Sea cucumber culture, farming and sea ranching in the tropics: Progress, problems and opportunities

Aquaculture

Volumn 368-369, Issue , 2012, Pages 68-81

  Purcell, Steven W ^a   Hair, Cathy A ^b   Mills, David J ^b,c  

^a SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c WORLDFISH   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

Co culture; Economic analysis; Holothurian; Mariculture; Pond culture; Sea ranching

Indexed keywords

COASTAL ZONE; DATA SET; ECHINODERM; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; GROWTH RATE; HABITAT TYPE; JUVENILE; MARICULTURE; MICROALGA; MONOCULTURE; POPULATION STRUCTURE; PREDATION; REMEDIATION; REPTILE; SURVIVAL;

CHINA; HONG KONG;

HOLOTHURIA; HOLOTHURIA SCABRA; HOLOTHUROIDEA; PENNATULACEA;

EID: 84867226522     PISSN: 00448486     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.053     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Agudo N.S. Sandfish Hatchery Techniques 2006, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Secretariat of the Pacific Community and The WorldFish Center, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
2. Agudo N.S. Pond grow-out trials for sandfish (Holothuria scabra) in New Caledonia. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:104-112. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
3. Anderson S.C., Flemming J.M., Watson R., Lotze H.K. Serial exploitation of global sea cucumber fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 2010, 12:317-339.
4. Battaglene S.C. Culture of tropical sea cucumbers for stock restoration and enhancement. Naga - The ICLARM Quarterly 1999, 22(4):4-11.
5. Battaglene S.C., Bell J.D. The restocking of sea cucumbers in the Pacific Islands. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 2004, 429:109-132. FAO, Rome. D.M. Bartley, K.L. Leber (Eds.).
6. Battaglene S.C., Seymour J.E. Detachment and grading of the tropical sea cucumber sandfish, Holothuria scabra, juveniles from settlement substrates. Aquaculture 1998, 159:263-274.
7. Battaglene S.C., Seymour J.E., Ramofafia C. Survival and growth of cultured juvenile sea cucumbers Holothuria scabra. Aquaculture 1999, 178:293-322.
8. Battaglene S.C., Seymour J.E., Ramofafia C., Lane I. Spawning induction of three tropical sea cucumbers Holothuria scabra, H. fuscogilva and Actinopyga mauritiana. Aquaculture 2002, 207:29-47.
9. Bell J.D., Rothlisberg P.C., Munro J.L., Loneragan N.R., Nash W.J., Ward R.D., Andrew N.L. Restocking and stock enhancement of marine invertebrate fisheries. Advances in Marine Biology 2005, 49:1-370.
10. Bell J.D., Agudo N.S., Purcell S.W., Blazer P., Simutoga M., Pham D., Della Patrona L. Grow-out of sandfish Holothuria scabra in ponds shows that co-culture with shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris is not viable. Aquaculture 2007, 273:509-519.
11. Bell J.D., Purcell S.W., Nash W.J. Restoring small-scale fisheries for tropical sea cucumbers. Ocean and Coastal Management 2008, 51:589-593.
12. Bowman W.M. Sandfish production and development of sea ranching in northern Australia. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:75-78. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
13. Brown E., Perez M., Garces R., Ragaza R., Bassig R., Zaragoza E. Value Chain Analysis for Sea Cucumber in the Philippines 2010, WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia.
14. Choi J., Seo J.-Y., Lee S.-M., Choi Effects of sources and levels of dietary carbohydrate on growth and body composition of juvenile sea cucumbers, Apostichopus japonicus. Fisheries and Aquatic Science 2009, 12:203-208.
15. Conand C. The fishery resources of Pacific island countries, Part 2: holothurians. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 1990, 272.2. FAO, Rome.
16. Conand C. Reproductive biology of the holothurians from the major communities of the New Caledonian lagoon. Marine Biology 1993, 116:439-450.
17. Conand C. Overview over the last decade of sea cucumber fisheries - what possibilities for a durable management?. Echinoderms 2000: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference, Dunedin, New Zealand 2001, 339-344. AA Balkeema, Rotterdam. M. Barker (Ed.).
18. Dance S.K., Lane I., Bell J.D. Variation in short-term survival of cultured sandfish (Holothuria scabra) released in mangrove-seagrass and coral reef flat habitats in Solomon Islands. Aquaculture 2003, 220:495-505.
19. Duy N.D.Q. Seed production of sandfish (Holothuria scabra) in Vietnam. Aquaculture Extension Manual 2010, 48. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Iloilo, Philippines.
