Reproducibility and criterion-related validity of the sit and reach test and toe touch test for estimating hamstring flexibility in recreationally active young adults

Physical Therapy in Sport

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 219-226

  Ayala, F ^a   Sainz de Baranda, P ^b   De Ste Croix, M ^c   Santonja, F ^d  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MURCIA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CASTILLA LA MANCHA   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^d HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Hamstring flexibility; Reliability; Reproducibility; Sit and reach test; Toe touch test; Validity

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; CRITERION RELATED VALIDITY; EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; HAMSTRING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; KAPPA STATISTICS; MALE; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS; NORMAL HUMAN; PASSIVE STRAIGHT LEG RAISE TEST; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECREATION; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REPRODUCIBILITY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIT AND REACH TEST; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STRETCHING EXERCISE; TEST RETEST RELIABILITY; TOE TOUCH TEST;

EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEG; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES; RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR; RECREATION; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; STATISTICS AS TOPIC; THIGH; TOES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84867531284     PISSN: 1466853X     EISSN: 18731600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.11.001     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance (AAHPERD) Health released physical fitness test manual 1986, American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Reston, VA.
2. American College of Sport Medicine Position Stand The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1998, 30:975-991.
3. American Psychological Association Standards for educational and psychological testing 1995, APA, Washington (DC).
4. Atkinson G., Nevill A.M. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Medicine 1998, 26:217-238.
5. Ayala F., Sainz de Baranda P. Effect of three different active stretch durations on hip flexion range of motion. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2010, 24(2):430-436.
6. Baltaci G., Un N., Tunay V., Besler A., Gerceker S. Comparison of three different sit and reach tests for measurement of hamstring flexibility in female university students. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2003, 37(1):59-61.
7. Bell D.R., Myrick M.P., Blackburn J.T., Shultz S.J., Guskiewicz K.M., Padua D.A. The effect of menstrual-cycle phase on hamstring extensibility and muscle stiffness. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2009, 18:553-563.
8. Bland M. How do I compare methods of measurements which give results in different units? 2009, http://www-users.york.ac.uk/%7Emb55/meas/diffunit.htm.
9. Bland J.M., Altman D.G. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986, 1:307-310.
10. Bohannon R., Gajdosik R., LeVeau B.F. Contribution of pelvic and lower limb motion to increases in the angle of passive straight leg raising. Physical Therapy 1985, 65:474-476.
11. Boland R.A., Adams R.D. Effects of ankle dorsiflexion on range and reliability of straight leg raising. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2000, 46:191-200.
12. Castro-Piñero J., Chillon P., Ortega F.B., Montesinos J.L., Sjöström M., Ruiz J.R. Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach and modified sit-and-reach test for estimating hamstring flexibility in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2009, 30:658-662.
13. Chandler T.J., Kibler W.B., Uhl T.L., Wooten B., Kiser A., Stone E. Flexibility comparisons of junior elite tennis players to other athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1990, 18:134-136.
14. Chung P.K., Yuen C.K. Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach tests in university men in Hong Kong. Perceptual Motor Skills 1999, 88:304-316.
15. Cornbleet S., Woolsey N. Assessment of hamstring muscle length in school age children using the sit and reach test and the inclinometer measure of hip joint angle. Physical Therapy 1996, 8(76):850-855.
16. Council of Europe Committee for the Development of Sport EUROFIT: Handbook for the EUROFIT tests of physical fitness 1993, Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
17. Davis D.S., Ashby P.E., McCale K.L., McQuain J.A., Wine J.M. The effectiveness of 3 stretching techniques on hamstring flexibility using consistent stretching parameters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2005, 19(1):27-32.
18. Davis D.S., Quinn R.O., Whiteman C.T., Williams J.D., Young C.R. Concurrent validity of four clinical tests used to measure hamstring flexibility. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2008, 22(2):583-588.
19. Dixon J., Keating J.L. Variability in straight leg raise measurements. Physiotherapy 2000, 86(7):361-370.
20. Eiling E., Bryant A.L., Petersen W., Murphy A., Hohmann E. Effects of menstrual-cycle hormone fluctuations on musculotendinous stiffness and knee joint laxity. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 2007, 15:126-132.
21. Ford P., McChesney J. Duration of maintained hamstring ROM following termination of three stretching protocols. Journal of Sports Rehabilitation 2007, 16:18-27.
22. Fredriksen H., Dagfinrud H., Jacobsen V., Maehlum S. Passive knee extension test to measure hamstring muscle tightness. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 1997, 7:279-282.
23. Gajdosik R.L., Leveau B.F., Bohannon R.W. Effects of ankle dorsiflexion on active and passive unilateral straight leg raising. Physical Therapy 1985, 65:1478-1482.
24. Hartman J.G., Looney M. Norm-reference and criterion-referenced reliability and validity of the back-saver sit-and-reach. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 2003, 7(2):71-87.
