Compressive properties of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams at low and high strain rates: Experimental investigation and critical review of state of the art

Composites Part B: Engineering

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 403-416

  Luong, Dung D ^a   Pinisetty, Dinesh ^a   Gupta, Nikhil ^a  

^a POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

A. Foams; B. Mechanical properties; B. Porosity; Strain rate sensitivity

Indexed keywords

BIOMECHANICS; BUCKLING; CELLS; CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; COREMAKING; CYTOLOGY; DENSITY (SPECIFIC GRAVITY); FOAMS; MARINE APPLICATIONS; MATERIALS HANDLING; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; POLYVINYL CHLORIDES; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES; ENERGY ABSORPTION CAPABILITY; EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS; INTERMEDIATE STRAIN RATE; POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC); QUASI-STATIC STRAIN RATES; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS; STRAIN RATE SENSITIVITY;

STRAIN RATE;

EID: 84867555374     PISSN: 13598368     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.060     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. M. Akil Hazizan, and W.J. Cantwell The low velocity impact response of foam-based sandwich structures Compos Part B: Eng 33 3 2002 193 204
2. N. Mitra, and B.R. Raja Improving delamination resistance capacity of sandwich composite columns with initial face/core debond Compos Part B: Eng. 43 3 2012 1604 1612
3. H.R. Zarei, and M. Kroger Crashworthiness optimization of empty and filled aluminum crash boxes Int J Crashworthiness 12 3 2007 255 264
4. A.G. Hanssen, O.S. Hopperstad, and M. Langseth Design of aluminium foam-filled crash boxes of square and circular cross-sections Int J Crashworthiness 6 2 2001 177 188
5. R.M. Christensen Mechanics of cellular and other low-density materials Int J Solids Struct 37 1-2 2000 93 104
6. S. Torquato, L.V. Gibiansky, M.J. Silva, and L.J. Gibson Effective mechanical and transport properties of cellular solids Int J Mech Sci 40 1 1998 71 82
7. Mills NJ. Polymer foams handbook: engineering and biomechanics applications and design guide. New York: Elsevier; 2007.
8. D.R. Veazie, K.R. Robinson, and K. Shivakumar Effects of the marine environment on the interfacial fracture toughness of PVC core sandwich composites Compos Part B: Eng 35 6-8 2004 461 466
9. K. Imielinska, L. Guillaumat, R. Wojtyra, and M. Castaings Effects of manufacturing and face/core bonding on impact damage in glass/polyester-PVC foam core sandwich panels Compos Part B: Eng 39 6 2008 1034 1041
10. P. Kroushl Resin selection for PVC applications. Handbook of Vinyl Formulating 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 13-56
11. Q. Wu, N. Zhou, and D. Zhan Effect of processing parameters and vibrating field on poly(vinyl chloride) microcellular foam morphology Polym-Plast Technol Eng 48 8 2009 851 859
12. L. Marsavina Fracture mechanics of cellular solids H. Altenbach, A. Öchsner, Cellular and porous materials in structures and processes 2010 Springer Vienna 1 46
13. DIAB. Divinycell HP Technical manual. Laholm, Sweden; 2010.
14. M. Colloca, G. Dorogokupets, N. Gupta, and M. Porfiri Mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of closed-cell PVC foams Int J Crashworthiness 17 3 2012 327 336
15. E.E. Gdoutos, I.M. Daniel, and K.-A. Wang Multiaxial characterization and modeling of a PVC cellular foam J Thermoplast Compos Mater 14 5 2001 365 373
16. B.A. Gama, S.L. Lopatnikov, and J.W. Gillespie Jr Hopkinson bar experimental technique: a critical review Appl Mech Rev 57 4 2004 223 250