20. Duy N.D.Q. Large-scale sandfish production from pond culture in Vietnam. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:34-39. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
21. Eeckhaut I., Parmentier E., Becker P., Da Silva S.G., Jangoux M. Parasites and biotic diseases in field and cultivated sea cucumbers. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 2004, 463:311-325. FAO, Rome. A. Lovatelli, C. Conand, S. Purcell, S. Uthicke, J.-F. Hamel, A. Mercier (Eds.).
22. Eeckhaut I., Lavitra T., Léonet A., Jangoux M., Rasolofonirina R. In-vitro fertilisation: a simple, efficient method for obtaining sea cucumber larvae year round. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:40-49. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
23. Eriksson H. Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) farming in a social-ecological context: conclusions from Zanzibar. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:196-202. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
24. Eriksson H., Robinson G., Slater M.J., Troell M. Sea cucumber aquaculture in the western Indian Ocean: challenges for sustainable livelihood and stock improvement. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment: 2012, 41:109-121.
25. FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries 1995, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
26. Ferdouse F. World markets and trade flows of sea cucumber / bêche-de-mer. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 2004, 463:101-117. FAO, Rome. A. Lovatelli, C. Conand, S. Purcell, S. Uthicke, J.-F. Hamel, A. Mercier (Eds.).
27. Fleming A.E. Sea ranching of sandfish in an Indigenous community within a well-regulated fishery (Northern Territory, Australia). ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:156-160. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
28. Francour P. Predation on holothurians: a literature review. Invertebrate Biology 1997, 116:52-60.
29. Friedman K., Tekanene M. White teatfish at Kiribati sea cucumber hatchery: local technicians getting them out again. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 2005, 21:32-33.
30. Friedman K., Eriksson H., Tardy E., Pakoa K. Management of sea cucumber stocks: patterns of vulnerability and recovery of sea cucumber stocks impacted by fishing. Fish and Fisheries 2011, 12:75-93.
31. Gamboa R.U., Aurelio R.A., Ganad D.A., Concepcion L.B., Abreo N.A.S. Small-scale hatcheries and simple technologies for sandfish (Holothuria scabra) production. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:63-74. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
32. Hair C. Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) production and sea-ranching trial in Fiji. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:129-141. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
33. Hair C.A., Johnston A. Sea cucumber aquaculture in far North Queensland. Austasia Aquaculture 2008, 22(1):55-59.
34. Hair C., Kaure T., Southgate P., Pickering T. Potential breakthrough in hatchery culture of sandfish Holothuria scabra by using algal concentrate as food. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 2011, 31:60-61.
35. Asia-Pacific Tropical Sea Cucumber Aquaculture, Proceedings of an International Symposium Held in Noumea, New Caledonia, 15-17 February 2011. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
36. Hamel J.-F., Conand C., Pawson D.L., Mercier A. The sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata): its biology and exploitation as beche-de-mer. Advances in Marine Biology 2001, 41:129-223.
37. Hasan M.H. Destruction of a Holothuria scabra population by overfishing at Abu Rhamada Island in the Red Sea. Marine Environmental Research 2005, 60:489-511.
38. Hindar K., Ryman N., Utter F. Genetic effects of cultured fish on natural fish populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1991, 48:945-957.
39. Ivy G., Giraspy D.A.B. Development of large-scale hatchery production techniques for the commercially important sea cucumber Holothuria scabra var. versicolor (Conand, 1986) in Queensland, Australia. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 2006, 24:28-34.
40. James D.B. Culture of sea-cucumber. Bulletin of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute 1996, 48:120-126.
41. James D.B. Captive breeding of the sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, from India. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 2004, 463:385-395. FAO, Rome. A. Lovatelli, C. Conand, S. Purcell, S. Uthicke, J.-F. Hamel, A. Mercier (Eds.).
