Explaining membership in the british national party: A multilevel analysis of contact and threat

European Sociological Review

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 633-646

  Biggs, Michael ^a   Knauss, Steven ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867432233     PISSN: 02667215     EISSN: 14682672     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcr031     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Boston: The Beacon Press.
2. Arzheimer, K. (2009). Contextual factors and the extreme right vote in western Europe, 1980-2002. American Journal of Political Science, 53, 259-275.
3. Bagguley, P. and Hussain, Y. (2008). Riotous Citizens: Ethnic Conflict in Multicultural Britain. Aldershot and Burlington, Vt: Ashgate.
4. Bailey, N. and Livingston, M. (2008). Selective migration and neighbourhood deprivation: evidence from 2001 census migration data for England and Scotland. Urban Studies, 45, 943-961.
5. Blalock, H. M. Jr. (1957). Per cent non-white and discrimination in the South. American Sociological Review, 22, 677-682.
6. Blalock, H. M. Jr. (1967). Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
7. Bobo, L. (1983). Whites' opposition to busing: Symbolic racism or realistic group conflict? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1196-1210.
8. Bowyer, B. (2008). Local context and extreme right support in England: The British National Party in the 2002 and 2003 local elections. Electoral Studies, 27, 611-620.
9. Bowyer, B. (2009). The contextual determinants of whites' racial attitudes in England. British Journal of Political Science, 39, 559-586.
10. Brown, R. and Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 255-343.
11. Carter, E. L. (2005). The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or Failure? Manchester: Manchester University Press.
12. Citrin, J. and Sides, J. (2008). Immigration and the imagined community in the United States. Political Studies, 56, 33-56.
13. Copsey, N. (2008). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy, 2nd edn. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
14. Cutts, D., Ford, R. and Goodwin, M. J. (2011). Anti-immigrant, politically disaffected or still racist after all? Examining the attitudinal drivers of extreme right support in Britain in the 2009 European election. European Journal of Political Research, 50, 418-440.
15. Ford, R. and Goodwin, M. J. (2010). Angry white men: Individual and contextual predictors of support for the British National Party. Political Studies, 58, 1-25.
16. Goodwin, M. J. (2010). Activism in contemporary extreme right parties: The case of the British National Party (BNP). Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 20, 31-54.
17. Hopkins, D. J. (2010). Politicized places: explaining where and when immigrants provoke local opposition. American Political Sciences Review, 104, 40-60.
18. Husbands, C. T. (1979). The 'threat' hypothesis and racist voting in England and the United States. In Miles, R. and Phizacklea, A. (Eds.), Racism and Political Action in Britain. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
19. Husbands, C. T. (1983). Racial Exclusionism and the City: The Urban Support of the National Front. London: George Allen and Unwin.
20. Ignazi, P. (2006). Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, Rev. edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Ivarsflaten, E. (2008). What unites right-wing populists in Western Europe? Re-examining grievance mobilization models in seven successful cases. Comparative Political Studies, 41, 3-23.
22. Klandermans, B. and Mayer, N. (Eds.) (2006). Extreme Right Activists in Europe: Through the Magnifying Glass. London and New York: Routledge.
23. Lee, B. A. et al. (2008). Beyond the census tract: patterns and determinants of racial segregation at different scales. American Sociological Review, 73, 766-791.
24. Lubbers, M., Gisjberts, M. and Scheepers, P. (2002). Extreme right-wing voting in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 41, 345-378.
25. Lubbers, M., Coenders, M. and Scheepers, P. (2006). Objections to asylum seeker centres: Individual and contextual determinants of resistance to small and large centres in the Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 22, 243-257.
26. Lubbers, M. and Scheepers, P. (2001). Explaining the trend in extreme right-wing voting: Germany 1989-1998. European Sociological Review, 17, 431-449.
27. MacAllister, I. et al. (2001). Class dealignment and the neighbourhood effect: Miller revisited. British Journal of Political Science, 31, 41-59.
28. Massey, D. S. and Denton, N. A. (1988). The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67, 281-315.
29. Norris, P. (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Norris, P. (Comp.) (2005). The British Parliamentary Constituency Database, 1992-2005, Release 13 (computer file), available from 5http://www. hksharvardedu/fs/pnorris/Data/Datahtm4 [accessed 11 February 2010].
31. Office of National Statistics (2004). Census 2001: OA to Higher Area and Postcode to OA Lookup Files (computer file).
32. Office of National Statistics (2008). National Statistics Postcode Directory, August 2008 (computer file).
33. Oliver, J. E. and Wong, J. (2003). Intergroup prejudice in multiethnic settings. American Journal of Political Science, 47, 567-582.
34. Olzak, S. (1992). The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
35. Ortega, F. and Polavieja, J. G. (2009). Labor-Market Exposure as a Determinant of Attitudes Toward Immigration, Working Papers in Economics and Social Sciences, IMDEA, Madrid, 2009/14.
36. Peach, C. (2009). Slippery segregation: discovering or manufacturing ghettos? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35, 1381-1395.
37. Petersen, R. (2002). Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Pettigrew, T. F. and Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751-783.
39. Pettigrew, T. F. and Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 922-934.
40. Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: population composition and antiimmigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60, 586-611.
41. Rhodes, J. (2011). ''It's not just them, it's whites as well'': whiteness, class and BNP support. Sociology, 45, 102-117.
42. Rink, N., Phalet, K. and Swyngedouw, M. (2009). The effects of immigrant population size, unemployment, and individual characteristics on voting for the Vlaams Blok in Flanders 1991-1999. European Sociological Review, 25, 411-424.
43. Savelkoul, M., Scheepers, P., Tolsma, J. and Hagendoorn, L. (2010). Anti-Muslim attitudes in the Netherlands: Tests of contradictory hypotheses derived from ethnic competition and intergroup contact theory. European Sociological Review, doi:10.1093/esr/jcq035. Published online ahead of print 25 July 2010.
44. Schneider, S. L. (2007). Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24, 53-67.
45. Semyonov, M., Raijman, R. and Gorodzeisky, A. (2006). The rise of anti-foreigner sentiment in European societies, 1988-2000. American Sociological Review, 71, 426-449.
46. Semyonov, M. and Glikman, A. (2009). Ethnic residential segregation, social contacts, and anti-minority attitudes in European societies. European Sociological Review, 25, 693-708.
47. Simpson, L. (2004). Statistics of racial segregation: measures, evidence and policy. Urban Studies, 41, 661-681.
48. Simpson, L. (2007). Ghettos of the mind: The empirical behaviour of indices of segregation and diversity. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A, 170, 405-424.
49. South Staffordshire (2005). 5http://www.sstaffs.gov.uk/your-services/ electoral-services/elections/elections-in-2005/parliamentary-general-election. aspx4[accessed 15 February 2010].
50. Snijders, T. and Bosker, R. (1999). Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modelling. London and Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
51. Taylor, S. (1979). The incidence of coloured populations and support for the National Front. British Journal of Political Science, 9, 250-255.
52. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M. and Voci, A. (2007). Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergoup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 369-388.
53. Whiteley, P. (1979). The National Front vote in the 1977 GLC elections: An aggregate data analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 9, 370-380.
54. Williams, R. M. Jr (1947). The Reduction of Intergroup Tensions. New York: Social Science Research Council.