Social epidemiology: Questionable answers and answerable questions

Epidemiology

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 795-798

  Sam, Harper ^a   Strumpf, Erin C ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS;

ADOLESCENT SMOKING; ARTICLE; CANNABIS ADDICTION; EDUCATION; EMPLOYMENT; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENDER; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; LAW; MORTALITY; POLICY; POVERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY; SOCIOECONOMICS; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES;

EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH DESIGN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH POLICY; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC POLICY; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 84867542081     PISSN: 10443983     EISSN: 15315487     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31826d078d     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Kaufman JS. Social epidemiology. In: Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL, eds. Modern Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008:533-548.
2. WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health; 2008.
3. Townsend P, Davidson N. Inequalities in Health: The Black Report. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books; 1982.
4. Acheson D. Independent Inquiry Into Inequalities in Health Report. London: Stationery Office; 1998.
5. Marmot M. Fair society, healthy lives: The Marmot Review. Strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010. 2010; Available at: http://www.marmotreview.org/AssetLibrary/pdfs/Reports/FairSociety-HealthyLives. pdf. Accessed May 5, 2011.
6. Mackenbach J P. Has the English strategy to reduce health inequalities failed? Soc Sci Med. 2010;71:1249-1253; discussion 1254-1248.
7. Bambra C, Smith KE, Garthwaite K, Joyce KE, Hunter DJ. A labour of Sisyphus? Public policy and health inequalities research from the Black and Acheson Reports to the Marmot Review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65:399-406.
8. Petticrew M, Whitehead M, Macintyre SJ, Graham H, Egan M. Evidence for public health policy on inequalities: 1: the reality according to policymakers. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58:811-816.
9. Whitehead M, Popay J. Swimming upstream? Taking action on the social determinants of health inequalities. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71:1234-1236; discussion 1254-1238.
10. Pickett KE, Dorling D. Against the organization of misery? The Marmot Review of health inequalities. Soc Sci Med 2010;71:1231-1233; discussion 1254-1238.
11. Chandra A, Vogl TS. Rising up with shoe leather? A comment on Fair Society, Healthy Lives (the Marmot Review). Soc Sci Med. 2010;71:1227-1230; discussion 1254.
12. Canning D, Bowser D. Investing in health to improve the wellbeing of the disadvantaged: reversing the argument of Fair Society, Healthy Lives (the Marmot Review). Soc Sci Med. 2010;71:1223-1226: discussion 1254.
13. Marmot MG, Smith GD, Stansfeld S, et al. Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study. Lancet. 1991;337:1387-1393.
14. Satcher D, Fryer GE, McCann J, Troutman A, Woolf SH, Rust G. What if we were equal? A comparison of the black-white mortality gap in 1960 and 2000. Health Aff. 2005;24:459-464.
15. Woolf SH, Johnson RE, Phillips RL Jr, Philipsen M. Giving everyone the health of the educated: an examination of whether social change would save more lives than medical advances. Am J Public Health. 2007;97:679-683.
16. Chandola T, Bartley M, Sacker A, Jenkinson C, Marmot M. Health selection in the Whitehall II study, UK. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56:2059-2072.
17. Elovainio M, Ferrie JE, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Socioeconomic differences in cardiometabolic factors: social causation or health-related selection? Evidence from the Whitehall II Cohort Study, 1991-2004. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174:779-789.
18. Case A, Paxson C. The long reach of childhood health and circumstance: evidence from the Whitehall II Study. Econ J (London). 2011;121:F183-F204.
19. Kaufman JS. Commentary: why are we biased against bias? Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37:624-626.
20. Diez Roux AV, Mair C. Neighborhoods and health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186:125-145.
21. Kling JR, Liebman JB, Katz LF. Experimental analysis of neighborhood effects. Econometrica. 2007;75:83-119.
22. Clampet-Lundquist S, Massey DS. Neighborhood effects on eonomic self-sufficiency: a reconsideration of the moving to opportunity experiment. Am J Sociol. 2008;114:107-143.
23. Ludwig J, Liebman JB, Kling JR, et al. What can we learn about neighborhood effects from the moving to opportunity experiment? Am J Sociol. 2008;114:144-188.
24. Sampson RJ, Sharkey P, Raudenbush S W. Durable effects of concentrated disadvantage on verbal ability among African-American children. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:845-852.
25. Kawachi I, Adler NE, Dow WH. Money, schooling, and health: Mechanisms and causal evidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186:56-68.
26. Cutler DM, Lleras-Muney A. Education and health: evaluating theories and evidence. In: Schoeni RF, House JS, Kaplan GA, Pollack H, eds. Making Americans Healthier: Social and Economic Policy as Health Policy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 2008:29-60.
27. Lleras-Muney A. The relationship between education and adult mortality in the United States. Rev Econ Stat. 2005;72:189-221.
28. van Kippersluis H, O'Donnell O, van Doorslaer E. Long-run returns to education does schooling lead to an extended old age? J Hum Resources. 2011;46:695-721.
29. Cutler DM, Lleras-Muney A. Education and health: insights from international comparisons. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series. 2012; No. 17738.
30. Clark D, Royer H. The effect of education on adult health and mortality: evidence from Britain. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series. 2010;No. 16013.
31. Albouy V, Lequien L. Does compulsory education lower mortality? J Health Econ. 2009;28:155-168.
32. Mazumder B. Does education improve health? A reexamination of the evidence from compulsory schooling laws. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Economic Perspectives. 2008;Q2:2-16.
33. Wall MM, Poh E, Cerda M, Keyes KM, Galea S, Hasin DS. Adolescent marijuana use from 2002 to 2008: higher in states with medical marijuana laws, cause still unclear. Ann Epidemiol. 2011;21:714-716.
34. Harper S, Strumpf EC, Kaufman JS. Do medical marijuana laws increase marijuana use? Replication study and extension. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22:207-212.
35. Batty GD. We must move on: taking stock (yet again) of the evidence for socio-economic differentials in health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65:947-948.
36. Hernán MA, Alonso A, Logan R, et al. Observational studies analyzed like randomized experiments: an application to postmenopausal hormone therapy and coronary heart disease. Epidemiology. 2008;19: 766-779.
37. Rubin DB. The design versus the analysis of observational studies for causal effects: parallels with the design of randomized trials. Stat Med. 2007;26:20-36.
38. Hernán MA, Wilcox AJ. Epidemiology, data sharing, and the challenge of scientific replication. Epidemiology. 2009;20:167-168.
39. Lash TL, Fox M P, Fink AK. Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data. Dordrecht, NY: Springer; 2009.
40. Vanderweele TJ, Arah OA. Bias formulas for sensitivity analysis of unmeasured confounding for general outcomes, treatments, and confounders. Epidemiology. 2011;22:42-52.