Spectrally wide-band terahertz wave modulator based on optically tuned graphene

ACS Nano

Volumn 6, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 9118-9124

  Weis, Peter ^a   Garcia Pomar, Juan L ^a,b   Höh, Michael ^a,b   Reinhard, Benjamin ^a   Brodyanski, Alexander ^a   Rahm, Marco ^a,b  

^a University of Koblenz Landau   (Germany)

^b FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IPM   (Germany)

Author keywords

broadband modulation; enhanced modulation depth; grapheme; photodoping of grapheme; terahertz waves; tunable metamaterials; wide band terahertz wave modulation

Indexed keywords

BROADBAND MODULATION; GRAPHEME; MODULATION DEPTH; PHOTODOPING; TERA HERTZ; TUNABLE METAMATERIALS;

FREQUENCY BANDS; GRAPHENE; METAMATERIALS; MODULATORS; SEMICONDUCTOR DOPING; TERAHERTZ WAVES;

MODULATION;

GRAPHITE; NANOMATERIAL;

ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT FAILURE ANALYSIS; INSTRUMENTATION; PARTICLE SIZE; REFRACTOMETRY; TELECOMMUNICATION; TERAHERTZ RADIATION; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT FAILURE ANALYSIS; GRAPHITE; NANOSTRUCTURES; PARTICLE SIZE; REFRACTOMETRY; TELECOMMUNICATIONS; TERAHERTZ RADIATION;