25. Hemmatinezhad M.A., Afsharnezhad T., Nateghi N., Damirchi A. The relationship between limb length with classical and modified back saver sit-and-reach tests in student boys. International Journal of Fitness 2009, 5(1):69-78.
26. Hoeger W.W., Hopkins D.R. A comparison of the sit and reach and the modified sit and reach in the measurement of flexibility in women. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport 1992, 63:191-195.
27. Holt L.E., Pelham T.W., Burke D.G. Modifications to the standard sit-and-reach flexibility protocol. Journal of Athletic Training 1999, 34(l):43-47.
28. Hopkins, D.R. (1981). The relationship between selected anthropometric measures and sit-and-reach performance. Presented at the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and dance National Measurement Symposium. Houston: Tex.
29. Hopkins W.G. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Medicine 2000, 30(1):1-15.
30. Hopkins W.G. Calculating the reliability intraclass correlation coefficient and its confidence limits (Excel spreadsheet) 2009, http://newstats.org/xICC.xls.
31. Hui S.C., Morrow J.R., Jackson A.W. Comparison of the criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach tests with and without limb length adjustment in Asian adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport 1999, 70:401-406.
32. Hui S.C., Yuen P.Y. Validity of modified back-server sit and reach test: a comparison with other protocols. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2000, 32(9):1655-1659.
33. Jackson A.W., Baker A. The relationship of the sit and reach test to criterion measures of hamstring and back flexibility in young females. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport 1986, 57:183-186.
34. Jones C.J., Rikli R.E., Max J., Noffal G. The reliability and validity of a chair sit-and-reach test as a measure of hamstring flexibility in older adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1998, 69(4):338-343.
35. Kendall F.P., McCreary E.K., Provance P.G. Muscle Testing and Function 1993, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 4th ed.
36. Lemmink K., Kemper H., de Greef M., Rispens P., Stevens M. The validity of the sit-and-reach test and the modified sit-and-reach test in middle-aged to older men and women. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2003, 74(3):331-336.
37. Liemohn W., Sharpe G.L., Wasserman J.F. Criterion related validity of the sit-and-reach test. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 1994, 8:91-94.
38. López-Miñarro P.A., Sainz de Baranda P., Rodríguez-García P.L. A comparison of the sit-and-reach test and back-saber sit-and-reach test in university students. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2009, 8:116-122.
39. López-Miñarro P.A., Sainz de Baranda P., Rodriguez-Garcia P.L., Yuste J.L. Comparison between sit-and-reach test and V sit-and-reach test in young adults. Gazzeta Medical Italiana - Archives of Sciences & Medicine 2008, 167(4):135-142.
40. Osternig L., Robertson R., Troxel R., Hansen P. Differential responses to proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretch techniques. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1989, 22(1):106-111.
41. Pastor, A. (2000). Estudio del morfotipo sagital de la columna y de la extensibilidad de la musculatura isquiosural de jóvenes nadadores de élite españoles. [dissertation]. University of Murcia.
42. Patterson P., Wiksten D.L., Ray L., Flanders C., Sanphy D. The validity and reliability of the back saver sit-and-reach test in middle school girls and boys. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport 1996, 67:448-451.
43. Perret C., Poiraudeau S., Fermanian J., Leflegravelvre M.M., Mayoux M.A., Revel M. Validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the fingertip-to-floor test. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001, 82:1566-1570.
44. Power K., Behm D., Cahill F., Carroll M., Young W. An acute bout of static stretching: effects on force and jumping performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2004, 36(8):1389-1396.
45. Provance S., Heiserman L., Bird E., Mayhew J. Effect of stretch duration on hamstring flexibility. Missouri Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 2006, 16:21-26.
46. Rodríguez-García P.L., López-Miñarro P.A., Yuste J.L., Sainz de Baranda P. Comparison of hamstring criterion-related validity, sagittal spinal curvatures, pelvic tilt and score between sit-and-reach and toe-touch tests in athletes. Medicine dello Sport 2008, 61:11-20.
47. Romani W., Patrie J., Curl L.A., Flaws T. The correlations between estradiol, estrone, estriol, progesterone and sex hormone binding globulin and anterior cruciate ligament stiffness in healthy active females. Journal of Women's Health 2003, 12:287-292.
48. Sainz de Baranda P., Ayala F. Chronic flexibility improvement after 12 week stretching program utilizing the ACSM recommendations: hamstring flexibility. Internacional Journal of Sports Medicine 2010, 31:1-8.
49. Sainz de Baranda P., Rodríguez P.L., Santonja F.M., López P.A., Andújar P., Ferrer V., et al. Effects of hamstring stretching exercises on the toetouch test in elementary schoolchildren. Journal of Human Movement Studies 2006, 51:277-289.
50. Santonja F., Sainz de Baranda P., Rodríguez P.L., López P.A., Canteras M. Effects of frecuency of static stretching on straight-leg raise in elementary schoolchildren. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2006, 47(3):304-308.
51. Schabort E.J., Hopkins W.G., Hawley J.A. Reproducibility of self-paced treadmill performance of trained endurance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine 1998, 19:48-51.
52. Vincent J. Statistics in kinesiology 1994, Human Kinetics Books, Champaign (IL).
53. Wells K.F., Dillon E.K. The sit-and-reach. A test of back and leg flexibility. Research Quarterly 1952, 23:115-118.
54. Youdas J.W., Krause D.A., Hollman J.H. Validity of hamstring muscle length assessment during the sit-and-reach test using an inclinometer to measure hip joint angle. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2008, 22(1):303-309.