Prevention and criminalization: Justifications and limits

New Criminal Law Review

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 542-571

  Ashworth, Andrew ^a   Zedner, Lucia ^b  

^a ALL SOULS COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Criminal law; Prevention; Regulation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867976075     PISSN: 19334192     EISSN: 19334206     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/nclr.2012.15.4.542     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Jude McCulloch & Sharon Pickering, Future Threat: Precrime, State Terror, and Dystopia in the 21st Century, 81 Crim. Just. Matters 32 (2010).
2. Jeremy Horder, Harmless Wrongdoing and the Anticipatory Perspective on Criminalisation, in Seeking Security: Pre-Empting the Commission of Criminal Harms 79-102 (G. R. Sullivan & Ian Dennis eds., 2012).
3. Antony Duff, Criminal Attempts 134 (1996).
4. Antony Duff, Answering for Crime: Responsibility and Liability in the Criminal Law 87 (2007).
5. Andrew Ashworth & Lucia Zedner, Just Prevention and the Limits of the Criminal Law, in Philosophical Foundations of the Criminal Law 297-303 (Antony Duff & Stuart Green eds., 2011).
6. Ian Leader-Elliott, Framing Preparatory Inchoate Offences in the Criminal Code, 35 Crim. LJ. 80, 82 (2011).
7. E.g., Douglas Husak, Overcriminalization: The Limits of the Criminal Law (2008);
8. Antony Duff et al., The Boundaries of the Criminal Law (2010);
9. Andrew Simester & Andreas Von Hirsch, Crimes, Harms and Wrongs: On the Principles of Criminalisation (2011).
10. J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859/1979).
11. Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought 379 (1992).
12. John Gray & G. W. Smith, Introduction, in On Liberty in Focus 17 (John Gray & G. W. Smith eds., 1991).
13. Andrew von Hirsch, Extending the Harm Principle: "Remote" Harms and Fair Imputation, in Harm and Culpability 259, 259 (Andrew Simester & A. T. H. Smith eds., 1996).
14. John Gardner & Stephen Shute, The Wrongness of Rape, in Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence 216 (Jeremy Horder ed., 2000).
15. Alessandro Spena, Harmless Rapes? A False Problem for the Harm Principle, 10 Diritto e questioni pubbliche 497, 506 (2010).
16. Andrew Von Hirsch et al., Criminal Deterrence and Sentence Severity: An Analysis of Recent Research (1999).
17. Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Ch XIII, §§ 1 and 4 (1823 edn)
18. cited in Douglas Husak, The Criminal Law as Last Resort, 24 Oxford J. Legal Stud. 207 (2004).
19. Andrew Ashworth, Principles of Criminal Law 456 (6th ed., 2009).
20. Lucia Zedner, Erring on the Side of Safety: Risk Assessment, Expert Knowledge, and the Criminal Court, in Seeking Security: Pre-empting the Commission of Criminal Harms 219-42 (G. R. Sullivan & Ian Dennis eds., 2012).
21. Law Commission, Criminal Liability in Regulatory Contexts, Consultation Paper No. 195, ¶ 8.10 (2010).
22. Victor Tadros, Crimes and Security, 71 Mod. L. Rev. 940, 942 (2008).
23. Ian Loader & Neil Walker, Civilizing Security (2007);
24. Lucia Zedner, Security (2009).
25. A useful supplement to this is to be found in Nickel's account of due process rights as security rights. J. Nickel, Due Process Rights and Terrorist Emergencies, 1 Eur. J. Legal Stud. (2007), http://www.ejls.eu/index.php?mode= htmlarticle&filename=./issues/2007-04/nickelUK.htm.
26. James Edwards, Justice Denied: the Criminal Law and the Ouster of the Criminal Courts, 30 Oxford J. Legal Stud. 725 (2010).
27. Antony Duff, Criminalizing Endangerment, in Defining Crimes: Essays on the Special Part of the Criminal Law 43-64 (Antony Duff & Stuart P. Green eds., 2005);
28. Andrew Ashworth & Lucia Zedner, Preventive Orders: A Problem of Undercriminalization, in The Boundaries of the Criminal Law 59-87 (Antony Duff et al. eds., 2010).
29. For fuller details, see D. Eady & A. T. H. Smith, Arlidge, Eady and Smith on Contempt, ch. 3 (4th ed., 2011).
30. Elizabeth Burney, Making People Behave: Anti-Social Behaviour: Policy and Politics (2009);
31. Peter Ramsay, The Insecurity State: Criminal Law after the ASBO (2012).
32. E.g., Andrew Simester & Andreas Von Hirsch, Regulating Offensive Conduct through Two Step Prohibitions, in Incivilities: Regulating Offensive Behaviour 173-94 (Andrew von Hirsch & Andrew Simester eds., 2006);
33. Crime and Disorder Act 1998, § 1 (10).
34. Sexual Offences Act 2003, § 113 (1).
35. Andrew Ashworth, Social Control and "Anti-Social Behaviour": The Subversion of Human Rights? 120 Law Q. Rev. 263 (2004).
36. Peter Ramsay, Substantively Uncivilized ASBOs, Crim. L. Rev. 761 (2010).
37. Antony Duff, Perversions and Subversions of Criminal Law, in The Boundaries of the Criminal Law 101 (Antony Duff et al. eds., 2010).
38. Ben Emmerson et al., Human Rights and Criminal Justice, ¶¶ 4-25 to 4-29 (3rd ed., 2012).
39. Hannah Quirk et al. eds., Regulation and Criminal Justice: Innovations in Policy and Research (2010).
40. Antony Duff, Crimes, Regulatory Offences and Criminal Trials, in H. Müller-Dietz et al. eds., Festschrift für Heike Jung 87 (2007).
41. Ian Ayres & John Braithwaite, Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate (1992).
42. See Engel v. Netherlands (1976) 1 E. H. R. R. 647
43. and Benham v. United Kingdom (1996) 22 E. H. R. R. 293.
44. Andrew Ashworth, Sentencing and Criminal Justice 297-99 (5th ed., 2010).