Exposures of lead to adolescent workers in battery recycling workshops and surrounding communities

Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 649-653

  Shah, Faheem ^a   Kazi, Tasneem Gul ^a   Afridi, Hassan Imran ^a   Naeemullah, ^a   Arain, Sadaf Sadia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SINDH   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

adolescent; battery recycling workshop; blood; lead

Indexed keywords

LEAD;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; HUMAN; MALE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; POWER SUPPLY; RECYCLING;

ADOLESCENT; ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES; HUMANS; LEAD; MALE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RECYCLING; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, ATOMIC;

EID: 84867900342     PISSN: 15590631     EISSN: 1559064X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.64     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Pokras M.A., and Kneeland M.R. Lead poisoning: using transdisciplinary approaches to solve an ancient problem. Ecohealth 2008: 5: 379-385.
2. Parry J. Metal smelting plants poison hundreds of Chinese children. BMJ 2009: 339: b3433.
3. Khan D.A., Qayyum S., and Saleem S., et al. Lead exposure and its adverse health effects among occupational worker's children. Toxicol Ind Health 2010: 26: 497-504.
4. Jarosinska D., Peddada S., and Rogan J. Assessment of Pb exposure and associated health risk factors in urban children in Silesia, Poland. Environ Res 2004: 95: 133-142. (Pubitemid 38625889)
5. Mansouri M.T., and Cauli O. Motor alterations induced by chronic Pb exposure. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2009: 27: 307-313.
6. Selevan S.G., Rice D.C., and Hogan K.A., et al. Blood Pb concentration and delayed puberty in girls. N Engl J Med 2003: 348: 1527-1536. (Pubitemid 36437929)
7. Torrente M., Colomina M.T., and Domingo J.L. Metal concentrations in hair and cognitive assessment in an adolescent population. Biol Trace Elem Res 2005: 104: 215-221. (Pubitemid 40834251)
8. Lanphear B.P., Hornung R., and Khoury J., et al. Low-level environmental Pb exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2005: 113: 894-899. (Pubitemid 40984191)
9. Basaran N., and Undeger U. Effects of Pb on immune parameters in occupationally exposed workers. Am J Ind Med 2000: 38: 349-34 54.
10. Bener A., Obineche E., and Gillett M., et al. Association between blood levels of Pb, blood pressure and risk of diabetes and heart disease in workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2001: 74: 375-378. (Pubitemid 32691284)
11. Hsiao C.Y., Wu H.D., and Lai J.S., et al. A longitudinal study of the effects of longterm exposure to Pb among Pb battery factory workers in Taiwan (1989-1999). Sci Total Environ 2001: 279: 151-158.
12. Danadevi K., Rozati R., and Saleha Banu B., et al. DNA damage in workers exposed to Pb using comet assay. Toxicology 2003: 187: 183-193. (Pubitemid 36423312)
13. Franco-Netto G., Alonzo H.G.A., and Cancio J., et al. Human health risk reduction due to Pb exposure in Brazil. Salud Publica Mex 2003: 45: 255-258.
14. Barbosa J.F., Tanus-Santos J.E., and Gerlach R.F., et al. A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to Pb: advantages, limitations, and future needs. Environ Health Perspect 2005: 113: 1669-1674. (Pubitemid 41794259)
15. Rabinowitz M.B. Toxicokinetics of bone Pb. Environ Health Perspect 1991: 91: 33-37.
16. O'Flaherty E.J. Physiologically based models for bone-seeking elements. V. Pb absorption and disposition in childhood. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995: 131: 297-308.
17. Hu H., Rabinowitz M., and Smith D. Bone Pb as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: conceptual paradigms. Environ Health Perspect 1998: 106: 1-8. (Pubitemid 28122010)
18. Mishra K.P., Singh V.K., and Rani R., et al. Effect of Pb exposure on the immune response of some occupationally exposed individuals. Toxicology 2003: 188: 251-259. (Pubitemid 36588903)
19. Jeffrey D.W., and Michael L.C. Evidence of recycling of lead battery waste into highly leaded jewelry. Chemosphere 2007: 69: 1670-1672.
20. ILO Convention 182 concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labor. http://www.ilo.org/public/ english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc87/com-chic.htm; http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi- lex/convde.pl?C13ILO, Geneva 1973.
21. Kazi T.G., Memon A.R., and Afridi H.I., et al. Determination of cadmium in whole blood and scalp hair samples of Pakistani male lung cancer patients by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer. Sci Total Environ 2008a: 389: 270-276. (Pubitemid 350110471)
22. Kazi T.G., Jalbani N., and Kazi N., et al. Estimation of toxic metals in scalp hair samples of chronic kidney patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009: 125: 16-27.
