Multiple origins of charnockite in the Mesoproterozoic Natal belt, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa

Geoscience Frontiers

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 755-771

  Grantham, G H ^a   Mendonidis, P ^b   Thomas, R J ^c   Satish Kumar, M ^d  

^a Western Cape Regional Office   (South Africa)

^b VAAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (South Africa)

^c BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^d SHIZUOKA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Charnockite igneous; Metamorphic; Natal belt

Indexed keywords

AUREOLE; BIOTITE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON ISOTOPE; CHARNOCKITE; CRYSTALLIZATION; DEHYDRATION; EMPLACEMENT; GRANITOID; ORTHOPYROXENE; PETROGENESIS; PROTEROZOIC; VEIN (GEOLOGY);

KWAZULU-NATAL; SOUTH AFRICA;

OUREBIA OUREBI;

EID: 84867862633     PISSN: 16749871     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gsf.2012.05.006     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. P. Allen, K.C. Condie, and B.L. Narayana The geochemistry of prograde and retrograde charnockite-gneiss reactions in southern India Geochimicha et Cosmochimica Acta 49 1985 323 336
2. 2O activity-composition relations at 600-1000°C and 6-14 kbar by reversed decarbonation and dehydration reactions American Mineralogist 84 1995 1319 1332
3. M. Arima, K. Tani, S. Kawate, and S.T. Johnston Geochemical characteristics and tectonic setting of metamorphosed rocks from the Tugela terrane, Natal belt, South Africa Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research Japan, Special Issue 55 2001 1 39
4. J.G. Barkhuizen, and P.E. Matthews Gravity Modelling of the Natal Thrust Front: a Mid-Proterozoic Crustal Suture in Southeastern Africa Geocongress'90 absracts 1990 University of Cape Town pp. 32-35
5. A. Bisnath, S. McCourt, H.E. Frimmel, and S.B.N. Buthelezi The metamorphic evolution of mafic rocks in the Tugela Terrane, Natal Belt, South Africa South African Journal of Geology 111 2008 369 386
6. F. Bohlender, D.D. van Reenen, and J.M. Barton Evidence for metamorphic charnockites in the southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt Precambrian Research 55 1992 429 449
7. J.D. Clemens Partial melting and granulite genesis: a partisan overview Precambrian Research 55 1992 297 301
8. 2-promoted deep crustal melting Nature 363 1993 336 338
9. D.H. Cornell, and R.J. Thomas Age and tectonic significance of the Banana Beach Gneiss, KwaZulu-Natal south coast, South Africa South African Journal of Geology 109 2006 335 340
10. P. Deines The carbon isotope geochemistry of mantle xenoliths Earth-Science Reviews 58 2000 247 278
11. A.L. Du Toit The Geology of Parts of Pondoland, East Griqualand and Natal 1946 Geological Survey of South Africa Explanation Sheet 119
12. 2 Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 106 1991 286 295
13. B.M. Eglington Evolution of the Namaqua-Natal Belt, southern Africa - a geochronological and isotope geochemical review Journal of African Earth Sciences 46 2006 93 111
14. B.M. Eglington, R.E. Harmer, and A. Kerr Petrographic, Rb-Sr isotope and geochemical characteristics of intrusive granitoids from the Port Edward - Port Shepstone Area, Natal Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 89 1986 199 213
15. B.M. Eglington, R.J. Thomas, R.A. Armstrong, F. Walraven, A. Kerr, and E.A. Retief Zircon geochronology of the Oribi Gorge Suite, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa: constraints on the timing of transcurrent shearing in the Namaqua-Natal Belt Precambrian Research 123 2003 29 46
16. B.M. Eglington, R.J. Thomas, and R.A. Armstrong U-Pb SHRIMP zircon dating of Mesoproterozoic magmatic rocks from the Scottburgh area, central Mzumbe terrane, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa South African Journal of Geology 113 2010 229 235
