The effect of emotional freedom techniques on stress biochemistry: A randomized controlled trial

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

Volumn 200, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 891-896

  Church, Dawson ^a   Yount, Garret ^b   Brooks, Audrey J ^c  

^a Foundation for Epigenetic Medicine   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA PACIFIC MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Cortisol; Depression; EFT (emotional freedom techniques); Physiology; Stress

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

ADULT; ANXIETY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EMOTIONAL FREEDOM TECHNIQUE; EMOTIONALITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERVENTION STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PHOBIA; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOSIS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SALIVA ANALYSIS; SOMATIZATION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT 45;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SALIVA; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84867401400     PISSN: 00223018     EISSN: 1539736X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31826b9fc1     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (43)

1. Baker AH, Siegel L (2010) Emotional freedom techniques (EFT) reduces intense fears: A partial replication and extension of Wells, Polglase, Andrews, Carrington, & Baker (2003). Energy Psychol Theory Res Treat. 2:13-29.
2. Behar ES, Borkovec TD (2003) Psychotherapy outcome research. In Schinka JA, Velicer WF, Weiner IB (Eds), Handbook of psychology (Vol. 2, pp 213-240). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc
3. Belanoff JK, Kalehzan M, Sund B, Ficek SK, Schatzberg AF (2001) Cortisol activity and cognitive changes in psychotic major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 158:1612-1616.
4. Callahan R, Trubo R (2002) Tapping the healer within: Using Thought Field Therapy to instantly conquer your fears, anxieties, and emotional distress. New York: McGraw Hill
5. Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Avins AL, Erro JH, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Delaney K, Hawkes R, Hamilton L, Pressman A, Khalsa PS, Deyo RA (2009) A randomized trial comparing acupuncture, simulated acupuncture, and usual care for chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 169:858-866.
6. Church D (2010) The treatment of combat trauma in veterans using EFT (emotional freedom techniques): A pilot protocol. Traumatology. 16:55-65.
7. Craig G (2008/2011). The EFT manual. Santa Rosa, CA: Energy Psychology Press
8. Cruess DG, Antoni MH, Kumar M, Schneiderman N (2000) Reductions in salivary cortisol are associated with mood improvement during relaxation training among HIV-seropositive men. J Behav Med. 23:107-122.
9. Dardik I (1996) The origin of disease and health, heart waves: The single solution to heart rate variability and ischemic preconditioning. Cycles. 46:67-77.
10. Davison ML, Bershadsky B, Bieber B, Silversmith D, Maruish ME, Kane RL (1997) Development of a brief, multidimensional, self-report instrument for treatment outcomes assessment in psychiatric settings: Preliminary findings. Assessment 4:259-275.
11. Fang J, Jin Z, Wang Y, Li K, Kong J, Nixon EE, Zeng Y, Ren Y, Tong H, Wang Y, Wang P, Hui KK (2009) The salient characteristics of the central effects of acupuncture needling: Limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network modulation. Hum Brain Mapp. 30:1196-1206.
12. Feinstein D (2010) Rapid treatment of PTSD: Why psychological exposure with acupoint tapping may be effective. Psychother Theory Res Pract Train. 47: 385-402.
13. Feinstein D, Church D (2010) Modulating gene expression through psychotherapy: The contribution of non-invasive somatic interventions. Rev Gen Psychol. 14:283-295.
14. Gaab J, Blättler N, Menzi T, Pabst B, Stoyer S, Ehlert U (2003) Randomized controlled evaluation of the effects of cognitive-behavioral stress management on cortisol responses to acute stress in healthy subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 28:767-779.
15. Gallo F (2009) Energy psychology in rehabilitation: Origins, applications, and theory. Energy Psychol Theory Res Treat. 1:57-72.
16. Gold PW (2005) The neurobiology of stress and its relevance to psychotherapy. Clin Neurosci Res. 4:315-324.
17. Haren MT, Malmstrom TK, Banks WA, Patrick P, Miller DK, Morley JE (2007) Lower serum DHEAS levels are associated with a higher degree of physical disability and depressive symptoms in middle-aged to older African American women. Maturitas. 57:347-360.
18. Hellhammer DH,Wü sta S, Kudielka BM (2008) Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroimmunology. 34:163-171.