23. Arain M.B., Kazi T.G., and Jamali M.K., et al. Speciation of heavy metals in sediment by conventional, ultrasound and microwave assisted single extraction methods: a comparison with modified sequential extraction procedure. J Hazard Mater 2008: 154: 998-1006.
24. Kazi T.G., Afridi H.I., and Kazi G.H., et al. Evaluation of essential and toxic metals by ultrasound-assisted acid leaching from scalp hair samples of children with macular degeneration patients. Clin Chim Acta 2006: 369: 52-60. (Pubitemid 43796310)
25. Kazi T.G., Afridi H.I., and Kazi N., et al. Distribution of zinc, copper and iron in biological samples of Pakistani myocardial infarction (1st, 2nd and 3rd heart attack) patients and controls. Clin Chim Acta 2008b: 389: 114-119.
26. Jamali M.K., Kazi T.G., Arain M.B., Afridi H.I., Jalbani N., Memon A.R., and Shah A. Heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to Sorghum plants. Environ Chem Lett 2007: 5: 209-218. (Pubitemid 350020663)
27. Shah F., Kazi T.G., and Afridi H.I., et al. The influence of environmental exposure on Pb concentrations in scalp hair of children in Pakistan. Ecotox Environ Safe 2011: 74: 727-732.
28. Ahmed M., Singh S., and Behari J.R., et al. Interaction of Pb with some essential trace metals in the blood of anemic children from Lucknow, India. Clin Chim Acta 2007: 377: 92-97. (Pubitemid 44908235)
29. Shah F., Kazi T.G., and Afridi H.I., et al. Environmental exposure of Pb and iron deficit anemia in children age ranged 1-5 years: A cross sectional study. Sci Total Environ 2010: 408: 5325-5330.
30. Kim H.S., Lee S.S., and Hwangbo Y., et al. Cross-sectional study of blood lead effects on iron status in Korean lead workers. Nutrition 2003: 19: 571-576. (Pubitemid 36794281)
31. Murata K., Sakai T., and Morita Y., et al. Critical dose of lead affecting d-aminolevulinic acid levels. J Occup Health 2003: 45: 209-214. (Pubitemid 37010325)
32. WHO (World Health Organization). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Vol. 2. WHO, Geneva, 1996.
33. Carrizales L., Razo I., and Té llez-Hernández J.I., et al. Exposure to arsenic and Pb of children living near a copper-smelter in San Luis Potosi, Mexico: importance of soil contamination for exposure of children. Environ Res 2006: 101: 1-10.
34. Gottesfeld P., and Pkhrel A.K. Lead exposure in battery manufacturing and recycling in developing countries and among children in nearby communities. J Occup Environ Hyg 2011: 8: 520-532.
35. Fee J. Lessons Learned When Investigating the Worst Forms of Child Labour Using the Rapid Assessment Methodology. International Labour Organization, Geneva, 2004.
36. Leggett R.W. An age specific kinetic model of Pb metabolism in humans. Environ Health Perspect 1993: 101: 598-616.
37. Ratzon N., Froom P., and Leikin E., et al. Effect of exposure to Pb on postural control in workers. Occup Environ Med 2000: 57: 201-203. (Pubitemid 30265448)
38. Iwata T., Yano E., and Karita K., et al. Critical dose of Pb affecting postural balance in workers. Am J Ind Med 2005: 48: 319-325. (Pubitemid 41598030)
39. Dignam T.A., Evens A., and Eduardo E., et al. High-intensity targeted screening for elevated blood Pb levels among children in 2 inner-city Chicago communities. Am J Public Health 2004: 94: 1945-1951. (Pubitemid 39434828)
40. Wang C., Huang L., and Zhou X., et al. Blood Pb levels of both mothers and their newborn infants in the middle part of China. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004: 207: 431-436. (Pubitemid 39468903)
41. Rogan W., and Ware J. Exposure to Pb in children-how low is low enough? N Engl J Med 2003: 348: 1515-1516.
42. Min K.B., Mina J.Y., and Cho, et al. Relationship between low blood Pb levels and growth in children of white-collar civil servants in Korea. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008: 211: 82-87.
43. Mahaffey K.R. Nutrition and Pb: strategies for public health. Environ Health Perspect 1995: 103: 191-196.
44. Gallicchio L., Scherer R.W., and Sexton M. Influence of nutrient intake on blood Pb levels of young children at risk for Pb poisoning. Environ Health Perspect 2002: 110: 767-772.
45. Bellinger D.C. Lead neurotoxicity and socioeconomic status: conceptual and analytical issues. Neurotoxicology 2008: 29: 828-832.
46. Hwang Y.H., Chao K.Y., and Chang C.W., et al. Lip Pb as an alternative measure for Pb exposure assessment of Pb battery assembly workers. AIHA J 2000: 61: 825-831.
47. Wang J.D., Soong W.T., and Chao K.Y., et al. Occupational and environmental Pb poisoning: case study of a battery recycling smelter in Taiwan. J Toxicol Sci 1998: 23: 241-245.
48. Muntner P., Menke A., and DeSalvo K.B., et al. Continued decline in blood Pb levels among adults in the United States: the National and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Arch Intern Med 2005: 165: 2155-2161. (Pubitemid 41434593)
49. WHO. Environmental Health criteria 165-Inorganic Lead. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Health Organization IPCS, Geneva, 1995.
50. Flores J., and Albert L. Environmental Pb in Mé xico, 1990-2002. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2004: 181: 37-109.