17. 2-bearing magmas in granulite formation Nature 354 1991 60 63
18. 2 at Kabbaldurga Nature 294 1981 550 553
19. B.R. Frost, and C.D. Frost On charnockites Gondwana Research 13 2008 30 44
20. W.S. Fyfe The granulite facies, partial melting and the Archaean crust Pholisophical Transactions Royal Society London A273 1973 457 461
21. T.W. Gevers Carbon dioxide and exhalations in northern Pondoland and Alfred County, Natal Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 45 1941 223 301
22. T.W. Gevers, and J.C. Dunne Charnockitic rocks near Port Edward in Alfred County, Natal Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 45 1942 183 214
23. Grantham, G.H.; 1984. The tectonic, metamorphic and intrusive history of the Natal Mobile Belt between Glenmore and Port Edward, Natal. M.S. thesis, University of Natal (Pietermaritzburg), 243 pp.
24. G.H. Grantham, A.R. Allen, D.H. Cornell, and C. Harris Geology of Nicholson's point granite, Natal Metamorphic Province, South Africa: the chemistry of charnockitic alteration and origin of the granite Journal of African Earth Sciences 23 1996 465 484
25. G.H. Grantham, B.M. Eglington, R.J. Thomas, and P. Mendonidis The nature of the Grenville-age Charnockitic A-type magmatism from the Natal, Namaqua and Maud Belts of southern Africa and western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Special Issue 55 2001 59 86
26. T.H. Green, and N.J. Pearson Ti-rich accessory phase saturation in hydrous mafic-felsic compositions at high P, T Chemical Geology 54 1986 185 201
27. E.C. Hansen, A.S. Janardhan, and R.C. Newton Fluid inclusions in rocks from the amphibolite-facies to charnockite progression in southern Karnataka, India: direct evidence concerning the fluids of granulite metamorphism Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2 1984 249 264
28. E.C. Hansen, A.S. Janardhan, R.C. Newton, W.K.B.N. Prame, and G.R. Ravindra Arrested charnockite formation in southern India and Sri Lanka Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 96 1987 225 244
29. E.C. Hansen, R.C. Newton, A.S. Janardhan, and S. Lindebburg Differentiation of late Archaean crust in the eastern Dharwar Craton, Krishnagiri-Salem Area, south India Journal of Geology 103 1995 629 651
30. T.M. Harrison, and E.B. Watson The behavior of apatite during crustal anatexis: equilibrium and kinetic considerations Geochimicha et Cosmochimica Acta 48 1984 1467 1477
31. T.J.B. Holland, and R. Powell An internally consistent thermodynamic dataset for phases of petrological interest Journal of Metamorphic Geology 16 1998 309 343
32. 2 and Graphite 2012 Gondwana Research http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.03.007
33. T.N. Irvine, and W.R.A. Barager A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks Canadian Journal of Earth Science 8 1971 523 548
34. D.H. Jackson, D.P. Mattey, and N.B.W. Harris Carbon isotope compositions of fluid inclusions in charnockites from southern India Nature 333 1988 167 170
35. J. Jacobs, R.J. Thomas, and K. Weber Accretion and indentation tectonics at the southern edge of the Kaapvaal craton during the Kibaran (Grenville) orogeny Geology 21 1993 203 206
36. O and charnockite formation at Kabbaldurga, South India Nature 278 1979 511 514
37. A.S. Janardhan, R.C. Newton, and E.C. Hansen The transformation of amphibolite facies gneiss to charnockite in southern Karnataka and northern Tamil Nadu, India Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 79 1982 130 149
38. S.T. Johnston, R.A. Armstrong, L. Heaman, S. McCourt, A. Mitchell, A. Bisnath, and M. Arima Preliminary U-Pb geochronology of the Tugela Terrane, Natal Belt, eastern South Africa Memoir National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue 55 2001 40 58