EID: 84867813284     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn303392s     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Hoshina, H.; Sasaki, Y.; Hayashi, A.; Otani, C.; Kawase, K. Noninvasive Mail Inspection System with Terahertz Radiation Appl. Spectrosc. 2009, 63, 81-86
2. Melinger, J. S.; Harsha, S. S.; Laman, N.; Grischkowsky, D. Temperature Dependent Characterization of Terahertz Vibrations of Explosives and Related Threat Materials Opt. Express 2010, 18, 27238-27250
3. Ho, L.; Müller, R.; Römer, M.; Gordon, K.; Heinämäki, J.; Kleinebudde, P.; Pepper, M.; Rades, T.; Shen, Y.; Strachan, C. et al. Analysis of Sustained-Release Tablet Film Coats Using Terahertz Pulsed Imaging Pharm. Technol. Eur. 2007, 119, 253-261 (Pubitemid 46770883)
4. Piesiewicz, R.; Jansen, C.; Wietzke, S.; Mittleman, D.; Koch, M.; Kürner, T. Properties of Building and Plastic Materials in the THz Range Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves 2007, 28, 363-371 (Pubitemid 46589170)
5. Yoshida, S.; Suizu, K.; Kato, E.; Nakagomi, Y.; Ogawa, Y.; Kawase, K. THz Imaging Techniques for Nondestructive Inspections J. Mol. Spectrosc. 2009, 256, 146-151
6. Shibuya, T.; Suzuki, T.; Suizu, K.; Kawase, K. Non-destructive Characterization of Soot in Exhaust Filters Using Millimeter-Wave Imaging J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves 2011, 32, 716-721
7. Theuer, M.; Harsha, S. S.; Molter, D.; Torosyan, G.; Beigang, R. Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Gases, Liquids, and Solids ChemPhysChem 2011, 12, 2695-2705
8. Chen, H.-T.; O'Hara, J. F.; Azad, A. K.; Taylor, A. J.; Averitt, R. D.; Shrekenhamer, D. B.; Padilla, W. J. Experimental Demonstration of Frequency-Agile Terahertz Metamaterials Nat. Photonics 2008, 2, 295-298
9. Weis, P.; Paul, O.; Imhof, C.; Beigang, R.; Rahm, M. Strongly Birefringent Metamaterials as Negative Index Terahertz Wave Plates Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 171104
10. Neu, J.; Krolla, B.; Paul, O.; Reinhard, B.; Beigang, R.; Rahm, M. Metamaterial-Based Gradient Index Lens with Strong Focusing in the THz Frequency Range Opt. Express 2010, 18, 27748-27757
11. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A. Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films Science 2004, 306, 666-669 (Pubitemid 39440910)
12. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Dubonos, S. V.; Firsov, A. A. Two-Dimensional Gas of Massless Dirac Fermions in Graphene Nature 2005, 438, 197-200 (Pubitemid 41599867)
13. Aaron Bostwick, T. O.; Seyller, T.; Horn, K.; Rotenberg, E. Quasiparticle Dynamics in Graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 3, 36-40
14. Vakil, A.; Engheta, N. Transformation Optics Using Graphene Science 2011, 332, 1291-1294
15. Chen, P.-Y.; Alù, A. Atomically Thin Surface Cloak Using Graphene Monolayers ACS Nano 2011, 5, 5855-5863
16. Sun, Y.; Edwards, B.; Alù, A.; Engheta, N. Experimental Realization of Optical Lumped Nanocircuits at Infrared Wavelengths Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 208-2012
17. Rana, F. Graphene Terahertz Plasmon Oscillators IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 2008, 7, 91-99
18. Popov, V.; Bagaeva, T. Y.; Otsuji, T.; Ryzhii, V. Oblique Terahertz Plasmons in Graphene Nanoribbon Arrays Phys. Rev. B 2010, 81, 073404
19. Nikitin, A. Y.; Guinea, F.; Garcia-Vidal, F. J.; Martin-Moreno, L. Fields Radiated by a Nanoemitter in a Graphene Sheet Phys. Rev. B 2011, 84, 195446
20. Nikitin, A. Y.; Guinea, F.; Garcia-Vidal, F. J.; Martin-Moreno, L. Edge and Waveguide Terahertz Surface Plasmon Modes in Graphene Microribbons Phys. Rev. B 2011, 84, 161407
21. Nikitin, A. Y.; Guinea, F.; Garcia-Vidal, F. J.; Martin-Moreno, L. Surface Plasmon Enhanced Absorption and Suppressed Transmission in Periodic Arrays of Graphene Ribbons Phys. Rev. B 2012, 85, 081405
22. Chen, J.; Badioli, M.; Alonso-González, P.; Thongrattanasiri, S.; Huth, F.; Osmond, J.; Spasenovic, M.; Centeno, A.; Pesquera, A.; Godignon, P. et al. Optical Nano-Imaging of Gate-Tunable Graphene Plasmons Nature 2012, 487, 77-81
23. Fei, Z.; Rodin, A. S.; Andreev, G. O.; Bao, W.; McLeod, A. S.; Wagner, M; Zhang, L. M.; Zhao, Z.; Thiemens, M.; Dominguez, G. et al. Gate-Tuning of Graphene Plasmons Revealed by Infrared Nano-Imaging Nature 2012, DOI: 10.1038/nature11253
24. Papasimakis, N.; Luo, Z.; Shen, Z. X.; Angelis, F. D.; Fabrizio, E. D.; Nikolaenko, A. E.; Zheludev, N. I. Graphene in a Photonic Metamaterial Opt. Express 2010, 18, 8353-8359
25. Lee, S. H.; Choi, M.; Kim, T.-T.; Lee, S.; Liu, M.; Yin, X.; Choi, H. K.; Lee, S. S.; Choi, C.-G.; Choi, S.-Y.; et al. Switching Teraherz Waves with Gate-Controlled Active Graphene Metamaterials. arXiv:1203.0743, 2012.
26. Zou, Y.; Tassin, P.; Koschny, T.; Soukoulis, C. M. Interaction Between Graphene and Metamaterials: Split Rings vs. Wire Pairs Opt. Express 2012, 20, 12198-12204
27. Liu, M.; Yin, X.; Ulin-Avila, E.; Geng, B.; Zentgraf, T.; Ju, L.; Wang, F.; Zhang, X. A Graphene-Based Broadband Optical Modulator Nature 2011, 474, 64-67
28. Sensale-Rodriguez, B.; Fang, T.; Yan, R.; Kelly, M. M.; Jena, D.; Liu, L.; Xing, H. G. Unique Prospects for Graphene-Based Terahertz Modulators Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99, 113104
29. Sensale-Rodriguez, B.; Yan, R.; Kelly, M. M.; Fang, T.; Tahy, K.; Hwang, W. S.; Jena, D.; Liu, L.; Xing, H. G. Broadband Graphene Terahertz Modulators Enabled by Intraband Transitions. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, article no. 780.
30. Ferrari, A. C.; Meyer, J. C.; Scardaci, V.; Casiraghi, C.; Lazzeri, M.; Mauri, F.; Piscanec, S.; Jiang, D.; Novoselov, K. S.; Roth, S. et al. Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 187401
31. Peres, N. M. R. Colloquium: The Transport Properties of Graphene: An Introduction Rev. Mod. Phys. 2010, 82, 2673-2700
32. Tomaino, J. L.; Jameson, A. D.; Kevek, J. W.; Paul, M. J.; van der Zande, A. M.; Barton, R. A.; McEuen, P. L.; Minot, E. D.; Lee, Y.-S. Terahertz Imaging and Spectroscopy of Large-Area Single-Layer Graphene Opt. Express 2011, 19, 141-146
33. Kravets, V. G.; Grigorenko, A. N.; Nair, R. R.; Blake, P.; Anissimova, S.; Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K. Spectroscopic Ellipsometry of Graphene and an Exciton-Shifted van Hove Peak in Absorption Phys. Rev. B 2010, 81, 155413
34. Morozov, S.; Novoselov, K. S.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Schedin, F.; Elias, D. C.; Jaszczak, J. A.; Geim, A. K. Giant Intrinsic Carrier Mobilities in Graphene and Its Bilayer Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 016602
35. Ryzhii, V.; Ryzhii, M.; Otsuji, T. Negative Dynamic Conductivity of Graphene with Optical Pumping J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101, 083114
36. Boubanga-Tombet, S.; Chan, S.; Watanabe, T.; Satou, A.; Ryzhii, V.; Otsuji, T. Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics and Terahertz Emission in Optically Pumped Graphene at Room Temperature Phys. Rev. B 2012, 85, 035443
37. Ryzhii, V.; Ryzhii, M.; Satou, A.; Otsuji, T.; Dubinov, A. A.; Aleshkin, V. Y. Feasibility of Terahertz Lasing in Optically Pumped Epitaxial Multiple Graphene Layer Structures J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 084507
38. Ryzhii, V.; Dubinov, A. A.; Otsuji, T.; Mitin, V.; Shur, M. S. Terahertz Lasers Based on Optically Pumped Multiple Graphene Structures with Slot-Line and DielectricWaveguides J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 107, 054505
39. Li, X.; Cai, W.; An, J.; Kim, S.; Nah, J.; Yang, D.; Piner, R.; Velamakanni, A.; Jung, I.; Tutuc, E. et al. Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils Science 2009, 324, 1312-1314
40. Bae, S.; Kim, H.; Lee, Y.; Xu, X.; Park, J.-S.; Zheng, Y.; Balakrishnan, J.; Lei, T.; Kim, H. R.; Song, Y. I. et al. Roll-To-Roll Production of 30-Inch Graphene Films for Transparent Electrodes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 574-578
41. Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S. The Rise of Graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183-191 (Pubitemid 46353764)