17. Gray III GT. Classic split-Hopkinson pressure bar testing. ASM handbook. Mechanical testing and evaluation, vol. 8. Warrandale, PA: ASM International; 2000.
18. D.D. Luong, N. Gupta, and P.K. Rohatgi The high strain rate compressive response of Mg-Al alloy/fly ash cenosphere composites JOM 63 2 2011 41 45
19. Ramesh KT. High strain rate and impact experiments. Springer handbook of experimental solid mechanics. New York: Springer Science; 2008. p. 929-60.
20. W. Chen, F. Lu, D.J. Frew, and M.J. Forrestal Dynamic compression testing of soft materials J Appl Mech 69 3 2002 214 223
21. V.L. Tagarielli, V.S. Deshpande, and N.A. Fleck The high strain rate response of PVC foams and end-grain balsa wood Compos Part B: Eng 39 1 2008 83 91
22. U. Chakravarty, H. Mahfuz, M. Saha, and S. Jeelani Strain rate effects on sandwich core materials: an experimental and analytical investigation Acta Mater 51 5 2003 1469 1479
23. H. Zhao Testing of polymeric foams at high and medium strain rates Polym Test 16 5 1997 507 516
24. H. Mahfuz, W. Al Mamun, A. Haque, S. Turner, H. Mohamed, and S. Jeelani An innovative technique for measuring the high strain rate response of sandwich composites Compos Struct 50 3 2000 279 285
25. N. Gupta, D.D. Luong, and P.K. Rohatgi A method for intermediate strain rate compression testing and study of compressive failure mechanism of Mg-Al-Zn alloy J Appl Phys 109 10 2011 103512 103517
26. D.P. Mondal, M.D. Goel, and S. Das Compressive deformation and energy absorption characteristics of closed cell aluminum-fly ash particle composite foam Mater Sci Eng A 507 1-2 2009 102 109
27. P. Poapongsakorn, and C. Kanchanomai Time-dependent deformation of closed-cell PVC foam J Cell Plast 47 4 2011 323 336
28. D. Zenkert, and J. Bäcklund PVC sandwich core materials: mode I fracture toughness Compos Sci Technol 34 3 1989 225 242
29. M. Burman, and D. Zenkert Fatigue of foam core sandwich beam-2: effect of initial damage Int J Fatigue 19 7 1997 563 578
30. Z. Dan Poly(vinyl chloride) sandwich core materials: fracture behaviour under mode II loading and mixed-mode conditions Mater Sci Eng A 108 1989 233 240
31. E.E. Saenz, L.A. Carlsson, and A. Karlsson Characterization of fracture toughness (Gc) of PVC and PES foams J Mater Sci 46 9 2011 3207 3215
32. M.C. Saha, H. Mahfuz, U.K. Chakravarty, M. Uddin, M.E. Kabir, and S. Jeelani Effect of density, microstructure, and strain rate on compression behavior of polymeric foams Mater Sci Eng A 406 1-2 2005 328 336
33. T. Thomas, H. Mahfuz, L.A. Carlsson, K. Kanny, and S. Jeelani Dynamic compression of cellular cores: temperature and strain rate effects Compos Struct 58 4 2002 505 512
34. G.T. Lim, V. Altstadt, and F. Ramsteiner Understanding the compressive behavior of linear and cross-linked poly(vinyl chloride) foams J Cell Plast 45 5 2009 419 439
35. T. Thomas, H. Mahfuz, K. Kanny, and S. Jeelani High strain rate response of cross-linked and linear PVC cores J Reinf Plast Compos 23 7 2004 739 749
36. H. Mahfuz, T. Thomas, V. Rangari, and S. Jeelani On the dynamic response of sandwich composites and their core materials Compos Sci Technol 66 14 2006 2465 2472
37. G.T. Lim, V. Altstadt, and F. Ramsteiner Understanding the compressive behavior of linear and cross-linked Poly(vinyl chloride) foams J Cell Plast 45 2009 419 439
38. I. Daniel, and J.M. Cho Characterization of anisotropic polymeric foam under static and dynamic loading Exp Mech 51 2011 1395 1403
39. L.J. Gibson, and M.F. Ashby Cellular solids, structure and properties 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
40. Kaiser MA. Advancements in the split Hopkinson bar test. MS thesis. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 1998.
