"Forever Hmong": Ethnic Minority Livelihoods and Agrarian Transition in Upland Northern Vietnam

Professional Geographer

Volumn 64, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 540-553

  Turner, Sarah ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

agrarian transition; Hmong; livelihoods; state intervention; Vietnam

Indexed keywords

AGRARIAN CHANGE; AGRICULTURAL WORKER; ETHNIC MINORITY; FIELDWORK;

VIET NAM;

EID: 84867224771     PISSN: 00330124     EISSN: 14679272     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00330124.2011.611438     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Akram-Lodhi, A. H., Borras, S. M. Jr. and Kay, C., eds. 2007. Land, poverty and livelihoods in an era of globalization, London and New York: Routledge.
2. Alexander, J. and Alexander, P. 1982. Shared poverty as ideology: Agrarian relationships in colonial Java. Man, 17(4): 597-619.
3. Alther, C., Castella, J.-C., Novosad, P., Rousseau, E. and Hieu, Tran Trong. 2002. "Impact of accessibility on the range of livelihood options available to farm households in mountainous areas of northern Viet Nam". In Doi Moi in the Mountains: Land use changes and farmers' livelihood strategies in Bac Kan province, Viet Nam, Edited by: Castella, J.-C. and Quang, Dang Dinh. 121-46. Hanoi, Vietnam: The Agricultural Publishing House.
4. Amoore, L., ed. 2005. The global resistance reader, London and New York: Routledge.
5. Baulch, B., Chuyen, Truong Thi Kim, Haughton, D. and Haughton, J. 2002. Ethnic minority development in Vietnam: A socioeconomic perspective. Vol. 1. Policy Research Working Paper, WPS 2836, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
6. Bernstein, H. and Byres, T. J. 2001. From peasant studies to agrarian change. Journal of Agrarian Change, 1(1): 1-56.
7. Bonnin, C. and Turner, S. Forthcoming. At what price rice? Food security, livelihood vulnerability, and state interventions in upland Northern Vietnam, Geoforum.
8. Borras, S. M. Jr., Kay, C. and Akram-Lodhi, A. H. 2007. "Agrarian reform and rural development. Historical overview and current issues". In Land, poverty and livelihoods in an era of globalization, Edited by: Akram-Lodhi, A. H., Borras, S. M. Jr. and Kay, C. 1-40. London and New York: Routledge.
9. Bouahom, B., Douangsavanh, L. and Rigg, J. 2004. Building sustainable livelihoods in Laos: Untangling farm from non-farm, progress from distress. Geoforum, 35: 607-19.
10. Buttel, F. H. and McMichael, P. 1988. Sociology and rural history: Summary and critique. Social Science History, 12: 93-120.
11. Centre des Archives d'outre-mer (CAOM). 1898. GGI 66105 Ba-Xat. Written by Lieutenant Victor Frobet, France: Archives Nationales, Aix-en-Provence.
12. Chambers, R. and Conway, G. 1992. Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century, Sussex, UK: IDS.
13. Condominas, G. 1978. "L'Asie du Sud-Est". In Ethnologie Régionale 2 [Regional Ethnology 2], Edited by: Poirier, J. 283-374. Paris: Gallimard Encyclopédie de la Pleïade.
14. Corlin, C. 2004. "Hmong and the land question in Vietnam: National policy and local concepts of the environment". In Hmong-Miao in Asia, Edited by: Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C. and Lee, G. Y. 295-320. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
15. Cribb, R. and Narangoa, L. 2004. Orphans of empire: Divided peoples, dilemmas of identity, and old imperial borders in East and Southeast Asia. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 46(1): 164-87.
16. Dang, Nghiem Van, Son, Chu Thai and Hung, Luu. 2000. Ethnic minorities in Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam: The Gioi Publishers.
17. DiGregorio, M., Phuong, Pham Thi Quynh and Yasui, M. 1996. The growth and impact of tourism in Sa Pa: A report on the research conducted in conjunction with the training workshop on human dimensions of sustainable upland resource management, Hanoi, Vietnam: Center for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies and The East-West Center.