42. Jangoux M. Diseases of echinodermata. Diseases of Marine Animals. Vol. 3 1990, 439-567. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, Germany. O. Kine (Ed.).
43. Jimmy R.A., Pickering T.D., Hair C.A. Overview of sea cucumber aquaculture and stocking research in the Western Pacific region. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:12-21. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
44. Johnston B.L. Applying economic decision tools to improve management and profitability of sandfish industries in the Asia-Pacific region. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:205-209. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
45. Juinio-Meñez M.A., de Peralta G.M., Dumalan R.J.P., Edullantes C.M., Catbagan T.O. Ocean nursery systems for scaling up juvenile sandfish (Holothuria scabra) production: ensuring opportunities for small fishers. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:57-62. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
46. Juinio-Meñez M.A., Paña M.A., de Peralta G.M., Olavides R.D., Catbagan T.O., Edullantes C.M., Rodriguez B.D. Establishment and management of communal sandfish (Holothuria scabra) sea ranching in the Philippines. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:121-127. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
47. Kinch J., Purcell S., Uthicke S., Friedman K. Population status, fisheries and trade of sea cucumbers in the Western Central Pacific. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 2008, 516:7-55. FAO, Rome. V. Toral-Granda, A. Lovatelli, M. Vasconcellos (Eds.).
48. Knauer J. Growth and survival of larval sandfish, Holothuria scabra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), fed different microalgae. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 2011, 42:880-887.
49. Lavitra T., Rasolofonirina R., Jangoux M., Eeckhaut I. Problems related to the farming of Holothuria scabra (Jaeger, 1833). SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 2009, 29:20-30.
50. Lavitra T., Rasolofonirina R., Eeckhaut I. The effect of sediment quality and stocking density on survival and growth of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra reared in nursery ponds and sea pens. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2010, 9(2):153-164.
51. Le Vay L., Carvalho G.R., Quinitio E.T., Lebata J.H., Ut V.N., Fushimi H. Quality of hatchery-reared juveniles for marine fisheries stock enhancement. Aquaculture 2007, 268:169-180.
52. Léonet A., Rasolofonirina R., Wattiez R., Jangoux M., Eeckhaut I. A new method to induce oocyte maturation in holothuroids (Echinodermata). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 2009, 53:13-21.
53. Li L., Li Q. Effects of stocking density, temperature, and salinity on larval survival and growth of the red race of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). Aquaculture International 2010, 18(3):447-460.
54. Lovatelli A., Conand C., Purcell S., Uthicke S., Hamel J.-F., Mercier A. Advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 2004, 463. FAO, Rome.
55. Luttrell C. Adapting to aquaculture in Vietnam: securing livelihoods in a context of change in two coastal communities. Environment and Livelihoods in Tropical Coastal Zones; Managing Agriculture-Fishery-Aquaculture Conflicts 2006, 17-29. CABI, Oxford. C.T. Hoanh, T.P. Tuong, J.W. Gowing, B. Hardy (Eds.).
56. Meo S.V. Marine tenure and the role of marine protected areas for sea cucumber grow-out in the Pacific region. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:162-167. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
57. Mercier A., Ycaza R.H., Hamel J.-F. Aquaculture of the Galapagos sea cucumber, Isostichopus fuscus. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 2004, 463:347-358. FAO, Rome. A. Lovatelli, C. Conand, S. Purcell, S. Uthicke, J.-F. Hamel, A. Mercier (Eds.).
58. Mercier A., Ycaza R.H., Espinoza R., Arriaga Haro V.M., Hamel J.F. Hatchery experience and useful lessons from Isostichopus fuscus in Ecuador and Mexico. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:79-90. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
59. Mills D.J., Duy N.D.Q., Juinio-Menez M.A., Raison C.M., Zarate J.M. Overview of sea cucumber aquaculture and sea-ranching research in the South-East Asian region. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:22-31. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
60. Morgan A.D. Induction of spawning in the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 2000, 31:186-194.
61. Muthiga N.A., Kawaka J.A. The breeding pattern and variations in timing and reproductive output of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria fuscogilva in Kenya. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2009, 8(2):183-192.