41. N.H. Abu-Zahra, and A. Seth In-process density control of extruded foam PVC using wavelet packet analysis of ultrasound waves Mechatronics 12 9-10 2002 1083 1095
42. O. Sawas, N.S. Brar, and R.A. Brockman Dynamic characterization of compliant materials using an all-polymeric split Hopkinson bar Exp Mech 38 3 1998 204 210
43. Song B, Chen W. Split Hopkinson pressure bar techniques for characterizing soft materials. Latin Am J Solids Struct 2005;2:113-152.
44. B. Song, Y. Ge, W. Chen, and T. Weerasooriya Radial inertia effects in Kolsky bar testing of extra-soft specimens Exp Mech 47 5 2007 659 670
45. Chen W, Song B. Kolsky compression bar experiments on soft materials. Split Hopkinson (Kolsky) bar. US: Springer; 2011. p. 119-75.
46. Y. Li, and K.T. Ramesh An optical technique for measurement of material properties in the tension Kolsky bar Int J Impact Eng 34 4 2007 784 798
47. H. Eskandari, and J.A. Nemes Dynamic testing of composite laminates with a tensile split Hopkinson bar J Compos Mater 34 4 2000 260 273
48. Loup DC, Matteson RC, Gielen AWJ. Material characterization of PVC foam under static and dynamic loading. In: Thomsen OT, Bozhevolnaya E, Lyckegaard A, editors. Sandwich structures 7: advancing with sandwich structures and materials: proceedings of the 7th international conference on sandwich structures, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, 29-31 August 2005. Netherlands: Springer; 2005. p. 87-96.
49. G.M. Viana, and L.A. Carlsson Mechanical properties and fracture characterization of cross-linked PVC foams J Sandwich Struct Mater 4 2002 99 113
50. E.E. Gdoutos, I.M. Daniel, and K.-A. Wang Multiaxial characterization and modeling of a PVC cellular foam J Thermoplast Compos Mater 14 2001 365 373
51. K. Kanny, H. Mahfuz, L.A. Carlsson, T. Thomas, and S. Jeelani Dynamic mechanical analyses and flexural fatigue of PVC foams Compos Struct 58 2 2002 175 183
52. G.M. Viana, and L.A. Carlsson Mechanical properties and fracture characterization of cross-linked PVC foams J Sandwich Struct Mater 4 2 2002 99 113
53. Y.W. Kwon, R.E. Cooke, and C. Park Representative unit-cell models for open-cell metal foams with or without elastic filler Mater Sci Eng A 343 1-2 2003 63 70
54. K. Li, X.L. Gao, and A.K. Roy Micromechanical modeling of three-dimensional open-cell foams using the matrix method for spatial frames Compos Part B: Eng 36 3 2005 249 262
55. N.J. Mills, and H.X. Zhu The high strain compression of closed-cell polymer foams J Mech Phys Solids 47 3 1999 669 695
56. S.K. Nammi, P. Myler, and G. Edwards Finite element analysis of closed-cell aluminium foam under quasi-static loading Mater Des 31 2 2010 712 722
57. H.M. Princen, and P. Levinson The surface area of Kelvin's minimal tetrakaidecahedron: the ideal foam cell (?) J Colloid Interface Sci 120 1 1987 172 175
58. A.E. Simone, and L.J. Gibson Effects of solid distribution on the stiffness and strength of metallic foams Acta Mater 46 6 1998 2139 2150
59. Y. Song, Z. Wang, L. Zhao, and J. Luo Dynamic crushing behavior of 3D closed-cell foams based on Voronoi random model Mater Des 31 9 2010 4281 4289
60. R.M. Sullivan, L.J. Ghosn, and B.A. Lerch A general tetrakaidecahedron model for open-celled foams Int J Solids Struct 45 6 2008 1754 1765
61. P. Thiyagasundaram, J. Wang, B.V. Sankar, and N.K. Arakere Fracture toughness of foams with tetrakaidecahedral unit cells using finite element based micromechanics Eng Fract Mech 78 6 2011 1277 1288
62. H.X. Zhu, J.F. Knott, and N.J. Mills Analysis of the elastic properties of open-cell foams with tetrakaidecahedral cells J Mech Phys Solids 45 3 1997 319 325