19. Hui KKS, Liu J, Makris N, Gollub RW, Chen AJW, Moore CI, Kennedy DN, Rosen BR, Kwong KK (2000) Acupuncture modulates the limbic system and subcortical gray structures of the human brain: Evidence from fMRI studies in normal subjects. Hum Brain Mapp. 9:13-25.
20. Karatzias T, Power K, Brown K, McGoldrick T, Begum M, Young J, Loughran P, Chouliara Z, Adams S (2011) A controlled comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of two psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder: EMDR vs. EFT. J Nerv Ment Dis. 199:372-378.
21. Kellner M, Yehuda R, Arlt J, Wiedemann K (2002) Longitudinal course of salivary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 105:153-156.
22. Kendall-Tackett K (2009) Psychological trauma and physical health: A psychoneuroimmunology approach to etiology of negative health effects and possible interventions. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 1:35-48.
23. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH (1989) Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: An overview. Neuropsychobiology. 22:150-169.
24. Lane J (2009) Using acupressure as a method of desensitization during psychotherapy: The biochemistry of counterconditioning. Energy Psychol Theory Res Treat. 1:31-44.
25. Lambrou PT, Pratt GJ, Chevalier G (2003) Physiological and psychological effects of a mind/body therapy on claustrophobia. Subtle Energies Energy Med. 14:239-251.
26. LeDoux JE, Gorman JM (2001) A call to action: Overcoming anxiety through active coping. Am J Psychiatry. 158:1953-1955.
27. Lester SR, Brown JR, Aycock JE, Grubbs SL, Johnson RB (2010) Use of saliva for assessment of stress and its effect on the immune system prior to gross anatomy practical examinations. Anat Sci Educ. 3:160-167.
28. Lutgendorf S, Logan H, Kirchner HL, Rothrock N, Svengalis S, Iverson K, Lubaroff D (2000) Effects of relaxation and stress on the capsaicin-induced local inflammatory response. Psychosom Med. 62:524-534.
29. Maruish ME (1999) Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire (SAY45). In Maruish ME (Ed), The use of psychological testing, treatment planning and outcomes assessment (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
30. McKinney CH, Antoni MH, Kumar M, Tims FC, McCabe PM (1997) Effects of guided imagery and music (GIM) therapy on mood and cortisol in healthy adults. Health Psychol. 16:390-400.
31. Napadow V, Kettner N, Liu J, Li M, Kwong KK, Vangel M, Makris N, Audette J, Hui KK (2007) Hypothalamus and amygdala response to acupuncture stimuli in carpal tunnel syndrome. Pain. 130:254-266.
32. Nater UM, Whistler T, Lonergan W, Mletzko T, Vernon SD, Heim C (2009) Impact of acute psychosocial stress on peripheral blood gene expression pathways in healthy men. Biol Psychol. 82:1250-132.
33. Newberg A (2008) Spirituality, the brain, and health. In Measuring the immeasurable (p 356). Boulder, CO: Sounds True Inc
34. Olff M, de Vries GJ, Güzelcan Y, Assies J, Gersons BP (2007) Changes in cortisol and DHEA plasma levels after psychotherapy for PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 32:619-626.
35. Oschman J (2006) Trauma energetics. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 10:21.
36. Robles TF, Shaffer VA, Malarkey WB, Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2006) Positive behaviors during marital conflict: Influences on stress hormones. J Soc Pers Relat. 23:305-325.
37. Salas MM, Brooks AJ, Rowe JE (2011) The immediate effect of a brief energy psychology intervention (emotional freedom techniques) on specific phobias: A pilot study. Explore. 7:155-161.
38. Stalder T, Evans P, Hucklebridge F, Clow A (2010) Associations between the cortisol awakening response and heart rate variability. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 36:454-462.
39. Thase ME, Dube S, Bowler K, Howland RH, Myers JE, Friedman E, Jarrett DB (1996) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity and response to cognitive behavior therapy in unmedicated, hospitalized depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry. 153:886-891.
40. van der Kolk B (2006) The trauma spectrum: The interaction of biological and social events in the genesis of the trauma response. J Trauma Stress. 1:273-290.
41. Wells S, Polglase K, Andrews HB, Carrington P, Baker AH (2003) Evaluation of a meridian-based intervention, emotional freedom techniques (EFT), for reducing specific phobias of small animals. J Clin Psychol. 59:943-966.
42. Wolkowitz OM, Epel ES, Reus VI, Mellon SH (2010) Depression gets old fast: Do stress and depression accelerate cell aging Depress Anxiety. 27:327-338.
43. Wolpe J (1973) The Practice of Therapy (2nd ed.) New York: Pergamon Press