18. Donnell, J. C. 1980. Vietnam 1979: Year of calamity. Asian Survey, 20(1): 19-32.
19. Edelman, M. 2001. Social movements: Changing paradigms and forms of politics. Annual Review of Anthropology, 30: 285-317.
20. Ellis, F. 1998. Household livelihood strategies and rural livelihood diversification. Journal of Development Studies, 35(1): 1-38.
21. Ellis, F. 2000. Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
22. Fahey, S. 1997. Vietnam and the "Third Way": The nature of socio-economic transition. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 88: 469-80.
23. Fforde, A. and de Vylder, S. 1996. From plan to market: The economic transition in Vietnam, Boulder, CO: Westview.
24. General Statistics Office of Vietnam. 2008. Survey on household living standards/Kho sát mú'c hô gia d{stroke}ình nǎm 2008, Hanoi, Vietnam: Statistical Publishing House.
25. Harrison, G. 2001. Peasants, the agrarian question and lenses of development. Progress in Development Studies, 1: 187-203.
26. Hart, G. 1986. Power, labor and livelihood: Processes of change in rural Java., Berkeley: University of California Press.
27. Hart, G., Turton, A. and White, B., eds. 1989. Agrarian transformations: Local processes and the state in Southeast Asia., Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
28. Hirsch, P. 1989. The state in the village: Interpreting rural development in Thailand. Development and Change, 20(1): 35-56.
29. Hollander, J. A. and Einwohner, R. L. 2004. Conceptualizing resistance. Sociological Forum, 19(4): 533-54.
30. Kerkvliet, B. J. T. 1995. "Rural society and state relations". In Vietnam's rural transformation, Edited by: Kerkvliet, B. and Porter, D. 65-96. Boulder, CO: Westview.
31. Kerkvliet, B. J. T. 2003. "Authorities and the people: An analysis of state-society relations in Vietnam". In Postwar Vietnam: Dynamics of a transforming society, Edited by: Hy, L. V. 27-54. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
32. Kerkvliet, B. J. T. 2005. The power of everyday politics: how Vietnamese peasants transformed national policy, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
33. Kerkvliet, B. J. T. 2009. Everyday politics in peasant societies (and ours). Journal of Peasant Studies, 36(1): 227-43.
34. Koh, P. 2002. Perception and portrayal of minorities in Vietnamese communist ethnology (1954-2001). MA thesis, Department of History, National University of Singapore.
35. Le, V. L. 2004. Hoang Lien National Park, Sa Pa, Vietnam: Sa Pa Tourism and Information Centre.
36. Mackerras, C. 2003. China's ethnic minorities and globalization, London and New York: Routledge Curzon.
37. Marsden, T., Munton, R., Ward, N. and Whatmore, S. 1996. Agricultural geography and the political economy approach: A review. Economic Geography, 72(4): 361-75.
38. McElwee, P. 2004. "Becoming socialist or becoming Kinh? Government policies for ethnic minorities in the socialist republic of Vietnam". In Civilizing the margins: Southeast Asian government policies for the development of minorities, Edited by: Duncan, C. R. 182-213. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
39. Michaud, J. 2010. Editorial: Zomia and beyond. Journal of Global History, 5(2): 187-214.
40. Michaud, J. and Turner, S. 2006. Contending visions of a hill-station in Vietnam. Annals of Tourism Research, 33: 785-808.
41. Moore, D. S. 1998. Subaltern struggles and the politics of place: Remapping resistance in Zimbabwe's eastern highlands. Cultural Anthropology, 13: 1-38.
42. Nevins, J. and Peluso, N., eds. 2008. Taking Southeast Asia to market: Commodities, nature, and people in the neoliberal age, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
43. Niehof, A. 2004. The significance of diversification for rural livelihood systems. Food Policy, 29: 321-38.
44. Oxfam. 2001. Rice for the poor and trade liberalization. Final draft report, Hanoi, Vietnam: Oxfam GB and Oxfam UK.
45. Peluso, N. 1992. Rich forests, poor people: Resource control and resistance in Java, Berkeley: University of California Press.