39. S.T. Johnston, S. McCourt, A. Bisnath, and A.A. Mitchell The Tugela Terrane, Natal Belt: kibaran magmatism and tectonism along the south eastern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton South African Journal of Geology 106 2003 85 97
40. A. Kerr Characterization of the granitic rocks from the Valley of a Thousand Hills area, Natal South African Journal of Science 81 1985 475 478
41. J.A. Kilpatrick, and D.J. Ellis C-type magmas: igneous charnockites and their extrusive equivalents Transactions Royal Society Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 83 1992 155 164
42. R. Kretz Symbols for rock-forming minerals American Mineralogist 68 1983 277 279
43. G.R.R. Kumar Mechanism of arrested charnockite formation at Nemmara, Palghat region, southern India Lithos 75 2004 331 358
44. R.W. Le Maitre Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms 2002 Cambridge University Press New York p. 236
45. D.H. Lindsley Pyroxene thermometry American Mineralogist 68 1983 477 493
46. F.J. Luque, E. Crespo-Feo, J.G. Barrenechea, and L. Ortega Carbon isotopes of graphite: implications on fluid history Geoscience Frontiers 3 2012 197 207
47. J. Martignole Charnockite genesis and the Proterozoic crust Precambrian Research 9 1979 303 310
48. P.E. Matthews Possible pre-Cambrian obduction and plate tectonics in southeastern Africa Nature 240 1972 37 39
49. D.P. Mattey Carbon dioxide solubility and carbon isotope fractionation in basaltic melt Geochimicha et Cosmochimica Acta 55 1991 3467 3473
50. S. McCourt, R.A. Armstrong, G.H. Grantham, and R.J. Thomas Geology and evolution of the Natal Belt, South Africa Journal of African Earth Sciences 46 2006 71 92
51. McIver, J.R.; 1963. A contribution to the Precambrian geology of southern Natal. PhD thesis, University of Witwatersrand, 203 pp.
52. J.R. McIver Orthopyroxene-bearing granitic rocks from southern Natal Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 66 1966 99 117
53. P. Mendonidis, R.A. Armstrong, and G.H. Grantham U-Pb SHRIMP ages and tectonic setting of the Munster Suite of the Margate Terrane of the Natal Metamorphic Belt Gondwana Research 15 2009 28 37
54. Mendonidis, P.; 1989. The tectonic evolution of a portion of the Southern Granulite Zone of the Natal Mobile Belt, between Southbroom and Glenmore, Natal. PhD thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 260 pp.
55. P. Mendonidis, R.A. Armstrong, B.M. Eglington, G.H. Grantham, and R.J. Thomas Metamorphic history and U-Pb zircon (SHRIMP) geochronology of the Glenmore Granite: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Natal Metamorphic Complex South African Journal of Geology 105 2002 325 336
56. P. Mendonidis, and R.A. Armstrong A new U-Pb zircon age for the Portobello granite from the southern part of the Natal Metamorphic Belt South African Journal of Geology 112 2009 197 208
57. P. Mendonidis, and G.H. Grantham The distribution, petrology and geochemistry of the Munster Suite, south coast, Natal South African Journal of Geology 92 1989 377 388
58. P. Mendonidis, and G.H. Grantham Munster Suite Catalogue of South African Lithostratigraphic Units vol. 2 1990 33 34
59. P. Mendonidis, and G.H. Grantham Rare earth element distribution and modelling in charnockitic aureoles from southern Natal Journal of African Earth Sciences 31 2000 51
60. P. Mendonidis, and G.H. Grantham Petrology, origin and metamorphic history of Proterozoic-aged granulites of the Natal Metamorphic province, southeastern Africa Gondwana Research 6 2003 607 628
61. P. Mendonidis, and G.H. Grantham Geochemistry of the Charnockitic Marginal Phase of the Portobello Granite, Natal Metamorphic Province GEO2005 Conference Abstracts 2005 Geological Society of South Africa Durban pp. 154-155
