Who Are the Gangsters?: An Examination of the Age, Race/Ethnicity, Sex, and Immigration Status of Self-Reported Gang Members in a Seven-City Study of American Youth

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 465-481

  Esbensen, Finn Aage ^a   Carson, Dena C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI ST LOUIS   (United States)

Author keywords

gang member characteristics; gangs; offending

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867668297     PISSN: 10439862     EISSN: 15525406     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1043986212458192     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Battin S. R.,Hill K. G.,Abbott R. D.,Catalano R. F.,Hawkins J. D.The contribution of gang membership to delinquency beyond delinquent friends.Criminology. 1998;36:93-115.
2. Bjerregaard B.,Smith C.Gender differences in gang participation, delinquency, and substance use.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 1993;4:329-355.
3. Bradshaw P.European street gangs and troublesome youth groups. Decker S. H.Weerman F. M., ed. Lanham, MD: Altamira; 2005:193-218.
4. de Jong J. D.Youth gangs in international perspective: Results from the Eurogang Program of Research. Esbensen F.-A.Maxson C. L., ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2012:225-236.
5. Decker S. H.,Kempf-Leonard K.Constructing gangs: The social definition of youth activities.Criminal Justice Policy Review. 1991;5:271-291.
6. Decker S. H.,Van Winkle B.Life in the gang: Family, friends, and violence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1996:.
7. Egley A.,Howell J. C.Highlights of the 2009 National Youth Gang Survey. Juvenile justice fact sheet. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2011:.
8. Esbensen F.-A.,Deschenes E. P.A mulitsite examination of youth gang membership: Does gender matter?.Criminology. 1998;36:799-828.
9. Esbensen F.-A.,Huizinga D.Gangs, drugs, and delinquency in a survey of urban youth.Criminology. 1993;31:565-589.
10. Esbensen F.-A.,Melde C.,Taylor T. J.,Peterson D.Active parental consent in school-based research: How much is enough and how do we get it?.Evaluation Review. 2008;32:335-362.
11. Esbensen F.-A.,Peterson D.,Taylor T. J.,Freng A.Youth violence: Sex and race differences in offending, victimization, and gang membership. Philadelphia: Temple University Press; 2010:.
12. Esbensen F.-A.,Peterson D.,Taylor T. J.,Osgood D. W.Results from a multi-site evaluation of the GREAT program.Justice Quarterly. 2012;29:125-151.
13. Esbensen F.-A.,Tusinski K.Youth gangs in the print media.Criminal Justice and Popular Culture. 2007;14:21-38.
14. Esbensen F.-A.,Winfree L. T.Race and gender differences between gang and nongang youths: Results from a multisite survey.Justice Quarterly. 1998;15:505-526.
15. Esbensen F.-A.,Winfree L. T.,He N.,Taylor T. J.Young gangs and definitional issues: When is a gang a gang and why does it matter?.Crime & Delinquency. 2001;47:105-130.
16. Fleisher M.Dead end kids: Gang girls and the boys they know. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press; 1998:.
17. Haymoz S.,Gatti U.Girls members of deviant youth gorups, offending behaviour and victimization: Results from the ISRD2 in Italy and Switzerland.European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research. 2010;16:167-182.
18. Hill K. G.,Howell J. C.,Hawkins J. D.,Battin-Pearson S. R.Childhood risk factors for adolescent gang membership: Results from the Seattle Social Development Project.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 1999;36:300-322.
19. Howell J. C.,Egley A.Gangs in small towns and rural areas. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2005:.
20. Krohn M. D.,Thornberry T. P.A long view of crime: A synthesis of longitudinal research. Liberman A. M., ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2008:128-160.
21. Lien I.-L.Street gangs, migration and ethnicity. van Gemert F.Peterson D.Lien I.-L., ed. Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing; 2008:227-240.
22. Maxson C. L.,Whitlock M. L.Gangs in America III. Huff C. R., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 2002:19-35.
23. Melde C.,Esbensen F.-A.Gang membership as a turning point in the life course.Criminology. 2011;49:513-552.
24. Miller J.One of the guys: Girls, gangs, and gender. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001:.
25. National Youth Gang Center. (2012). National Youth Gang Survey analysis. Retrieved from http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Survey-Analysis.
26. Pedersen M. L.,Lindstad J. M.Youth gangs in international perspective: Results from the Eurogang Program of Research. Esbensen F.-A.Maxson C. L., ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2012:239-250.
27. Pyrooz D. C.,Decker S. H.Motives and methods for leaving the gang: Understanding the process of gang desistance.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2011;39:417-425.
28. Pyrooz D. C.,Decker S. H.,Webb V. J.The ties that bind: Desistance from gangs.Crime & Delinquency.
29. Sharp C.,Aldridge J.,Medina J.Delinquent youth groups and offending behaviour: Findings from the 2004 Offending, Crime, and Justice Survey. Home Office Online Report 14/06. London: Home Office; 2006:.
30. Sweeten G.Scaling criminal offending.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2012;28:533-577.
31. Thornberry T. P.,Krohn M. D.,Lizotte A. J.,Chad-Wiershem D.The role of juvenile gangs in facilitating delinquent behavior.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 1993;30:55-87.
32. Thornberry T. P.,Krohn M. D.,Lizotte A. J.,Smith C. A.,Tobin K.Gangs and delinquency in developmental perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge; 2003:.
33. Thrasher F. M.The gang: A study of one thousand three hundred thirteen groups in Chicago. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1963:.
34. Vigil J. D.Street gangs, migration and ethnicity. van Gemert F.Peterson D.Lien I.-L., ed. Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing; 2008:49-62.
35. Weerman F. M.Youth gangs in international perspective: Results from the Eurogang Program of Research. Esbensen F.-A.Maxson C. L., ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2012:271-287.