46. Putzel, J. 1992. A captive land: The politics of agrarian reform in the Philippines, London and New York: Catholic Institute for International Relations and Monthly Review Press.
47. Rambo, A. T. 1997. "Development trends in Vietnam's northern mountain region". In Development trends in Vietnam's northern mountain region: Vol. 1. An overview and analysis, Edited by: Donovan, D., Rambo, A. T., Fox, J., Cuc, L. T. and Vien, T. D. 5-52. Hanoi, Vietnam: National Political Publishing House.
48. Rigg, J. 1994. Redefining the village and rural life: Lessons from South East Asia. The Geographical Journal, 160(2): 123-35.
49. Rigg, J. 2001. More than the soil: Rural change in Southeast Asia, London: Prentice Hall.
50. Scott, J. C. 1976. The moral economy of the peasant: Rebellion and subsistence in Southeast Asia, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
51. Scott, J. C. 1985. Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
52. Scott, J. C. 2009. The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
53. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 2010. The 2009 Vietnam population and housing census: Completed results, Hanoi, Vietnam: General Statistics Office.
54. Sowerwine, J. C. 2004. The political ecology of yao (dzao) landscape transformations: Territory, gender and livelihood politics in highland Vietnam. PhD thesis, Berkeley: Department of Wildlife Resource Sciences, University of California.
55. Tugault-Lafleur, C. and Turner, S. 2009. The price of spice: Ethnic minority livelihoods and cardamom commodity chains in upland northern Vietnam. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 30: 388-403.
56. Tugault-Lafleur, C. and Turner, S. 2011. "Of rice and spice: Hmong livelihoods and diversification in the northern Vietnam uplands". In Moving mountains: Ethnicity and livelihoods in highland China, Vietnam and Laos, Edited by: Michaud, J. and Forsyth, T. 100-22. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press.
57. Turner, S. 2007. Trading old textiles: The selective diversification of highland livelihoods in northern Vietnam. Human Organization, 66(4): 389-404.
58. Turner, S. 2010. Borderlands and border narratives: A longitudinal study of challenges and opportunities for local traders shaped by the Sino-Vietnamese border. Journal of Global History, 5: 265-87.
59. Turner, S. 2011. Making a living the Hmong way: An actor-oriented livelihoods approach to everyday politics and resistance in upland Vietnam. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, doi: 10.1080/00045608.2011.596392
60. Turner, S. and Caouette, D. 2009. Agrarian angst: Rural resistance in Southeast Asia. Geography Compass, 3: 950-75.
61. Turner, S. and Michaud, J. 2008. Imaginative and adaptive economic strategies for Hmong livelihoods in Lào Cai province, northern Vietnam. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 3(3): 158-90.
62. Vandergeest, P. and Peluso, N. L. 1995. Territorialization and state power in Thailand. Theory and Society, 24: 385-426.
63. van de Walle, D. and Gunewardena, D. 2001. Sources of ethnic inequality in Viet Nam. Journal of Development Economics, 65: 177-207.
64. Vu, Thang Long. 2003. Transport development to improve people's life. Vietnam Economic News, 21: 18
65. Whatmore, S. 1994. "Global agro-food complexes and the restructuring of rural Europe". In Globalization, institutions and regional development in Europe, Edited by: Amin, A. and Thrift, N. 46-67. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
66. White, B. 1989. "Problems in the empirical analysis of agrarian differentiation". In Agrarian transformations: Local processes and the state in Southeast Asia, Edited by: Hart, G., Turton, A. and White, B. 15-30. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
67. White, C. P. 1986. Everyday resistance, socialist revolution and rural development: The Vietnamese case. Journal of Peasant Studies, 13(2): 49-63.
68. World Bank. 2009. Country social analysis: Ethnicity and development in Vietnam, Washington, DC: The World Bank.