62. P. Mendonidis, and D. Strydom Tectonic history of Proterozoic granulite gneisses between Glenmore and Southbroom, southern Natal South African Journal of Geology 92 1989 352 368
63. P. Mendonidis, G.H. Grantham, and R.J. Thomas Glenmore Granite M.R. Johnson, Catalogue of South African Lithostratigraphic Units 1991 South African Committee for Stratigraphy 13 14
64. 13C characterization of carbonaceous vesicles at the nanomole level Geochimicha et Cosmochimica Acta 61 1997 193 205
65. M.T. Naney Phase equilibria of rock-forming ferromagnesian silicates in granitic systems American Journal of Science 283 1983 993 1033
66. M.T. Naney, and S.E. Swanson The effects of Fe and Mg on crystallisation in granitic systems American Mineralogist 65 1980 639 653
67. R.C. Newton, J.V. Smith, and B.F. Windley Carbonic metamorphism, granulites and crustal growth Nature 288 1980 45 50
68. R.C. Newton, and E.C. Hanson The origin of Proterozoic and late Archaean charnockites - evidence from field relations and experimental petrology L.G. Medaris, Proterozoic Geology Geological Society of America Memoir 161 1983 167 178
69. D. Papineau, B.T. De Gregorio, G.D. Cody, M.D. Fries, S.J. Mojzsis, A. Steele, R.M. Stroud, and M.L. Fogel Ancient graphite in the Eoarchean quartz-pyroxene rocks from Akilia in southern West Greenland I: petrographic and spectroscopic characterization Geochimicha et Cosmochimica Acta 74 2010 5862 5883
70. L.L. Purchuk, and T.V. Gerya Fluid control of charnockitsation Chemical Geology 108 1993 175 186
71. M. Raith, and C. Srikantappa Arrested charnockite formation at Kottavattam, southern India Journal of Metamorphic Petrology 1196 2007 815 832
72. M. Santosh, D.H. Jackson, N.B.W. Harris, and D.P. Mattey Carbonic fluid inclusions in South Indian granulites: evidence for entrapment during charnockite formation Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 108 1991 318 330
73. 2 windows from mantle to atmosphere: models on ultra-high temperature metamorphism and specifications on the link with melting of snowball Earth Gondwana Research 14 2008 82 96
74. 2-fluid inclusions in granulites: insights on graphite precipitation and carbon isotope evolution Geochimicha et Cosmochimica Acta 69 2005 3841 3856
75. Saunders, B.; 1995. Fluid-induced charnockite formation post-dating prograde granulite facies anatexis in southern Natal Metamorphic Province, South Africa. M.S. thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, 176 pp.
76. S.K. Saxena The charnockite geotherm Science 198 1977 614 617
77. R.J. Stern, and A.S. Dawoud Late Precambrian (740 Ma) charnockite, enderbite, and granite from Jebel Moya, Sudan: a link between the Mozambique Belt and the Arabian-Nubian Shield? Journal of Geology 99 1991 648 659
78. G. Stevens, and J.D. Clemens Fluid-absent melting and the role of fluids in the lithosphere: a slanted summary? Chemical Geology 108 1993 1 17
79. G. Stevens, J.D. Clemens, and G.T.R. Droop Melt production during granulite facies anatexis: experimental data from "primitive" metasedimentary protoliths Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 128 1997 352 370
80. C.J. Talbot, and G.H. Grantham The Proterozoic intrusion and deformation of deep crustal 'sills' along the south coast of Natal South African Journal of Geology 90 1987 520 538
81. R.J. Thomas The Geology of the Port Shepstone Area. Explanation of Sheet 3030 Port Shepstone 1988 Geological Survey of South Africa Pretoria 136 pp
82. R.J. Thomas The petrology of the Oribi Gorge Suite: kibaran granitoids from southern Natal South African Journal of Geology 91 1988 275 291
83. R.J. Thomas A tale of two tectonic terranes South African Journal of Geology 92 1989 306 321