63. H.X. Zhu, and N.J. Mills Modelling the creep of open-cell polymer foams J Mech Phys Solids 47 7 1999 1437 1457
64. N. Chawla, B.V. Patel, M. Koopman, K.K. Chawla, R. Saha, and B.R. Patterson Microstructure-based simulation of thermomechanical behavior of composite materials by object-oriented finite element analysis Mater Charact 49 5 2002 395 407
65. V.V. Ganesh, and N. Chawla Effect of particle orientation anisotropy on the tensile behavior of metal matrix composites: experiments and microstructure-based simulation Mater Sci Eng A 391 1-2 2005 342 353
66. Z. Peng, and L. Fuguo Microstructure-based Simulation of plastic deformation behavior of SiC particle reinforced Al matrix composites Chin J Aeronaut 22 6 2009 663 669
67. F. Desplentere, S.V. Lomov, D.L. Woerdeman, I. Verpoest, M. Wevers, and A. Bogdanovich Micro-CT characterization of variability in 3D textile architecture Compos Sci Technol 65 13 2005 1920 1930
68. Y. Feng, Z. Feng, S. Li, W. Zhang, X. Luan, and Y. Liu Micro-CT characterization on porosity structure of 3D Cf/SiCm composite Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 42 11 2011 1645 1650
69. J.G.F. Wismans, L.E. Govaert, and J.A.W. van Dommelen X-ray computed tomography-based modeling of polymeric foams: the effect of finite element model size on the large strain response J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48 13 2010 1526 1534
70. E.J. Barbero, P. Lonetti, and K.K. Sikkil Finite element continuum damage modeling of plain weave reinforced composites Compos Part B: Eng 37 2-3 2005 137 147
71. K.T. Tan, N. Watanabe, and Y. Iwahori X-ray radiography and micro-computed tomography examination of damage characteristics in stitched composites subjected to impact loading Compos Part B: Eng 42 4 2011 874 884
72. V.C. Shunmugasamy, N. Gupta, N.Q. Nguyen, and P.G. Coelho Strain rate dependence of damage evolution in syntactic foams Mater Sci Eng A 527 23 2010 6166 6177
73. J.L. Grenestedt, and F. Bassinet Influence of cell wall thickness variations on elastic stiffness of closed-cell cellular solids Int J Mech Sci 42 7 2000 1327 1338
74. J.S. Earl, and R.A. Shenoi Determination of the moisture uptake mechanism in closed cell polymeric structural foam during hydrothermal exposure J Compos Mater 38 15 2004 1345 1365
75. X. Li, and Y.J. Weitsman Sea-water effects on foam-cored composite sandwich lay-ups Compos Part B: Eng 35 6-8 2004 451 459
76. W. Dierickx Changes in specific properties of PVC drains under various storage conditions Agr Water Manage 37 2 1998 109 119
77. Tan E, Alacakir A, Uzun C, Guven O. Investigation of the radiation induced changes on the surface topology of PVC films by atomic force microscopy. Radiat Phys Chem 1995;46 (4-6, Part 1):897-900.
78. L.P. Real, and J.-L. Gardette Ageing and characterisation of PVC-based compounds utilised for exterior applications in the building construction field: 2: artificial accelerated ageing with xenon light Polym Test 20 7 2001 789 794
79. R.P. Juntunen, V. Kumar, and J.E. Weller Impact strength of high density microcellular poly(vinyl chloride) foams J Vinyl Addit Technol 6 2 2000 93 99
80. G. Caprino, and R. Teti Impact and post-impact behavior of foam core sandwich structures Compos Struct 29 1994 47 55
81. W.K. Shih, and B.Z. Jang Instrumented impact testing of composite sandwich panels J Reinf Plast Compos 8 1989 270 298
82. T. Lendze, R. Wojtyra, L. Guillaumat, C. Biateau, and K. Imielinska Low velocity impact damage in glass/polyester composite sandwich panels Adv Mater Sci 6 1 2006 27 34
83. M.E. Kabir, M.C. Saha, and S. Jeelani Tensile and fracture behavior of polymer foams Mater Sci Eng A 429 1-2 2006 225 335