62. Pakoa K.M., Bertram I., Friedman K.J., Tardy E. Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) fisheries in the Pacific region: present status, management overview and outlook for rehabilitation. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:168-176. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
63. Paltzat D.L., Pearce C.M., Barnes P.A., McKinley R.S. Growth and production of California sea cucumbers (Parastichopus californicus Stimpson) co-cultured with suspended Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg). Aquaculture 2008, 275:124-137.
64. Pascal B., Robinson G. Handbook for sandfish farming. Regional Programme for the Sustainable Management of the Coastal Zones of the Countries of the Indian Ocean (ReCoMaP) 2011, Indian Ocean Commission, Quatre-Bornes, Île Maurice.
65. Perez M., Brown E. Market potential and challenges for expanding the production of sea cucumber in South-East Asia. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:177-188. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
66. Pitt R., Duy N.D.Q. Breeding and rearing of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra in Viet Nam. Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 463 2004, 333-346. FAO, Rome. A. Lovatelli, C. Conand, S.W. Purcell, S. Uthicke, J.-F. Hamel, A. Mercier (Eds.).
67. Pitt R., Duy N.D.Q., Duy T.V., Long H.T.C. Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) with shrimp (Penaeus monodon) co-culture tank trials. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 2004, 20:12-22.
68. Polidoro B., Tognelli M., Harwell H., et al. IUCN Red List workshop for sea cucumbers. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 2011, 31:65.
69. Purcell S.W. Rapid growth and bioturbation activity of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra in earthen ponds. Proceedings of Australasian Aquaculture 2004, 2004:244.
70. Purcell S.W. Criteria for release strategies and evaluating the restocking of sea cucumbers. Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 463 2004, 181-191. FAO, Rome. A. Lovatelli, C. Conand, S.W. Purcell, S. Uthicke, J.-F. Hamel, A. Mercier (Eds.).
71. Purcell, S.W., 2010. Managing sea cucumber fisheries with an ecosystem approach. Edited/compiled by Lovatelli, A., M. Vasconcellos and Y. Yimin. FAO Fisheries and AquacultureTechnical Paper 520. FAO, Rome.
72. Purcell S.W. Principles and science of stocking marine areas with sea cucumbers. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:92-103. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
73. Purcell S., Eeckhaut I. An external check for disease and health of hatchery produced sea cucumbers. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 2005, 22:34-38.
74. Purcell S.W., Kirby D.S. Restocking the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra: sizing no-take zones through individual-based movement modelling. Fisheries Research (Amsterdam) 2006, 80(1):53-61.
75. Purcell S.W., Simutoga M. Spatio-temporal and size-dependent variation in the success of releasing cultured sea cucumbers in the wild. Reviews in Fisheries Science 2008, 16:204-214.
76. Purcell S.W., Blockmans B.F., Agudo N.S. Transportation methods for restocking of juvenile sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra. Aquaculture 2006, 251:238-244.
77. Purcell S.W., Blockmans B.F., Nash W.J. Efficacy of chemical markers and physical tags for large-scale release of an exploited holothurian. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2006, 334:283-293.
78. Purcell S.W., Patrois J., Fraisse N. Experimental evaluation of co-culture of juvenile sea cucumbers, Holothuria scabra (Jaeger), with juvenile blue shrimp, Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson). Aquaculture Research 2006, 37(5):515-522.
79. Purcell, S.W., Mercier, A., Conand, C., Hamel, J.-F., Toral-Granda, V., Lovatelli, A., Uthicke, S., in press. Sea cucumber fisheries: global analysis of stocks, management measures and drivers of overfishing. Fish and Fisheries doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00443.x.
80. Purcell S.W., Samyn Y., Conand C. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World 2012, FAO, Rome.
81. Raison C.M. Advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and prospects for commercial culture of Holothuria scabra. CAB Reviews 2008, 3(82):1-15.
82. Robinson G., Pascal B. From hatchery to community: Madagascar's first village-based holothurian mariculture programme. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 2009, 29:38-43.