84. R.J. Thomas, and S.A. Mawson Newly discovered outcrops of Proterozoic basement rocks in northeastern Transkei South African Journal of Geology 92 1989 369 376
85. R.J. Thomas, and B.M. Eglington A Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and U-Pb zircon isotopic study of the Mzumbe suite, the oldest intrusive granitoid in southern Natal, South Africa South African Journal of Geology 93 1990 761 765
86. R.J. Thomas Oribi Gorge Granitoid Suite M.R. Johnson, Catalogue of South African lithostratigraphic units vol. 3 1991 South African Committee for Stratigraphy 37 40
87. R.J. Thomas, P. Mendonidis, and G.H. Grantham Margate Granite Suite Catalogue of South African Lithostratigraphic Units vol. 3 1991 33 36
88. R.J. Thomas, L. Ashwal, and M.A.G. Andreoli The Turtle Bay Suite: a mafic-felsic granulite association from southern Natal, South Africa Journal of African Earth Sciences 15 2 1992 187 206
89. R.J. Thomas, B.M. Eglington, S.A. Bowring, E.A. Retief, and F. Walraven New isotope data from a Neoproterozoic porphyritic granitoid-charnockite suite from Natal, South Africa Precambrian Research 62 1993 83 101
90. R.J. Thomas, A.L.D. Agenbacht, D.H. Cornell, and J.M. Moore The Kibaran of southern Africa: tectonic evolution and metallogeny Ore Geology Reviews 9 1994 131 160
91. R.J. Thomas, D.H. Cornell, and R.A. Armstrong Provenance age and metamorphic history of the Quha formation, Natal Metamorphic Province: a U-Th-Pb zircon SHRIMP study South African Journal of Geology 102 1999 83 88
92. R.J. Thomas, R.A. Armstrong, and B.M. Eglington Geochronology of the Sikombe granite, Transkei, Natal Metamorphic Province, South Africa South African Journal of Geology 106 2003 403 408
93. J.L.R. Touret, and J.M. Huizenga Fluid-assisted granulite metamorphism: a continental journey Gondwana Research 21 2012 224 235
94. A.M. Van der Kerkhof, and G.H. Grantham Metamorphic charnockite in contact aureoles around intrusive enderbite from Natal Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 137 1999 115 132
95. A.M. Van den Kerkhof, J.L.R. Touret, C. Maijer, and J.B.H. Jensen Retrograde methane dominated fluid inclusions from high-temperature granulites of Rogaland, southwestern Norway Geochimicha et Cosmochimica Acta 55 1991 2533 2544
96. D. Vielzuef, and J.M. Montel Partial melting of metagreywackes. Part 1. Fluid absent experiments and phase relationships Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 117 1994 375 393
97. D.J. Waters, and C.J. Whales Dehydration melting and the granulites transition in metapelites from southern Namaqualand, S. Africa Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 88 1984 269 275
98. E.B. Watson Zircon saturation in felsic liquids: experimental results and applications to trace element chemistry Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 70 1979 407 419
99. E.B. Watson, and C.J. Capobiano Phosphorous and the rare earth elements in felsic magmas: an assessment of the role of apatite Geochimicha et Cosmochimica Acta 45 1981 2349 2358
100. E.B. Watson, and T.M. Harrison Zircon saturation revisited: temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types Earth and Planetary Science Letters 64 1983 295 304
101. 2 on melting of model granulite facies assemblages: a model for the genesis of charnockites American Mineralogist 66 1981 1164 1174
102. H2O on phase assemblages in four synthetic rock compositions Journal of Geology 83 1975 1 32
103. S.M. Wickham Evolution of the lower crust Nature 333 1988 119 120
104. P.J. Wyllie, W. Huang, C.R. Stern, and S. Maaloe Granitic magmas: possible and impossible sources, water contents and crystallization sequences Canadian Journal of Earth Science 13 1976 1007 1019