O'Brien MC, McCoy TP, Rhodes SD, Wagoner A, Wolfson M. Caffeinated cocktails: energy drink consumption, high-risk drinking, and alcohol-related consequences among college students. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:453-460.
28. Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Kasperski SJ, et al. Increased alcohol consumption, nonmedical prescription drug use, and illicit drug use are associated with energy drink consumption among college students. J Addict Med. 2010;4:74-80.
29. Thombs D, Rossheim M, Barnett T, Weiler R, Moorhouse M, Coleman B. Is there a misplaced focus on AmED? Associations between caffeine mixers and bar patron intoxication. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;116:31-36.
30. Attila S, Çakir B. Energy-drink consumption in college students and associate factors. Nutrition. 2011;27:316-322.
31. Berger LK, Fendrich M, Chen HY, Arria AM, Cisler RA. Sociodemographic correlates of energy drink consumption with and without alcohol: results of a community survey. Addict Behav. 2011;36: 516-519.
32. Rossheim ME, Thombs DL. Artificial sweeteners, caffeine, and alcohol intoxication in bar patrons. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35: 1891-1896.
33. Price SR, Hilchey CA, Darredeau C, Fulton HG, Barrett SP. Energy drink co-administration is associated with increased reported alcohol ingestion. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2010;29:331-333.
34. Miller KE. Energy drinks, race, and problem behaviors among college students. J Adolesc Health. 2008;43:490-497.
35. Ferreira SE, de Mello MT, Pompéia S, de Souza-Formigoni MLO. Effects of energy drink ingestion on alcohol intoxication. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30:598-605.
36. Curry K, Stasio MJ. The effects of energy drinks alone and in combination with alcohol on neuropsychological functioning. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2009;24:473-481.
37. Wiklund U, Karlsson M, Öström M, Messner T. Influence of energy drinks and alcohol on post-exercise heart rate recovery and heart rate variability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2009;29: 74-80.
38. Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT, Bardgett ME, Howard MA. Effects of energy drinks mixed with alcohol on behavioral control: risks for college students consuming trendy cocktails. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35:1282-1292.
39. Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT, Henges AL, Ramsey MA, Young CR. Effects of energy drinks mixed with alcohol on information processing, motor coordination and subjective reports of intoxication. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011. [Epub ahead of print.]
40. Alford C, König J, Aufricht C, Verster JC. Proceedings of the 2010 Energy Drinks Symposium. Available at: http://benthamscience. com/open/toneuroppj/articles/V004/1TONEUROPPJ.pdf. Accessed January 22, 2012.
41. Howland J, Rohsenow DJ, Arnedt JT, et al. The acute effects of caffeinated versus non-caffeinated alcoholic beverage on driving performance and attention/reaction time. Addiction. 2010;106:335-341.
42. Bond AJ, Lader MH. Residual effects of hypnotics. Psychopharmacologia. 1972;25:117-132.
43. Greenwood MH, Lader MH, Kantameneni BD, Curzon G. The acute effects of oral (-)-tryptophan in human subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1975;2:165-172.
44. Miller KE. Wired: energy drinks, jock identity, masculine norms, and risk taking. J Am Coll Health. 2008;56:481-489.
45. Thombs D, O'Mara R, Tsukamoto M, et al. Event level analysis of energy drink consumption and alcohol intoxication in bar patrons. Addict Behav. 2010;35:325-330.
46. Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Kasperski SJ, Vincent KB, Griffiths RR, O'Grady KE. Energy drink consumption and increased risk for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35:1-11.
47. Penning R, de Haan L, Verster JC. Caffeinated drinks, alcohol consumption, and hangover severity. The Open Neuropsychopharmacol J. 2011;4:36-39.
48. Woolsey C, Waigandt A, Beck NC. Athletes and energy drinks: reported risk-taking and consequences from the combined use of alcohol and energy drinks. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2010;22:65-71.
49. Arria AM, Caldeira KM, O'Grady KE, et al. Drug exposure opportunities and use patterns among college students: results from a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Subst Abus. 2008;29:19-38.
50. Verster JC, Alford C. Unjustified concerns about energy drinks. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011;4:1-3.
51. Siegel S. The Four-Loko effect. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011;6(4): 357-362.
52. Arria AM, O'Brien MC. The "high" risk of energy drinks. JAMA. 2011; 305:600-601.
53. Pennington N, Johnson M, Delaney E, Blankenship MB. Energy drinks: a new health hazard for adolescents. J Sch Nurs. 2010;26: 352-359.
54. Higgins JP, Tuttle TD, Higgins CL. Energy beverages: content and safety. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:1033-1041.
55. Pennay A, Lubman DI, Miller P. Combining energy drinks with alcohol. A recipe for trouble? Aust Fam Phys. 2011;40:104-107.
56. Skeen MP, Glenn L. Imaginary link between alcoholism and energy drinks. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2011;35:1375-1376.
57. De Wit H. Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes. Addict Biol. 2009;14:22-31.
58. Ohannessian CM, Hesselbrock VM. A finer examination of the role that negative affect plays in the relationship between paternal alcoholism and the onset of alcohol and marijuana use. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2009;70:400-408.
59. De Haan L, Kuerten Y, Kuipers E, van Laar MW, Olivier B, Verster JC. The RT-18: a new screening tool to assess young adult risk taking behavior. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:575-584.
60. Hosier SG, Cox WM. Personality and motivational correlates of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems among excessive drinking university students. Addict Behav. 2011;36:87-94.