83. Robinson G., Pascal B. Sea cucumber farming experiences in south-west Madagascar. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:142-155. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
84. 3 budget: a case study at One Tree Reef. Journal of Geophysical Research 2011, 116:G04032. 10.1029/ 2011JG001755.
85. Simos T. Understanding the sea cucumber (beche-de-mer) value chain in Fiji and Tonga. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:189-194. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
86. Slater M.J., Carton A.G. Survivorship and growth of the sea cucumber Australostichopus (Stichopus) mollis (Hutton 1872) in polyculture trials with green-lipped mussel farms. Aquaculture 2007, 272(1-4):389-398.
87. Slater M.J., Carton A.G. Sea cucumber habitat differentiation and site retention as determined by intraspecific stable isotope variation. Aquaculture Research 2010, 41:e695-e702.
88. Tlusty M.F., Hardy R., Cross S.F. Limiting size of fish fillets at the center of the plate improves the sustainability of aquaculture production. Sustainability 2011, 3:957-964.
89. Toral-Granda V., Lovatelli A., Vasconcellos M. Sea cucumbers: a global review of fisheries and trade. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 2008, 516. FAO, Rome.
90. Tuwo A. Status of sea cucumber fisheries and farming in Indonesia. Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 463 2004, 49-55. FAO, Rome. A. Lovatelli, C. Conand, S.W. Purcell, S. Uthicke, J.-F. Hamel, A. Mercier (Eds.).
91. Uthicke S. Sediment bioturbation and impact of feeding activity of Holothuria (Halodeima) atra and Stichopus chloronotus, two sediment feeding holothurians, at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 1999, 64:129-141.
92. Uthicke S., Benzie J.A.H. Restricted gene flow between Holothuria scabra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) populations along the north-east coast of Australia and the Solomon Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2001, 216:109-117.
93. Uthicke S., Klumpp D.W. Microphytobenthos community production at a near-shore coral reef: seasonal variation and response to ammonium recycled by holothurians. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1998, 169:1-11.
94. Uthicke S., Purcell S. Preservation of genetic diversity in restocking of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra planned through allozyme electrophoresis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2004, 61:519-528.
95. Wang Y.G., Zhang C., Rong X., Chen J., Shi C. Diseases of cultured sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, in China. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 2004, 463:297-310. FAO, Rome. A. Lovatelli, C. Conand, S. Purcell, S. Uthicke, J.-F. Hamel, A. Mercier (Eds.).
96. Watanabe S., Kodama M., Zarate J.M., Lebata-Ramos M.J.H., Nievales M.F.J. Ability of sandfish (Holothuria scabra) to utilise organic matter in black tiger shrimp ponds. ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:113-120. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
97. Watanabe S., Zarate J.M., Lebata-Ramos M.J.H., Nievales M.F.J. Evaluation of nutritional condition of juvenile sandfish (Holothuria scabra). ACIAR Proceedings 2012, 136:50-56. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. C.A. Hair, T.D. Pickering, D.J. Mills (Eds.).
98. Wolkenhauer S.M., Uthicke S., Burridge C., Skewes T., Pitcher R. The ecological role of Holothuria scabra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) within subtropical seagrass beds. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2010, 90(2):215-223.
99. Xia S., Yang H., Li Y., Liu S., Zhou Y., Zhang L. Effects of different seaweed diets on growth, digestibility, and ammonia-nitrogen production of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). Aquaculture 2012, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.01.010.
100. Yuan X., Yang H., Wang L., Zhou Y., Gabr H.R. Effects of salinity on energy budget in pond-cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Aquaculture 2010, 306:348-351.
101. Zamora L.N., Jeffs A.G. Feeding, selection, digestion and absorption of the organic matter from mussel waste by juveniles of the deposit-feeding sea cucumber, Australostichopus mollis. Aquaculture 2011, 317:223-228.
102. Zhou Y., Yang H., Liu S., Yuan X., Mao Y., Liu Y., Xu X., Zhang F. Feeding and growth on bivalve biodeposits by the deposit feeder Stichopus japonicus Selenka (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) co-cultured in lantern nets. Aquaculture 2006, 256:510-520.